This is an exploratory, qualitative study of female musicians and their experiences with discrimination in the music industry. Using semi-structured interviews, I analyze the experiences of nine women, ages 21 to 56, who are working as professional musicians, or who have worked professionally in the past. I ask them how they are treated differently based on their gender. Three forms of subtle discrimination are inferred from their narrative histories. First, female musicians are mistaken for non-musicians. They are encapsulated into inferior roles, like "the gimmick," "good for a girl," and "invisible accessory." Second, band mates and band managers control women's space, success, and artistic freedom. Third, their femininity, sexuality, and age are highly scrutinized. The analysis implies that female musicians are tokenized, devalued, and considered inappropriate for their jobs. Particular attention is paid to the similarities between female musicians and women in male dominated work places. I conclude by discussing the larger implications for gender, music, and social change in a sexist, unregulated industry.

This essay explores the way in which priests and church-musicians choose music for different ceremonies such as funerals, sunday service, baptism and weddings. The questions at issue regard how the clerks personal preferences, the Swedish Church’s cultural heritage and the attending community contributes to the musical choice at large. Other complementing questions explore how different rooms affect what is seen as suitable music, and also how the clerks value live music compared to pre-recorded music in the halls of ceremony. The exploration and answering of these questions were done through interviewing both priests and church-musicians. In the analysis of the produced material mainly Bourdieu's concepts of taste, fields, illusio, habitus, cultural-, and educational capital were applied. To further grasp the intricate inner workings of the church-musicians and the priests reasoning when selecting music, such as emphasizing openness, inclusion and musical width, the study also give valuable insights in the significance of how the fields of the clerks interact with the field of the assembly, the cultural heritage of the national church and societal norms as a whole, most notably in regards to the selective struggle between tradition and renewal. The findings in this essay contributes to the academic field with new knowledge of how music is used in religious contexts to mediate theological messages and aesthetics. As such, this essay is more focused on the horizontal, rather than the vertical, aspects of how music is interacted with, thus shaping peoples expectations and perceptions of different rooms and of the church services. These aspects play a pivotal part in keeping the identity of the given community alive, and is therefore an important phenomenon to understand in regards to the Swedish Church.

