This thesis argues that critical understanding of historical narratives needn’t be limited to cold, clinical applications of logic and reason. By doing a close textual reading of Frank Miller and Lynn Varley’s graphic novel, 300 and Zack Snyder’s 2007 film adaptation, I posit that critical analysis of popular narratives is better served when pathos takes a central role. Traditional rhetorical criticism tends to favor empirical evidence and fact over emotional, narrative truth. Yet, the writing, recounting and interpretation of history are more akin to arts than sciences. Historical narratives are subject to the same influences and techniques that make poetry, sculpture and music evocative and memorable. Therefore, the closest method by which to recreate the experience of historical events is through pathos. Pathos can serve to focus the attention of an audience and cultivates an intuitive understanding of historical, social, and cultural events.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima Oliveira Magalhaes.pdf: 5077381 bytes, checksum: 401473f38ddfc7ae8aca0380501045f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / This paper proposes a study of the contradictory images of the popular figure of Padre Cicero Romão Batista as raw myth. The author assume is informed through the guidance of Romanian mythologist Mircea Eliade, and French anthropologist Gilbert Durand. The study is divided into three parts; the first examines the wilderness myth, beginning with the first attempts to characterize it, and later through the authors who ascribe a multiplicity of meanings expressed through the speech of his characters. The second part analyzes the city of Juazeiro do Norte as the mythical city; starting with the beginning of the origin myths that involved the popular figure of Padre Cicero in the Cariri region, which includes the city of Juazeiro. The third part analyzes the contradictory images of the figure of Padre Cicero, mythologized and demythologized, being recognized as a mythic follower of Padre Ibiapina and Antonio Conselheiro. Every movement in Canudos was impacted by social protest. Their leader, died tragically with his followers. The resulting of Juazeiro violence was primarily symbolic, occurring only within church and religious artifacts , and more concretely through the suspension of the orders priesthood of Padre Cicero / Este trabalho propõe um estudo sobre imagens contraditórias da figura popular de Padre Cícero Romão Batista como matéria mítica. Assumimos, com o auxílio das teorizações do mitólogo romeno Mircea Eliade e do antropólogo francês Gilbert Durand, a perspectiva de que o mito permanece e se atualiza infinitamente por meio de imagens e simbolismos arquetípicos. Dividida em três partes, sendo na primeira analisado o sertão mítico, desde suas primeiras tentativas de caracterizá-lo, passando pelo estudo de autores que atribuem uma multiplicidade de significados expressa no discurso de seus personagens; na segunda parte, analisa-se a cidade de Juazeiro do Norte como a cidade mítica, a começar pelos mitos iniciáticos desde o seu tempo inaugural até surgir o mito o qual envolveu a figura popular de Padre Cícero na região do Cariri, onde se situa a cidade de Juazeiro; na terceira parte, analisa-se a imagem contraditória da figura de Padre Cícero, em autores que o mitificam e o desmitificam, reconhecendo na sua figura um messiânico seguidor de Padre Ibiapina e Antônio Conselheiro. Em relação aos protestos sociais, com a diferença de como se deu cada movimento, em Canudos, seu líder morreu tragicamente com seus seguidores e, em Juazeiro do Norte, a violência foi simbólica, transcorrendo exclusivamente dentro dos quadros eclesiais e religiosos: a suspensão das ordens sacerdotais de Padre Cícero

