Localized muscle fatigue (LMF) has been proposed as a surrogate measure to injury, since the onset of fatigue is rapid rather than months or years required to the onset of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The objectives of this study were to estimate LMF and quantify muscle activity of select forearm muscles during simulations of high pressure cleaning lance tasks common in the chemical production industry. Twenty participants, twelve males and eight females, with no musculoskeletal injuries and meeting criteria for upper extremity fitness, performed the simulated task. Independent variables studied include work height (shoulder, waist, and knuckle), lance orientation (parallel to the operator and parallel to the ground), and duty cycle (33, 50, and 67%) based on task analyses of actual work tasks. Dependent variables included mean RMS and rates of change in mean RMS, mean and median power frequency, MVE, and subjective ratings of fatigue. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the main effects of the independent variables and appropriate interactions. In general it was found that working at waist height, at higher duty cycles, and with the lance oriented parallel to the operator resulted in higher fatigue measures. Subjective ratings of fatigue were not well correlated with objective measures, similar to findings in previous studies. The simulated task was found to be extremely fatiguing and modifications to task design or job rotation schedules are required to reduce risk associated with injury development. / Master of Science

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / Background: Professional orchestral string musicians are exposed to many physical and psychological stressors due to demands placed on them from playing their instruments. The prevalence of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMD’s) in this highly skilled group of individuals has been investigated internationally, consistently showing a high injury rate. There is however, a paucity of literature documenting the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in South African professional orchestral string players. It is hypothesized that South African trained orchestral string musicians may be at a greater risk for PRMD development due to the unique training and performance environments encountered in this country. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the demographic and injury profile; prevalence rate of current injury and risk factors for musculoskeletal injury in South African professional orchestral string musicians. Method: The study utilized a self administered quantitative questionnaire distributed to all string players in the three professional orchestras in South African in a semi-supervised fashion. SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to analyze the data. A p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. iv v Results: There were 27 respondents, with the average participant being a Caucasian, right handed, non-smoking female, 37.11 years of age, 1.5631 meters tall, with a weight of 62.96 kilograms (BMI = 25.768) who exercised regularly (primarily in the gym). A bachelors degree in Music was the most commonly awarded qualification, obtained between the years 2000 and 2009, from a University outside of the Republic of South Africa. The prevalence of PRMD’s in the sample was 63% (n = 17), with a 95% confidence interval of 42.4% to 80.6%.In this study there was a high rate of injury (6.53 PRMD’s per player over a 12 month period), equating to 111 reported injuries in a population of 27 string players. The upper back (defined as the area between the shoulder blades) was the most commonly injured part of the body (77.8%, n = 21), followed by the upper extremity, mainly the shoulder (70.4%, n = 19). No statistically significant relationships were found in determining and confirming expected risk factors in the string players. Conclusion: Professional orchestral string musicians in South Africa suffer from a high rate of injury which is comparable to international studies of the same nature

This thesis assesses the effectiveness of shock wave therapy for dysfunctional disorders of the musculoskeletal system. While we are well aware of the physical principles and history of shock wave generators, opinion differs on the treatment effectiveness mechanisms. The theoretical part of this work explains the effects of shock waves on various types of tissue, the differentiation of the cells, and the analgetic effect of therapy. It summarizes the indications, side effects and contraindications of shock wave therapy. The research part of this thesis deals with the effectiveness of shock wave therapy at the Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine at the Motol University Hospital, which specialises in various musculoskeletal disorders. This thesis evaluates the correlation between the effectiveness of shock wave therapy and length of time the patient has experienced difficulties before undergoing treatment. This thesis also reviews whether the number of treatment applications has the capability to influence the outcome of therapy. The study is controlled by a control group of 22 patients. The total effectiveness of shock wave therapy is p = 1,12*10-10 . The shock wave therapy effectiveness of patients with heel spur is p = 0,00176. The shock wave therapy effectiveness of patients with...