The study sets to establish trends with regard to the role of the praise singer, the changes with regard to the traditional praise singer's rendition/performance and the material or content of his/her poetry. Thus the study highlights the distinction observed between the praise singer of the past and the present praise singer. The study also shows that the praise singer's performance, in terms of his/her role and content, is in the state of flux. The study also demonstrates that the singer of the past and the present praise singer have the same role and their chants or poetry or songs have the same effect. It also highlights situations where praises are chanted in modern times. These are graduation ceremonies, weddings, political gatherings and traditional ceremonies, for example, the annual rain making ceremonies. These events or occasions are inextricably linked to traditional praises. The study also highlights the fact that traditional praises present the history and heroic deeds of members of the clan to which the beneficiary belongs. They also express the deep feeling of royalty and loyalty. Like in the past they boost morale. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The poems of Mignon have inspired song writers for almost two centuries. They have served as the texts for more composers than almost any other single set of poetry. The Romantic composers were especially fond of the words. The poems are full of sadness and yearning and composers found they could be set in different moods. Some settings are in major tonalities while other settings of the same poem can be found in minor. Simple harmonies are used in some settings while others contain more complex harmonies. There are those composers who would have Mignon appear as a lost soul throughout all the poems with each song quietly sung, while others use a variety of dynamics adding drama to the setting and picturing Mignon as full of optimism at the end.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LCL - Margareth Ramos Teixeira Miyamoto.pdf: 338981 bytes, checksum: d93bee4f5323f9e5969e89b3e130d15e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study has the aim of investigating the opera's representation in D. Casmurro's speech, as an I mask, which unroll itself in three personas: Casmurro as an author, narrator and as a character, Bentinho. This expansion creates a correlation with the operistic tripartite structure, whose authorship is shared among the playwriter, the librettist and the musician, besides, it appears in the novel in chapters VIII - It's time , IX - The Opera and X Accepted the Theory , in which the narrator approches his life to an operistic spectacle. This operistic drama element in DC's structure, has been the target not only for the critics as we´ll see in chapter 2, but also for composers like João Gomes Jr., who had transformed DC in a theater show. The music score belongs to him, but the libretto was written by Antonio Picarollo, which could be found in the music section of Rio de janeiro's nacional library. To reach our goal and to be able of demonstrating the operistic scene built by the casmurro-author, we started with Machado de Assis' experience in the theater, trying to show to our reader how the author experienced his life that later he wrote in the novel. In chapter 2, we will recuperate the literary censorious' voice, because they analysed the opera that appears inside the novel, giving a special view of the methaphor and alegory that could be seen in DC. In chapter 3, the central focus will be the opera, its parts and relations with DC, showing how the overture, arias, intermezzos, preludes and leitmotifs are written in the narrative. Finally in chapter 4, our target will be to analyse the operistic mask inside the novel's speech through Casmurro's tripartite performance as long as a playwriter, librettist and musician / Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar a representação da ópera no discurso de D.Casmurro, como máscara de um eu , que se desdobra em três personas: a do autor-casmurro, a do narrador e a da personagem Bentinho. Tal desdobramento cria uma correlação com a estrutura tripartite do gênero operístico, cuja autoria, também se divide entre o dramaturgo, o libretista e o músico, além de surgir no romance nos capítulos VIII ( É tempo ), IX ( A Ópera ) e X ( Aceito a teoria ), nos quais o narrador aproxima sua vida de um espetáculo operístico. Esse elemento dramático-operístico na estrutura de DC tem sido alvo não só de posicionamentos críticos, como os que abordaremos no capítulo 2 desta dissertação, mas também de versões operísticas do romance para o palco, como ocorreu em 1922, quando o compositor paulista João Gomes Jr. elaborou a partitura da primeira montagem operística de DC com libreto em italiano de Antonio Piccarollo, que pode ser encontrado na secção de música da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Para atingirmos a meta de demonstrar o cenário operístico construído pelo autor-narrador Casmurro, partindo da experiência de Machado de Assis no teatro, procurando mostrar ao leitor como o autor vivenciou o que mais tarde passaria para o romance. No capítulo 2, recuperaremos a voz da crítica literária que analisou a inserção da ópera na narrativa do ponto de vista metafórico-alegórico. No capítulo 3, o foco central será a ópera, suas partes e correlações com DC, mostrando o modo como se inscrevem no romance a abertura, as árias, os intermezzos, os prelúdios e os motivos condutores da partitura. Finalmente, no capítulo 4, nos concentraremos na análise da máscara operística do discurso romanesco por meio da atuação tripartite do casmurro enquanto dramaturgo, libretista e músico

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Undersökningens syfte har varit att skina ljus på porträttering och urval. Närmare bestämt inom området för den samiska musikkulturen och via mediaframställningen av en samisk artist i Jills veranda. Genom ett utvalt program ur serien där den samiska artisten Maxida Märak medverkar genomförs detta. Sett utifrån sin omnämning som samisk artist i-och i anslutning till programmet står Märak och den förmedlade bilden av henne i fokus för undersökningen av hur det samiska framhävs. Genom att undersöka både det klingande och hur man pratar om musiken förs urvalen fram. Dessa utgör innehållet för hur den samiska artisten representeras. Undersökningen har vidare genomförts utifrån teorin om immateriella kulturarv. I den immateriella kulturarvsprocessens faser beskrivs hur uppmärksammade ”företeelser väljs ut och ges särskild status som symboler för en kultur”.[1] Teorin innehåller ett stort fokus på värdetillskrivning utifrån rådande sociala normer och vad som tillskrivs symboliskt värde värderas människor emellan. Undersökningen visade att Märak i Jills veranda porträtterades på ett sätt som till viss del bekräftade tidigare normbaserade stereotyper som framkom i undersökningen, så som jojkens stora roll och den etniska sammankopplingen till musiken. Därtill påverkade artisten både genom att bekräfta såväl som motarbeta normerna genom hur hon framställde sin musik i både utövande och i dialog. Motarbetandet av normer framgick som en röd tråd i artistens intention bakom musiken. Musiken framkom också ha ett funktionellt syfte, då musiken i avsnittet tycks användas för att motarbeta och i tillägg också återta makten över definitionen av vad som är samiskt. Utifrån detta framkom den politiska kampen som ett essentiellt innehåll i hur artisten i programmet framställer sin musik. Slutligen präglades hela produktionen av olika urfolksgrupper som sammanlänkades genom sin musik vilket ytterligare framhöll musiken som en gemensam symbol över landsgränser.

