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Couple therapy research identifies partner empathy as a core process for positive outcomes. The Exeter Model of couple therapy (EMCT) for depression builds on both behavioural and empathic approaches in couple therapy to reduce unhelpful couple interactions and promote mutual understanding between partners where one partner is experiencing depression. Based on EMCT, this process research study aimed to investigate mutual understanding (MU), a transtheoretical concept that refers to the moment-by-moment therapy triad talk that constructs partner empathy. Thirty-four therapy sessions from seven couples in EMCT were screened for MU events, based on pre-defined theoretically derived criteria. A discourse analysis (DA) discursive psychology approach was utilised to examine identified MU events. Specifically, participant positioning and the constructive function of discourses were examined in the therapy extracts, as these DA concepts were closely linked to MU criteria. Findings provided insights into the couple and therapist interaction sequences that contribute to MU, suggesting that both systemic-behavioural and systemic-empathic EMCT techniques can facilitate the process. Specifically, circularities, active listening tasks, and eliciting vulnerability were identified as effective techniques for MU. Findings also pointed to clients' contributions and the impact of discordant discourses. Implications for EMCT practice, and directions for future couple therapy research are discussed.

The most valuable contribution of the Fulbright Program, at its founding in 1946 and today in 2012, remains its ability to inculcate mutual understanding, which represents a vital component in the success of multilateral cooperation necessary to create a secure and thriving international community. During the Cold War, promoting mutual understanding was valued for its ability to share the ideals and benefits of American democracy and create strong relationships between Americans and foreigners in direct competition with the Soviet Union’s projection of communist ideology. This thesis demonstrates how, through the lenses of leadership, multiculturalism, soft power, and public diplomacy, the Fulbright Program achieves its founding goals by maintaining healthy diplomatic relations, developing competent leadership in political and professional realms, and fostering the perspective and skillset necessary to address the multifaceted challenges that America and the international community face today.

付記する学位プログラム名: デザイン学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第22579号 / 情博第716号 / 新制||情||123(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 緒方 広明, 特定准教授 LIN Donghui, 教授 河原 達也, 教授 石田 亨(京都大学 名誉教授) / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Different national cultures use communication in different ways. When international businesses use resources in different countries, the communication needs to work for mutual understanding to occur. This essay focuses on the interactions between Sweden and Ukraine, and Sweden and India. As the business-oriented interactions play out, a negotiated culture is formed between the co-workers. Traditional cultural research makes comparisons between nations to predict outcomes, ignoring the importance of the interactions. This leaves no room for understanding the new culture that emerges in the meeting. The research conducted in this thesis is to be understood within the context of this negotiated culture; this space of interactions where the business communication takes place. Pioneers in our field we mapped the interactions observed in three virtual teams, called clusters, within the company. To understand the creation of mutual understanding several aspects were taken into consideration: the context of the company and the negotiated culture, the understanding of what another person means with their words – their frame of reference – and the view on and use of communication.  The research found a low awareness of the negotiated culture that co-workers communicate within. As the host country Swedish egalitarian and flat structure heavily biased the negotiated culture; yet with a focus on the relationship that came to permeate all findings. A friendly relationship and trust within the cluster helped with the communication, collaboration and understanding of each other. Initial physical meetings were found important for understanding another’s frame of reference, while the continuous meetings proved relationship building. The process of mutual understanding works very well within the clusters of the company. Others could use the findings of this report as guidelines in reaching mutual understanding.