Les troubles musculo-squelettiques de l’épaule constituent un problème majeur de santé au travail. Le principal mécanisme à l’origine de ces pathologies est le conflit sous-acromial, dont le développement est intimement lié à la qualité du contrôle neuromusculaire de l’épaule. Nos données montrent que les tâches expérimentales classiquement utilisées pour l’exploration des facteurs de développement du conflit sous-acromial sont insuffisantes pour rendre compte de la complexité du contrôle neuromusculaire mis en jeu lors des tâches industrielles. Il semble primordial que les actions de lutte contre les TMS considèrent la réalité de l’organisation motrice à l’origine de leur développement. L’application dans ce travail de la technique d’enregistrement électromyographique au secteur industriel met en évidence la pertinence de cet outil afin d’orienter et d’évaluer les actions ergonomiques qui visent à réduire la charge musculo-squelettique. Un moyen complémentaire de lutte contre les TMS a été proposé afin de pallier aux limites propres à la démarche ergonomique. Il s’agit d’un exercice de recentrage dynamique de la tête humérale exécuté en chaîne cinétique fermée, déployé lors d’un programme d’intervention destiné aux opérateurs ayant des symptômes de conflit sous-acromial. Nos données mettent en évidence une diminution de la douleur et une amélioration de la fonction de l’épaule suite à cette intervention. Les bénéfices associés à cette démarche répondent au double enjeu de santé et de performance, essentiel pour les individus comme pour l’entreprise. Finalement, l’ensemble des contributions expérimentales et des applications industrielles présentées dans ce travail de thèse souligne le rôle central que peuvent jouer les spécialistes de la motricité humaine dans la démarche de lutte contre les TMS. Leur intégration dans les équipes pluridisciplinaires de prévention constitue un réel enjeu pour la réduction de ce risque professionnel majeur / Shoulder disorders represent a major health problem at the workplace. The most common shoulder disorder is the subacromial impingement syndrome. Shoulder neuromuscular control has a critical role in the development of shoulder disorders. Our data show that the experimental tasks generally use to investigate subacromial impingement causative factors are insufficient to represent the complexity of shoulder neuromuscular control involved during industrial tasks. It is essential that workplace interventions take into consideration the actual motor control associated with the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The use of the electromyography in the industrial context, during this thesis work, highlights the interest of this tool in order to conduct and evaluate ergonomic interventions that aimed to reduce exposure to physical risk factors. Another work-related musculoskeletal disorder management way was proposed as a supplement to ergonomic interventions. It is about a dynamic closed chain humeral head centering exercise performed by assembly line workers with clinical signs of subacromial impingement syndrome. Our data demonstrated that the intervention program was effective in decreasing shoulder pain as well as improving shoulder function. This study underlined the relevance of therapeutic exercises for shoulder disorders management at the workplace. Finally, the whole of this thesis work highlights the decisive role of specialists in human motor analysis for work-related musculoskeletal disorders management

As principais desordens dos membros superiores e cervical (CANS - Complaints of arms, neck and shoulders) podem ser definidas como queixas musculoesqueléticas nas regiões de membro superior, ombro e pescoço não atribuídas a trauma agudo ou a desordens sistêmicas. Essas desordens são comuns entre trabalhadores usuários de computador. O Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ) é uma das poucas ferramentas existentes na literatura para avaliação de risco ergonômico e psicossocial em trabalhadores, além da vantagem de ser específico para usuários de computador, porém não está validado no português-brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a adaptação transcultural para o português-brasileiro e validação do MUEQ em trabalhadores de escritório usuários de computador e verificar a prevalência das CANS na amostra recrutada. A tradução e adaptação transcultural seguiram as diretrizes do Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments nos estágios: tradução, síntese, retrotradução, revisão pelo comitê de especialistas e pré-teste. Na etapa do teste da versão pré-final, foram aplicados 55 questionários em trabalhadores usuários de computador, que relataram dificuldades de compreensão abaixo do valor estipulado de 20%, não sendo necessária a reformulação da ferramenta. Para testar a confiabilidade, outros 50 sujeitos preencheram o questionário, em dois momentos, com nível de reprodutibilidade considerado excelente (ICC>0,75). A amostra para a análise da consistência interna e análise fatorial do questionário contou com 386 trabalhadores usuários de computador de mesa entre 18 e 60 anos. Para a consistência interna foram observados valores de de Cronbach maiores que 0,7 para todos os domínios. Na análise fatorial os domínios/subdomínios apresentaram valores de eigenvalue superiores a 1 e os valores de variância explicada acumulada dos fatores de cada domínio variou entre 40% e 