W pracy został przedstawiony innowacyjny sposób patrzenia na Europę Wschodnią, widoczny w twórczości Andrzeja Stasiuka odbiegający od klasycznego, czyli “równoleżnikowego” widzenia tej części kontynentu w odwiecznej konfrontacji i nieustannych porównań z Zachodem. Twórczość tego artysty skupia się na zaniedbanym ,,pasie południowym”. 1. Stan badań Twórczość pisarza cieszy się ogromną popularnością w kraju i za granicą. Krytyka literacka z wielką uwagą śledzi kolejno pojawiające się dzieła, niemniej jednak do tej pory stan badań jest stosunkowo niewielki. Nie powstało żadne kompendium wiedzy o wczesnej twórczości pisarza czy monograficzne opracowanie obejmujące ten sam okres twórczości artysty. Do tej pory uwaga krytyki i badaczy zwrócona została głównie na pierwsze utwory powstałe w latach dziewięćdziesiątych. 2. Cel pracy Głównym celem dysertacji była analiza twórczości Stasiuka w odniesieniu do zagadnień i problemów obecnych w filozofii i estetyce takich jak: kategoria piękna i brzydoty w ujęciu ontologicznym, metafizycznym i epistemologicznym, badanie wybranych utworów w kontekście niekonwencjonalnej autobiografii artystycznej, jak również nawiązanie do mityzacji Europy Wschodniej z odwołaniem się do prozy Brunona Schulza. Utworami łączącymi te zagadnienia ujmując chronologicznie są: „Opowieści galicyjskie”(1995), „Dukla”(1997), „Dziennik okrętowy”(2000), „Jadąc do Babadag”(2004). Teksty te łączy wspólny kontekst estetyczny, autobiograficzny, mityczny. 3. Podział i budowa pracy Niniejsza praca składa się z trzech części: pierwszej - „Estetyka brzydoty“, drugiej - „Homo geographicus Fascynacja geografią w kontekście autobiograficznym” stanowiącą pomost między kontekstem estetycznym i mitycznym oraz trzeciej: „Mityzacja Europy Wschodniej. Inspiracja Schulzem”. 4. Uwagi końcowe W zamykających na koniec wnioskach i uwagach warto podkreślić, że w pracy zostały poddane analizie problemy omijane przez wielu badaczy. Celem dysertacji było przedstawienie twórczości tego pisarza w niepodejmowanych do tej pory obszarach tematycznych. Spojrzenie na przedstawioną rzeczywistość i jej zjawiska tym razem w aspekcie estetycznym i mitycznym pozwoliły w zupełnie inny sposób spojrzeć na wybrane utwory Andrzeja Stasiuka. / The dissertation presents innovative way of perceiving Eastern Europe, noticeable in Andrzej Stasiuk’s works different from the classical one so called “parallel” perception of this part of the continent in everlasting confrontation and constant comparisons to the West. The works of this artist concentrate on neglected “southern zone”. Described corners of Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, Albania, Moldavia are the space that the writer mythisise in order to save them from oblivion. He gives them new aesthetic quality, changes typically ugly, uninteresting places into more interesting, he often subtilizes them. Andrzej Stasiuk, next to Marcin Świetlicki, Olga Tokarczuk, Magdalena Tulli and others, belongs to “bruLionu” generation born in the 60’s. 1. State of research Works of the writer are very popular both in Poland and abroad. Literary criticism carefully follows successive works, however as of yet the state of research is relatively low. There is no compendium of knowledge on early works of the writer or monographic essay containing the same period of the artist’s output. So far critics and researchers have paid attention mainly to the first works written in the 90’s. 2. The aim of dissertation The main aim of this dissertation was an analysis of Stasiuk’s output in relation to issues and problems present in philosophy and aesthetics, such as: the category of beauty and ugliness in ontological, metaphysical and epistemological depiction, examination of particular works in the context of unconventional artictic autobiography, as well as reference to mythization of Eastern Europe refering to the prose of Bruno Schulz. Works that join these issues are, in chronological order:”Opowieści galicyjskie”(1995), “Dukla”(1997), “Dziennik okrętowy”(2000), “Jadąc do Babadag”(2004). These texts are joined by common aesthetic, autobiographical and mythical context. Sometimes, the subsequent works are continuation of the prior ones. 3. Part and structure of the dissertation The present dissertation consists of three parts: the first – “Aesthetics of ugliness”, the second - “Homo geographicus fascination of geography in the autobiographical context” establishing connection between aesthetic and mythical context, and the third one: “Mythization of Eastern Europe. Inspired by Schulz”. 4. Final remarks In final findings and remarks it must be stressed that the present dissertation includes the analysis of problems omitted by many researchers. The aim of the dissertation was to present the output of this writer in new thematic areas. Preception on presented reality and its phenpmenon, this time in aesthetic and mythical aspect, allowed to look at selected works of Andrzej Stasiuk in a different way.