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Die Arbeit stellt sich die Frage nach den Preiseffekten großer Wohnungsportfoliotransaktionen auf das allgemeine Preisniveau am Markt für Bestandswohnungen in Mehrfamilienhäusern (MFH). Hintergrund der Fragestellung sind zahlreiche solcher Transaktionen seit den 2000er Jahren sowie die kritischen Stimmen zu diesem Geschehen in der Öffentlichkeit und den Medien, die den Zusammenhang zu steigenden Kauf- und Mietpreisen in diesem so wichtigen Segment großstädtischer Wohnungsmärkte postulieren. Hier setzt die Arbeit, mittels geeigneter Datengrundlage und mittels geeigneter Methodik, an, um für 17 großstädtische Wohnungsmärkte die Forschungsfrage zu Preiseffekten großer Wohnungsportfoliotransaktionen auf das Kaufpreisniveau von MFH-Bestandswohnungen zu beantworten. Dabei wird die Preisentwicklung im Untersuchungssegment der einzelnen Standorte, im Rahmen des gewöhnlichen Geschäftsverkehrs, anhand lokaler, hedonischer Preisindizes dem Stattfinden außergewöhnlicher Transaktionsereignisse in Form großer MFH-Bestandswohnungsportfolios gegenübergestellt und analysiert. Mit insgesamt 2,55 Mio. Wohnungen umfassen die untersuchten Märkte zum Stand 2011 6,3 % des deutschen Gesamtwohnungsbestandes, und mit 2,49 Mio. Bestandswohnungen (Baujahr vor 2005) sowie einem durchschnittlich 79,3 %igen MFH-Anteil weisen sie mit geschätzten 1,975 Mio. Wohnungen im MFH-Bestand einen Anteil von 9,23 % am spezifischen Marktsegment Gesamtdeutschlands auf. Die Marktauswahl stützt sich auf eine Datenanfrage an 78 deutsche Gutachterausschüsse aller kreisfreien Großstädte bzw. großstädtischer Stadtkreise. Im Ergebnis der Datenbereitstellung wurden für 17 dieser Märkte (rund 22 %) auf Basis der lokalen Kaufpreissammlung, für 44 Quartale im Zeitraum Q1:1998 bis Q4:2008 reale Transaktionsfälle des gewöhnlichen Geschäftsverkehrs ausgewertet. Die Untersuchungsmärkte repräsentieren dabei nach gängiger Typisierung alle Marktausprägungen gut. Insgesamt wurden ca. 110.000 bereinigte Datensätze des gewöhnlichen Transaktionsgeschehens für die Ableitung lokaler, hedonischer Kaufpreisindizes sowie deren nachfolgender Analyse berücksichtigt. Theoretisch stützt sich die Arbeit auf das wissenschaftlich anerkannte Immobilienmarktmodell von DiPasquale und Wheaton. Methodisch greift sowohl die Ableitung der Kaufpreisindizes für den gewöhnlichen Geschäftsverkehr auf Basis des hedonischen Ansatzes, als auch die panelökonometrische Analyse mittels fixed-effects-Modell den Stand der Forschung auf. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert damit einerseits theoretisch und methodisch fundierte sowie empirisch belegte Erkenntnisse zur aktuellen und gesellschaftlich relevanten Frage der Preisentwicklung an großstädtischen Wohnungsmärkten, leitet andererseits aber aus ihren theoretischen und methodischen Arbeitsschritten auch wichtige Erkenntnisse und Empfehlungen für die laufende Wohnungsmarktbeobachtung ab.