60%. A prevalência das CANS nos últimos três meses por pelo menos uma semana foi de 73,32% (IC=0,69-0,77) na amostra total (n=283) e 82% (IC=0,76-0,87) das mulheres e 62% (IC=0,55-0,69) dos homens relataram alguma das CANS. Os domínios foram mantidos iguais à versão original do MUEQ. A queixa musculoesquelética mais observada foi a dor no pescoço (51%). A partir deste trabalho disponibilizou-se um instrumento abrangente e confiável para a avaliação ergonômica e psicossocial relacionado às queixas em cervical e membro superior em trabalhadores usuários de computador brasileiros e foi observada alta prevalência de CANS na população observada. / Complaints of the Arm, Neck and Shoulder (CANS) have a multifactorial etiology, and, therefore, its assessment should take into consideration work-related ergonomic and psychosocial aspects. The Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ) is among the few specific tools available to evaluate the nature and occurrence of CANS in computer office workers. The purpose of the present study was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the MUEQ to Brazilian Portuguese and verify the psychometric properties of the MUEQ-Br in Brazilian computer office workers and to assess the prevalence of CANS in a sample of Brazilian computer office workers. The translation and cultural adaptation followed the guidelines of the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments in six stages: translation, synthesis, back translation, review by the expert committee, pre-test and submission of documents to the committee. In the test of pre-final version, 55 questionnaires were administered to computer workers who reported difficulties in understanding below the stipulated 20%, without the need for redesign of the tool. The pre-final version test counted on the participation of 55 computer office workers. For reproducibility, it was considered a sample of 50 workers who answered the questionnaire twice with a one-week interval. A sample comprised by 386 (37.44 years, Confidence Interval (CI) 95%:36.50-38.38, 216 women and 170 men) workers from the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto campus to validate the structure of the questionnaire, verify internal consistency and CANS prevalence. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used for the statistical analysis of reproducibility, Cronbachs Alpha for Internal Consistency, and the Principal Component Analysis method for Exploratory Factor Analysis. The psychometric properties of the MUEQ were assessed using exploratory factor analysis, which revealed 14 factors. The calculation of internal consistency, reproducibility and cross validation provided evidence of reliability and lack of redundancy. It was verified ICC values greater than 0.75 and cronbachs alpha greater than 0.7. Factor analysis was conducted for every section of the questionnaire and 14 factors were found, two for each section accounting for approximately 40 to 60% of the variance. The prevalence rate of CANS indicated that 73% (IC=0,69-0,77) of the respondents reported at least one complaint in the arm, neck and/or shoulder in the total sample (n=283), 82% (IC=0,76-0,87) of the women and 62% IC=0,55-0,69) of the men. The highest prevalence rates were found for neck symptoms (51%). The MUEQ-Br demonstrated to be a valid tool for the assessment of risk factors related to pain in the upper extremity among Brazilian computer office workers.

As seguintes hipóteses foram testadas neste estudo: (H1) após o controle das variáveis sócio-demográficas e profissionais, a adição do estresse ocupacional, da ansiedade e da depressão irá contribuir de forma expressiva para a redução da medida da Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (QVT); e (H2) após o controle das variáveis sócio-demográficas e profissionais, da presença de ansiedade e depressão, a adição do senso de coerência (SC) irá contribuir de forma expressiva para aumentar a medida de QVT. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a QVT, o perfil de saúde física e mental, a presença de estresse ocupacional e o SC entre profissionais de enfermagem lotados no Bloco Cirúrgico (BC). Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo e correlacional, tipo corte transversal do qual participaram 211 trabalhadores de enfermagem. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de seis instrumentos: caracterização sócio-demográfica e profissional, Escala Visual Analógica para QVT, Job Stress Scale (versão resumida), Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS), instrumento derivado do Questionário Nórdico para Distúrbios Músculo-esqueléticos e o Questionário de Senso de Coerência de Antonovsky (QSCA). Os instrumentos escalares obtiveram de forma geral valores aceitáveis para o alfa de Cronbach. O alfa de Cronbach das dimensões da Job Stress Scale variou de 0,54 a 0,75. A HADS-Ansiedade obteve alfa de Cronbach igual a 0,79 e a HADS-Depressão 0,77, enquanto o QSCA obteve consistência interna de 0,87. Quanto à caracterização dos participantes, a maioria era de auxiliares de enfermagem (62,6%), do sexo feminino (86,7%), casados (54,0%), com idade média de 40 anos. O tempo médio de atuação nos Blocos Cirúrgicos foi de 9,3 (D.P.=8,0) anos. Quanto à avaliação da QVT para o total da amostra, obtivemos média de 58,9 (D.P.