Musicians are cultural entrepreneurs, operating as human brands in the South African music industry. The ability to manage their brand effectively may give them an added advantage to compete successfully in this industry. This study sought to explore the integrated marketing communications (IMC) practices of South African musicians in brand promotion. Using a qualitative design, interviews were conducted with practising South African musicians to collect data. The results revealed that South African musicians use multiple marketing communications tools to promote their brands in multimedia campaigns. However, not all the elements required for integrated marketing communications were in evidence. Results from this study may be used by entrepreneurial South African musicians to create a strategy for integrated marketing communications in promoting their brand in the South African music industry and may also contribute towards the practical application of IMC within the broader field of marketing management. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

The study sets to establish trends with regard to the role of the praise singer, the changes with regard to the traditional praise singer's rendition/performance and the material or content of his/her poetry. Thus the study highlights the distinction observed between the praise singer of the past and the present praise singer. The study also shows that the praise singer's performance, in terms of his/her role and content, is in the state of flux. The study also demonstrates that the singer of the past and the present praise singer have the same role and their chants or poetry or songs have the same effect. It also highlights situations where praises are chanted in modern times. These are graduation ceremonies, weddings, political gatherings and traditional ceremonies, for example, the annual rain making ceremonies. These events or occasions are inextricably linked to traditional praises. The study also highlights the fact that traditional praises present the history and heroic deeds of members of the clan to which the beneficiary belongs. They also express the deep feeling of royalty and loyalty. Like in the past they boost morale. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Ce travail a pour but principal de répondre à certaines difficultés de notation rencontrées par les compositeurs. Dans un premier temps, nous nous se proposons de montrer les limites du système d’écriture musicale occidentale (SEMO) dans la notation de certains éléments de la musique et, dans un deuxième temps, de montrer les avantages qu’offre l’utilisation de l’écriture multimédia (EM). Les résultats de ce travail, obtenus à partir de six « expériences-projets de composition », montrent l’efficacité de l’EM : un ensemble de procédés qui permettent l'utilisation simultanée de plusieurs modes de représentation de l'information (tels que textes, sons, images fixes ou animées, entre autres), servant à noter un message afin de pouvoir le conserver et le transmettre du compositeur à l’interprète. Dans le cadre de la composition musicale, l’EM, telle que nous l’avons employée ici, s’est montrée efficace pour noter les éléments suivants : le timbre, des nouveaux modes de jeu, des nouvelles techniques vocales, des instructions pour l’emploi des logiciels ; et aussi l’EM s’est montrée efficace pour l’intégration des éléments suivants dans les œuvres de musique mixte : le jeu d’un musicien de tradition orale, des modes de jeu tirés des musiques de tradition orale et exécutés par un musicien de tradition écrite, une langue tonale (et l’expressivité liée aux genres de musique de tradition orale dans les œuvres écrites. À l’ensemble de notations multimédia déjà existantes et disponibles pour la composition musicale, nous ajoutons deux types de notation qui se sont révélés efficaces dans cette recherche : la notation auditive et la notation d’un savoir-faire au moyen de la vidéo. / The main goal of this work is to solve some of the difficulties that composers encounter when notating music. Firstly, we describe how the Western musical notation (WMN) is limited when attempting to write specific musical elements. Secondly, we show the possible advantages that multimedia writing (MW) could offer on the notation of such elements. To address these issues, we used MW in six “experiments/composition projects” that were conceived to answer specific notation questions. The results obtained thereof allowed us to demonstrate the efficacy of MW for overcoming current limitations in music notation. More specifically, MW constitutes a group of procedures that allows to simultaneously represent information in different ways. This information could be either text, sounds, still or moving images, among others. Such procedures can be used to note down a message to further save it and transfer it from the composer to the performer. In the context of our experimental paradigms, MW has proven to be efficient for: the notation of timber, the integration of musicians from oral tradition in mixed music works, the incorporation of instrumental techniques drawn from oral tradition music into written music, the integration of a tonal language in a music score, the notation of new instrumental and vocal techniques, the guidance at using new software, and the incorporation of expressiveness associated to music styles of oral tradition into written works. We consider that two types of notation that proved to be efficient in this research could be added to the body of already existing MW, namely auditive notation and the notation of a know-how by the means of video.