Climate change is an ongoing problem, and climate adaptation is high on the agenda. Climate adaptation is a global issue with local impacts, and it benefits from participatory planning. Participatory planning has lots of opportunities, but also some challenges, for example, that it requires time and resources. Getting minority groups involved can also be a challenge. This study aims to investigate the opportunities and challenges with digital storytelling as a method to amplify the voices of the community and create a mutual understanding of climate change and climate adaptation between the citizens, planners, and the county government, using the project Future Yetu as a case study. Interviews were conducted with key persons with different roles in the project, and a survey was sent to the digital storytelling workshop participants. The results show that there are many benefits to using digital storytelling; it can help balance out the inherent power structures in society, it creates greater engagement among the participants, the public can more easily relate and gain an increased understanding of the problems, and it creates a sense of togetherness among the residents. In Future Yetu, it has also led to several implementations, and dialogue with Nairobi City County has been started. Challenges with digital storytelling have also been identified. Access to technology and the ability to use it has proven to be the most common challenge, especially in developing countries. It has also been proved to be challenging to integrate digital storytelling into the regular planning process, mainly due to the personnel required. However, there are opportunities for organizations such as the Hope Raisers Initiative, which already has trained facilitators and the technology needed to offer the process as a service to support the work of the county and the policymakers. / Klimatförändringar är ett pågående problem över hela världen och alla människor påverkas, mer eller mindre. Särskilt utsatta för klimatförändringarnas effekter är människor som bor i informella områden. Kunskapen om både klimatförändringar och klimatanpassning måste öka bland invånarna, samtidigt som marginaliserade grupper får höras och vara med och påverka. Beslutsfattare och planerare behöver veta vilka problem som finns och vilka åtgärder som fungera i det specifika området. Deltagandeplanering blir mer och mer vanligt och används med fördel inom klimatanpassning. Klimatförändringarna är ett globalt problem, men effekterna sker lokalt och behöver åtgärdas utifrån den lokala kontextens förutsättningar. Ett problem när det gäller deltagandeplanering har varit att nå marginaliserade grupper, men deltagande metoder som används rätt kan ge dem möjlighet och förmåga att delta i planering och informera dem om vilka åtgärder de själva kan implementera tillsammans, för klimatanpassning och förändra samhället i rätt riktning.  Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka möjligheterna och utmaningarna med digital storytelling som metod för att förstärka samhällets röster och skapa en ömsesidig förståelse för klimatförändringar och klimatanpassning mellan medborgare, planerare och beslutsfattare. Projektet Future Yetu i Korogocho, Nairobi som genomförts av Hope Raisers Initiative används som en fallstudie. Syftet är också att skapa en guide för digital storytelling som ett verktyg för planering av klimatanpassning som kan användas i andra delar av Nairobi eller andra städer och länder.  Intervjuer och en enkätundersökning har genomförts med olika personer som varit delaktiga i projektet Future Yetu. Resultaten visar att det finns många fördelar med att använda digital storytelling, bland annat kan det hjälpa till att balansera ut de inneboende maktstrukturerna i samhället, då alla använder samma språk för att kommunicera inom digital storytelling. Andra fördelar är att det skapar större engagemang bland deltagarna, allmänheten kan lättare relatera och få en ökad förståelse för problemen och det skapar en känsla av gemenskap bland invånarna. I projektet Future Yetu har det även lett till en rad implementeringar och att en dialog med Nairobi City County har påbörjats. Det finns även en del utmaningar med digital storytelling. Tekniken är det som har visat sig vara den vanligaste utmaningen, både tillgång till den och förmågan att använda den, speciellt i utvecklingsländer. Det har även visat sig svårt att integrera digital storytelling i den vanliga planeringsprocessen, främst på grund av personalåtgången. Dock finns det möjligheter för organisationer som till exempel Hope Raisers Initiativ, som redan har utbildad personal och tekniken som krävs att erbjuda processen som en service för att stötta beslutsfattarnas arbete.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: Manipulation or relation – the language as an instrument for influence (relation eller manipulation – om språket som medel för påverkan)</p><p>Number of pages: 42</p><p>Author: Matilde Johansson</p><p>Tutor: Peder Hård af Segerstad</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies C</p><p>Period: Autumn term 2007</p><p>University: Division of Media and communication, Department of information science, Uppsala university</p><p>Purpose/Aim: The aim of this essay is to gain a deeper understanding of how communication consultants work with communication. The purpose is to sort out whether or not the consultants have the same view in their strategic work with influence as they have when they build relations to customers. In the end the essay will answer if the perspective is the same between their strategic work, their relations and the research definition of how to obtain a genuine dialogue and a good relationship.</p><p>Material/Method: This is a qualitative research. I have interviewed five communication consultants from three different corporations. In the analysis the data from the interviews will be applied with relevant communication theory.</p><p>Main results: In broad outline the result shows that communication consultants see communication mainly as a verbal instrument with a capacity to influence other people through the conversations between them. It’s the integration and the talk between people that affects them and make changes possible. In their relations with customers they strive for a personal relationship based on dialogue and mutual understanding. To affect others they work with word-of-mouth and storytelling, both of these strategic types deal with verbal communication and networking. The conclusion is that they mainly base their view of communication from a cultural perspective.</p><p>Key Words: Communication consultants, public relation, relation, dialogue, influence, cultural perspective, sensemaking, mutual understanding, people who influence people, word-of-mouth, storytelling</p>