=27,7), intervalo possível de zero a 100, demonstrando uma avaliação moderada para essa medida. O estresse ocupacional, obteve valor médio para as suas dimensões (Demanda, Controle e Apoio Social) de 14,8 (D.P.=2,4), 16,5 (D.P.=2,3) e 18,7 (D.P.=2,8), respectivamente. Dentre os participantes, 115 (54,5%) encontravam-se no grupo de exposição intermediária ao estresse ocupacional. Quanto à avaliação da ansiedade e da depressão, obtivemos média para a medida de ansiedade de 6,3 (D.P.=3,7) e para a medida de depressão de 5,2 (D.P.=3,3), em um intervalo possível de zero a 21. Constatamos também que, dentre os profissionais de enfermagem, 66 (31,3%) apresentavam sintomas de ansiedade e 51 (24,2%) sintomas de depressão. As maiores prevalências anuais de distúrbios osteomusculares foram encontradas na região inferior das costas (n=82; 38,9%) e na região dos ombros (n=80; 37,9%). A média do QSCA para os 203 profissionais de enfermagem que responderam esse instrumento foi de 144,6 (D.P.=22,6), em um intervalo possível de 29 a 203. A medida de QVT obteve associação estatisticamente significante com as variáveis tipo de instituição (p=0,003), renda mensal (p=0,006), opção pelo local de atuação (p=0,01), presença de estresse ocupacional (p=0,001), presença de ansiedade (p=0,008), de depressão (p=0,05) e de distúrbios osteomusculares na região dos ombros (p=0,00), região lombar (p=0,00) nos últimos 12 meses e na região lombar nos últimos sete dias (p=0,01). A medida do SC obteve associação estatisticamente significante com o tipo de instituição (p=0,03), a presença de duplo vínculo empregatício (p=0,00), renda mensal (p=0,01), a presença de estresse ocupacional (p=0,029), a presença de ansiedade (p=0,000) e de depressão (p=.0,000). Confirmamos neste estudo que a adição do estresse ocupacional e dos transtornos de humor contribuiu para diminuir a QVT entre os profissionais de enfermagem dos BC, porém não confirmamos que a adição do SC poderia contribuir satisfatoriamente para aumentar a QVT destes trabalhadores. / The following hypotheses were tested in this study: H1- after controlling for sociodemographic and professional variables, adding occupational stress, anxiety and depression will meaningfully contribute to reduce the measures of Quality of Working Life (QWL); and H2 after controlling for socio-demographic and professional variables, anxiety and depression, adding sense of coherence (SOC) will contribute to increase the QWL measure. This observational, descriptive, correlational and cross sectional study aimed to evaluate QWL, the profile of physical and mental health, the presence of occupational stress and SOC among nursing professionals working in surgical settings (BC). In total, 211 nursing professionals participated in this study. Six instruments were used for data collection: socio-demographic and professional characterization, Visual Analogue Scale for QWL, Job Stress Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Standardized Nordic Questionnaire and Antonovskys Sense of Coherence (SOC) Scale. In general, the scales obtained acceptable values for Cronbachs Alpha, which varied from 0.54 to 0.75 on the Job Stress Scale. HADS-Anxiety obtained 0.79 and HADS-Depression 0.77 for Cronbachs Alpha, while the SOC reached an internal consistency score of 0.87. Among the participants, most were nursing auxiliaries (62,6%), female (86,7%) and married (54,0%), with average age of 40 years. The average time of work at the BC was 9.3 (S.D.=8.0) years. Regarding assessment of QWL, the average score obtained for the total sample was 58.9 (S.D.=27.7), in a possible range from zero to 100, showing that workers were fairly satisfied with their quality of life at work. The dimensions (Demand, Control and Social Support) of occupational stress obtained mean scores, i.e. 14.8 (S.D.=2.4), 16.5 (S.D.=2.3) and 18.7 (D.P.=2.8), respectively. Among the participants, 115 (54.5%) were in the group of intermediate exposition to occupational stress. Regarding evaluation of anxiety and depression, the average anxiety score was 6.3 (S.D.=3.7) and average depression 5.2 (S.D.=3.3), in a possible range from zero to 21. It was also shown that, among nursing professionals, 66 (31.3%) presented symptoms of anxiety and 51 (24.2%) symptoms of depression. The highest annual prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found in the lower back region (n=82; 38.9%) and in the region of the shoulders (n=80; 37.9%). The SOC score for the 203 nursing professionals who answered this instrument was144.6 (S.D.=22.6), in a possible range from 29 to 203. The QWL measure showed a statistically significant association with the variables kind of institution (p=0.003), monthly income (p=0.006), choice of place of work (p=0.01), presence of occupational stress (p=0.001), presence of anxiety (p=0.008), depression (p=0.05) and musculoskeletal disorders in the region of the shoulders (p=0.00), lumbar region (p=0.00) in the last 12 months and in the lumbar region in the last seven days (p=0,01). The SOC score presented a statistically significant association with kind of institution (p=0.03), having a second job (p=0.00), monthly income (p=0.01), presence of occupational stress (p=0.029), presence of anxiety (p=0.000) and depression (p=0.000). The study reasserted that adding occupational stress and mood disorders contributed to a decrease in QWL among nursing professionals in BC, although it was not confirmed that the addition of SOC could contribute to increase these workers QWL.