Unintended pregnancies resulted in $21 billion in avoidable health care costs in the United States as of the most recently available data in 2010 and are associated with myriad negative health effects for mothers and children. They disparately impact vulnerable groups of women, such as those 18-29 years old, Black women, low-income women, single women, and less educated women. A medication abortion is one method of terminating a pregnancy which is over 95% effective, safe (with major adverse events in less than 0.5% of cases), has minor side effects, and costs less than 20% of a live birth.However, states have different levels of medication abortion utilization: in 2020, percentages ranged from 13.7% in Missouri to 96.6% in Wyoming in 2020. The FDA’s abortifacient protocol is more restrictive than medically necessary to ensure women’s safety. For example, although the FDA expanded medication abortions for use up to ten weeks of gestation in 2016 from the previous seven-week limit, studies show safety and efficacy beyond ten weeks of gestation. Many states have laws which restrict access to medication abortions beyond their laws that restrict access to all abortions. Additionally, many states have laws that regulate access to medication abortions more strictly than the FDA. These laws can result in a delay in obtaining abortion care, possibly past the FDA’s ten-week limit for medication abortions, which could make the patient ineligible for a medication abortion in some states. A state’s percentage of medication abortion utilization may depend upon which law(s) that state has in place restricting access. This is the first study to examine that relationship. There is a gap in the literature as to why medication abortion is underutilized given that a majority of abortions occur within the FDA’s ten-week time limit and that the majority of women who received an abortion would have preferred to receive it earlier than they did. The goal of this dissertation is to examine the impact of certain laws restricting medication abortion access on medication abortion utilization in states with such laws in place as compared to states without such laws in place. The aims of the proposed dissertation were threefold. Study one examined medication abortion utilization among women who obtained abortions in states with laws that restrict public and/or private insurance coverage of abortion as compared to states with no insurance coverage restrictions from 2010 to 2019. It was expected that restricting public and/or private insurance coverage of abortion would be statistically significantly associated with lower state medication abortion utilization as compared to states without public and/or private insurance coverage restrictions. Study two examined medication abortion utilization among women who obtained abortions in states that required both in-person physician involvement prior to the abortion and that the first dose be administered in person in the presence of a physician and states with only one physician involvement requirement as compared to states with neither physician involvement requirement from 2010 to 2019. It was expected that state laws requiring either or both in-person physician involvement prior to the abortion and/or that the first dose be administered in the presence of a physician will be statistically significantly associated with lower medication abortion utilization as compared to states requiring no in-person physician involvement. Study three examined medication abortion utilization among women who obtained abortions in states that require both in-person physician involvement prior to the abortion and that the first dose be administered in person in the presence of a physician and states with only one physician involvement requirement as compared to states with neither physician involvement requirement, adjusting for the percentage of women aged 15-44 living in counties without an abortion provider in 2017. It was expected that state laws requiring either or both in-person physician involvement prior to the abortion and/or that the first dose be administered in the presence of a physician would be statistically significantly associated with lower medication abortion utilization as compared to states requiring no in-person physician involvement, adjusting for the percentage of women aged 15-44 living in counties without an abortion provider in 2017. We used multiple imputation of data in all three of our studies, linear mixed model analyses in the first two, and a regression analysis in the third. While our studies did not uncover any statistically significant associations between the laws examined alone and medication abortion utilization, there were some statistically significant secondary findings. All three of our studies found states with higher percentages of patients who were at least ten weeks pregnant at the time of their abortions to be associated with lower percentages of medication abortion utilization. Our first study found that having had no previous live births was associated with a higher percentage of medication abortion utilization in states with laws restricting Health Exchange insurance plans from covering abortions, regardless of whether there were other laws restricting insurance coverage of abortion in place. Both our first and second studies found that being over thirty years of age at the time of obtaining an abortion was associated with a higher percentage of medication abortion utilization in states with at least one form of abortion insurance coverage restriction law and regardless of how many in-person physician interactions were required, respectively. These findings should guide both future research aimed at taking further steps toward understanding states’ disparate levels of medication abortion utilization as well as policymakers’ efforts at improving access to medication abortion services. / Public Health

Data from the 2001 and 2003 timber product output (TPO) studies for Georgia were explored to determine new methods for handling missing data and finding suitable sampling estimators. Mean roundwood volume receipts per mill for the year 2003 were calculated using the methods developed by Rubin (1987). Mean receipts per mill ranged from 4.4 to 14.2 million ft3. The mean value of 9.3 million ft3 did not statistically differ from the NONMISS, SINGLE1, and SINGLE2 references means (p=.68, .75, and .76 respectively). Fourteen estimators were investigated to investigate sampling approaches, with estimators being of several means types (simple random sample, ratio, stratified sample, and combined ratio) as well as employing two methods for stratification (Dalenius-Hodges (DH) square root of the Frequency method and a cluster analysis method. Relative efficiency (RE) improved when the number of groups increased and when employing a ratio estimator, particularly a combined ratio. Neither the DH method nor the cluster analysis method performed better than the other. Six bound sizes (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 percent) were considered for deriving samples sizes for the total volume of roundwood. The minimum achievable bound size was found to be 10 percent of the total receipts volume for the DH-method using a two group stratification. This was true for both the stratified and combined ratio estimators. In addition, for the stratified and combined ratio estimators, only the DH method stratifications were able to reach a 10 percent bound on the total (6 of the 12 stratified estimators). The remaining six stratified estimators were able to achieve a 20 percent bound of the total. Finally, nonlinear repeated measures models were developed to spatially allocate mill receipts to surrounding counties in the event of obtaining only a mill's total receipt volume. A Gompertz model with a power spatial covariance was found to be the best performing when using road distances from the mills to either county center type (geographic or forest mass). These models utilized the cumulative frequency of mill receipts as the response variable, with cumulative frequencies based on distance from the mill to the county. / Ph. D.

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