Introdução: Os adolescentes usam freqüentemente Computador e videogame e podem estar expostos a desenvolver dores, lesões e síndromes do sistema músculo-esquelético. Objetivos: Avaliar e caracterizar a presença de dor, síndromes e lesões do sistema músculo-esquelético em adolescentes e relacioná-las com o uso de computador e videogame. Avaliar a ergonomia do uso do computador. Métodos: A população de estudo consistiu de 833 alunos de um colégio particular da cidade de São Paulo. Neles foi realizado um estudo transversal que incluiu: 1) Questionário com dados demográficos, características do uso dos aparelhos e sintomas dolorosos; 2) exame físico do aparelho músculo esquelético e 3) avaliação de alguns aspectos ergonômicos (postura e equipamentos) durante o uso do computador na escola. As seguintes doenças foram pesquisadas: fibromialgia juvenil, síndrome de hipermobilidade articular benigna, síndrome miofascial e lesões específicas dos membros superiores (tendinites, bursites e epicondilites). Na avaliação estatística foi realizada análise univariada por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fischer, teste de Mann Whitney e análise multivariada por Regressão Logística. Os teste realizados foram bicaudais e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p <= 0,05). Resultados: O estudo avaliou 791 alunos. A idade média foi de 14,17 ± 1,99 anos e a relação feminino:masculino foi de 1,1:1. 99% dos alunos utilizaram computador e 67% o usaram no dia anterior à pesquisa. 58% utilizaram videogame e 30% “minigame/gameboy". A disponibilidade e o uso dos aparelhos foi maior no sexo masculino (p < 0,001). Os alunos entre 10 e 14 anos utilizaram mais o videogame e o “minigame/gameboy" (p < 0,001) e os entre 15 e 18 o computador (p < 0,05). A utilização do videogame foi menor que o computador. Dor músculo-esquelética foi relatada por 312 alunos. 23% relataram dor na coluna vertebral, 9% nos membros superiores, 4% no músculo trapézio e 4%dor difusa. 11% dos alunos mencionaram que alguma das suas dores era desencadeada pelo uso do computador. Não foi evidenciada correlação entre a presença dor e o uso dos aparelhos. 359 alunos realizaram o exame físico, nestes a síndrome de hipermobilidade articular benigna foi encontrada em 10%, síndrome miofascial em 5%, tendinites em 2% e fibromialgia juvenil em 1%. Não foi observada correlação estatística entre a presença das entidades com a utilização dos aparelhos. A avaliação da ergonomia foi realizada em 402 alunos. Todos esses alunos apresentaram ergonomia inadequada em um ou mais dos aspectos avaliados. Conclusões: Os adolescentes usam o computador com tempo e freqüência consideráveis. A presença de dor, síndromes e lesões músculoesqueléticas não apresentou correlação com uso de computador ou videogame.Todos os alunos avaliados apresentaram ergonomia inadequada durante o uso do computador. / Introduction: Adolescents frequently use computer and video game and this may cause increased risk of pain, musculoskeletal pain syndromes and soft tissue injuries. Objectives: To evaluate and identify the presence of pain, musculoskeletal pain syndromes and soft tissue injuries in adolescents and correlate to computer and video game use. To evaluate ergonomics during computer use. Methods: The study group consisted of 833 adolescents from one private school in São Paulo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out that was composed of: a questionnaire with demographic data, use of computer and video game and presence of pain; clinical examination of the locomotor system and ergonomic evaluation of computer use. Juvenile fibromyalgia, benign joint hypermobility syndrome, myofascial syndrome, tendonitis, bursitis and epicondilitis were studied. Statistical analysis was carried out with Fisher, chi-square, Mann Whitney tests and Logistic Regression. In all of the statistical tests the level of significance was set at 5% (p <= 0.05) and were two-tailed. Results: 791 adolescent students were evaluated. The mean age was 14.17 ± 1.99 years and female/male relation was 1/1.1. The computer was used by 99% and 67% used the day before the survey, video game by 58% and minigame/gameboy by 30%. Computer and video game are more available to males and used more frequently by them (p < 0.001). The adolescents from 10 to 14 years (p < 0.001) reported more use of video game and minigame/gameboy and adolescents from 15 to 18 reported more use of computer (p < 0.05). The adolescents reported more use of computer than video game and minigame/gameboy. Pain was reported by 312 adolescents: 23% complained of back pain, 9% upper limbs pain, 4% diffuse pain and 4% pain in trapezium muscle. Pain related with computer use was reported in 11%. Statistical correlation was not observed between presence of any pain and use of either computer or video game. The clinical examination was carried out in 359 students. The musculoskeletal pain syndromes and soft tissue injuries was present in 56 students: benign joint hypermobility syndrome in 10%, myofascial syndrome in 5%, tendinitis in 2% and juvenile fibromyalgia in 1%. Statistical correlation was not observed between presence of musculoskeletal pain syndromes or soft tissue injuries and use of computer and video game. Ergonomic evaluation of computer use was carried out in 402 adolescents. All of these students presented inadequate ergonomics of computer use at school during computer class. Conclusions: Adolescents use frequently and for a considerable period of time computer and video game. Statistical correlation was not observed between presence of any pain and use of computer and video game. The presence of musculoskeletal pain syndromes and soft tissue injuries were not correlated to computer or video game use. All of the students presented inadequate ergonomics during of computer use.

INTRODUÇÃO: A urbanização tem sido acompanhada por um crescente aumento no volume e na diversidade de resíduos sólidos produzidos. O reaproveitamento desses resíduos vem sendo feito desde o início do século XX, inicialmente pela figura do \"velho garrafeiro\", até que em 2003 ocorre o reconhecimento da profissão do \"catador de materiais recicláveis\" na Classificação Brasileira de Ocupações. O problema ambiental decorrente da geração e do descarte de resíduos fez com que fosse instituída a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, sendo que entre suas diretrizes há o estimulo à participação do catador na cadeia produtiva da reciclagem. Não obstante a ocorrência de avanços nas condições de trabalho dos catadores persistem exposições penosas às cargas biomecânicas, tais como esforços físicos, posições viciosas e movimentos repetitivos. Adicionalmente, a organização do processo produtivo e o modo com que os catadores desenvolvem suas tarefas, são situações que predispõem a riscos e danos à saúde. OBJETIVO: Identificar a ocorrência de dor/desconforto osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho em catadores que atuam em cooperativas de triagem na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, com amostra constituída por 250 catadores distribuídos em quatro cooperativas, com entrevista dirigida por um instrumento de coleta de dados padronizado. RESULTADOS: Entre os catadores predominou o gênero feminino (62%), a idade entre 41-59 anos (53%), a raça negra/parda (66,4%) e abaixa escolaridade (77% com menos de oito anos de estudo). A dor/desconforto osteomuscular foi referida por 163 (65%) dos catadores, entre esses, a localização na coluna foi a mais frequente (50%), seguida dos membros superiores (45%) e membros inferiores (31%). Os resultados encontrados na análise multivariada mostraram que dor/desconforto estava associado aos meios de produção da cooperativa (p<0.000), ao fato de ter tido outra ocupação (p=0.007) e ter tido acidente de trabalho (p=0.043). CONCLUSÕES: As condições de trabalho observadas eram extremamente precárias e constituíam importante fator de risco para distúrbios osteomusculares. Catadores estão expostos à mesma posição de trabalho por longo período, posturas inadequadas, monotonia, esforço físico, repetitividade e manuseio de materiais cortantes. As condições em que desempenham suas tarefas são prováveis fatores a problemas osteomusculares / INTRODUCTION: Urbanization has been accompanied by a growing increase in the volume and diversity of solid waste produced. The practice of reusing these wastes has been carried out since the beginning of the XX century, initially by the figure of the \"bottle dealer\", up to 2003 when we had the recognition of the profession of \"recyclable materials collector\" in the Brazilian Classification of Occupations. The environmental problem caused by the production and disposal of waste led to the establishment of the National Solid Waste Policy, and among its guidelines there is an stimulus to the participation of the waste collector in the recycling chain. Despite the improvements in the working conditions of the waste collector, exposures to biomechanical loads, such as physical stresses, vicious positions and repetitive movements persist. In addition, the organization of the production process and the way in which the collectors perform their tasks are situations that predispose to risks and damages to health. OBJECTIVE: To identify the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain / discomfort related to the work of recyclable materials collector working in sorting cooperatives in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with a sample of 250 collectors distributed in four cooperatives, with an interview conducted by a standardized data collection instrument. RESULTS: Among the recyclable materials collector, the majority were women (62%), with age between 41-59 years (53%), of black / brown race (66.4%) and low education (77% with less than 8 years of schooling). Musculoskeletal pain / discomfort was reported by 163 (65%) of the recyclable materials collector, among them, the location in the spine was the most frequent (50%), followed by upper limbs (45%) and lower limbs (31%). The results found in the multivariate analysis showed that pain/discomfort was associated with the means of production of the cooperative (p < 0.000), having had another occupation (p=0.007) and having had a work accident previously (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: The working conditions observed are extremely precarious and constitute an important risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders. Waste pickers are exposed to the same work position for long periods, inadequate postures, monotony, physical effort, repetitiveness and handling of sharp materials. The conditions under which they perform their tasks are likely factors to musculoskeletal problems

L’objectif principal de ce travail était d’évaluer les situations à risque de TMS chez les utilisateurs de fauteuil roulant manuel (FRM). Pour cela un indice d’inconfort articulaire biomécanique basé sur une cotation par logique floue a été créé. Il fut ensuite utilisé dans trois situations d’usage courant du FRM : propulsion, transfert et franchissement. L’objectif secondaire de ce travail était d’identifier les articulations les plus délétères au sein de chaque activité. L’étude 1 a permis de mettre en évidence que l’Inconfort Articulaire est moyen lors de la propulsion sur sol plat et augmente avec la pente. L’étude 2 souligne que la stratégie de positionnement du tronc lors d’un transfert par pivot n’influence pas le niveau de risque déjà important du transfert mais que le niveau d’inconfort varie entre les deux bras. Enfin la troisième étude a permis de mettre en évidence un niveau de risque plus important au cours du franchissement d’obstacle que lors de la propulsion. La montée des roues arrière étant la phase la plus exigeante. L’analyse des activités de la vie quotidienne a pour objectif d’évaluer les AVQ les plus délétères pour les utilisateurs de FRM afin « d’orienter » l’utilisation du FRM pour préserver leurs MS en limitant les activités les plus à risques. L’Indice d’Inconfort Articulaire focal de chaque activité a permis de mettre en évidence les articulations les plus à risques au cours de chaque activité : le poignet et l’épaule. La prévalence importante des TMS chez les utilisateurs de FRM et la survenue possible tout au long de leur vie nécessite la mise en place d’un suivi avec pour objectif premier de prévenir l’apparition des TMS. / The main objective of this work was to evaluate MD risk situations in manual wheelchair users (MWU). To do a biomechanical joint discomfort index based on a fuzzy quote was created. It was then used in three common use cases of MWU: propulsion, transfer and curb ascent. The secondary objective of this study was to identify the most deleterious joints within each activity.The study 1 helped highlight the discomfort Articular is medium during propulsion on level ground and increases with the slope. The study 2 emphasizes that the positioning strategy of the trunk during a pivot transfer does not affect the already high level of risk transfer but the level of discomfort varies between the two arms. Finally, the third study to show a higher level of risk in the curb ascent that during propulsion. The rise of the rear wheels is the most demanding phase.Analysis of the daily activities (DA) aims to assess the most deleterious DA for MWU in order to "guide" the MW use to preserve their UL by limiting the most risky activities. The focused articular discomfort index of each activity helped to highlight the most at-risk joints in each activity: the wrist and shoulder. The high prevalence of MDs among MWU and possible occurrence throughout their lifetime requires the establishment of a monitoring with the primary objective to prevent the development of MDs. We observed in these studies that the level of risk varies from one skill to another as well as joint stress. However, to be complete analysis of the risk level should be taking into account environmental aspects.

Introdução: Os adolescentes usam freqüentemente Computador e videogame e podem estar expostos a desenvolver dores, lesões e síndromes do sistema músculo-esquelético. Objetivos: Avaliar e caracterizar a presença de dor, síndromes e lesões do sistema músculo-esquelético em adolescentes e relacioná-las com o uso de computador e videogame. Avaliar a ergonomia do uso do computador. Métodos: A população de estudo consistiu de 833 alunos de um colégio particular da cidade de São Paulo. Neles foi realizado um estudo transversal que incluiu: 1) Questionário com dados demográficos, características do uso dos aparelhos e sintomas dolorosos; 2) exame físico do aparelho músculo esquelético e 3) avaliação de alguns aspectos ergonômicos (postura e equipamentos) durante o uso do computador na escola. As seguintes doenças foram pesquisadas: fibromialgia juvenil, síndrome de hipermobilidade articular benigna, síndrome miofascial e lesões específicas dos membros superiores (tendinites, bursites e epicondilites). Na avaliação estatística foi realizada análise univariada por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fischer, teste de Mann Whitney e análise multivariada por Regressão Logística. Os teste realizados foram bicaudais e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p <= 0,05). Resultados: O estudo avaliou 791 alunos. A idade média foi de 14,17 ± 1,99 anos e a relação feminino:masculino foi de 1,1:1. 99% dos alunos utilizaram computador e 67% o usaram no dia anterior à pesquisa. 58% utilizaram videogame e 30% “minigame/gameboy”. A disponibilidade e o uso dos aparelhos foi maior no sexo masculino (p < 0,001). Os alunos entre 10 e 14 anos utilizaram mais o videogame e o “minigame/gameboy” (p < 0,001) e os entre 15 e 18 o computador (p < 0,05). A utilização do videogame foi menor que o computador. Dor músculo-esquelética foi relatada por 312 alunos. 23% relataram dor na coluna vertebral, 9% nos membros superiores, 4% no músculo trapézio e 4%dor difusa. 11% dos alunos mencionaram que alguma das suas dores era desencadeada pelo uso do computador. Não foi evidenciada correlação entre a presença dor e o uso dos aparelhos. 359 alunos realizaram o exame físico, nestes a síndrome de hipermobilidade articular benigna foi encontrada em 10%, síndrome miofascial em 5%, tendinites em 2% e fibromialgia juvenil em 1%. Não foi observada correlação estatística entre a presença das entidades com a utilização dos aparelhos. A avaliação da ergonomia foi realizada em 402 alunos. Todos esses alunos apresentaram ergonomia inadequada em um ou mais dos aspectos avaliados. Conclusões: Os adolescentes usam o computador com tempo e freqüência consideráveis. A presença de dor, síndromes e lesões músculoesqueléticas não apresentou correlação com uso de computador ou videogame.Todos os alunos avaliados apresentaram ergonomia inadequada durante o uso do computador. / Introduction: Adolescents frequently use computer and video game and this may cause increased risk of pain, musculoskeletal pain syndromes and soft tissue injuries. Objectives: To evaluate and identify the presence of pain, musculoskeletal pain syndromes and soft tissue injuries in adolescents and correlate to computer and video game use. To evaluate ergonomics during computer use. Methods: The study group consisted of 833 adolescents from one private school in São Paulo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out that was composed of: a questionnaire with demographic data, use of computer and video game and presence of pain; clinical examination of the locomotor system and ergonomic evaluation of computer use. Juvenile fibromyalgia, benign joint hypermobility syndrome, myofascial syndrome, tendonitis, bursitis and epicondilitis were studied. Statistical analysis was carried out with Fisher, chi-square, Mann Whitney tests and Logistic Regression. In all of the statistical tests the level of significance was set at 5% (p <= 0.05) and were two-tailed. Results: 791 adolescent students were evaluated. The mean age was 14.17 ± 1.99 years and female/male relation was 1/1.1. The computer was used by 99% and 67% used the day before the survey, video game by 58% and minigame/gameboy by 30%. Computer and video game are more available to males and used more frequently by them (p < 0.001). The adolescents from 10 to 14 years (p < 0.001) reported more use of video game and minigame/gameboy and adolescents from 15 to 18 reported more use of computer (p < 0.05). The adolescents reported more use of computer than video game and minigame/gameboy. Pain was reported by 312 adolescents: 23% complained of back pain, 9% upper limbs pain, 4% diffuse pain and 4% pain in trapezium muscle. Pain related with computer use was reported in 11%. Statistical correlation was not observed between presence of any pain and use of either computer or video game. The clinical examination was carried out in 359 students. The musculoskeletal pain syndromes and soft tissue injuries was present in 56 students: benign joint hypermobility syndrome in 10%, myofascial syndrome in 5%, tendinitis in 2% and juvenile fibromyalgia in 1%. Statistical correlation was not observed between presence of musculoskeletal pain syndromes or soft tissue injuries and use of computer and video game. Ergonomic evaluation of computer use was carried out in 402 adolescents. All of these students presented inadequate ergonomics of computer use at school during computer class. Conclusions: Adolescents use frequently and for a considerable period of time computer and video game. Statistical correlation was not observed between presence of any pain and use of computer and video game. The presence of musculoskeletal pain syndromes and soft tissue injuries were not correlated to computer or video game use. All of the students presented inadequate ergonomics during of computer use.