No description available.

O tratamento de efluentes industriais tem sido objeto de estudos no sentido da busca de soluções que minimizem impactos ambientais e promovam a conservação do bem natural que é a água. Nesta linha de pensamento, o presente trabalho propôs-se avaliar a viabilidade de recuperação de efluentes industriais contaminados com pesticidas do tipo piretróides em específico: a deltametrina e beta-ciflutrina. A justificativa na escolha deste tipo de componente está fundamentada na alta demanda alimentícia por parte da população mundial e o consequente acréscimo no uso dos agrotóxicos a fim de garantir a eficiência e o elevado volume de produção de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a remoção da deltametrina e da beta-ciflutrina de efluentes sintéticos aquosos por meio dos processos de osmose inversa e nanofiltração, com a utilização de membranas de poliamida. O presente estudo se justifica pelo atendimento aos padrões ambientais de concentração de piretróides no meio ambiente e reafirma o uso do sistema com membranas no tratamento de efluentes e remoção destes contaminantes. Para caracterização das membranas, foi realizado o teste de permeabilidade hidráulica, constatando diferentes linearidades de fluxo entre os dois processos, com a variação de pressão de trabalho. O desempenho dos processos foi verificado pela variação de parâmetros de meio reacional, variando a concentração dos piretróides em solução, analisando os princípios ativos isolados e também em mistura de ambos piretróides. Primeiramente se estudou a remoção da deltametrina e da beta-ciflutrina isoladamente em solução, nas concentrações de 5, 25, 50 e 100 mg L-1, sob a pressão de 5 bar. Posteriormente, avaliou-se o desempenho das membranas na remoção dos piretróides em mistura nas soluções sintéticas, com ambos os princípios ativos na concentração de 50 mg L-1, na pressão de 5 bar. Foi estudada a remoção da deltametrina e da beta-ciflutrina nos dois processos: osmose inversa e nanofiltração. Os resultados foram tratados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA) e pela análise por comparação de amostras independentes a fim de verificar a significância dos valores obtidos e a influência da variação dos parâmetros analisados. Para a faixa de concentração estudada (5, 25, 50 e 100 mg L-1) os valores encontrados de concentração de permeado foram todos consideravelmente baixos. O maior valor encontrado foi de 0,026 mg L-1 no ensaio de nanofiltração com concentração inicial de 5 mg L-1 de beta-ciflutrina em água. Os resultados apresentaram excelentes rejeições em todos os testes, seja com princípio ativo isolado ou em mistura, com rejeições maiores que 99,5% para ambos os piretróides nas concentrações testadas, sob a pressão de 5 bar. O processo de nanofiltração apresentou maiores e melhores fluxos de permeado do que a osmose inversa. Contudo, no que diz respeito à eficácia da separação, ambos processos indicaram ótimo desempenho na remoção dos piretróides, viabilizando assim, a escolha destes métodos para tratamento de efluentes contaminados com este pesticida / Treatment of industrial effluents has been the subject of numerous studies aimed at finding solutions that minimize environmental impacts and promote the recovery and / or reuse of the natural benefit which is the water. With this in mind, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of recovery of industrial effluents contaminated with pyrethroid pesticide - in particular: the beta-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin. The justification for choosing this type of component is based on the high demand for food for the world population and consequent increase in the use of pesticides to ensure efficiency and high volume food production. The aim of this work was to study the removal of deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin from synthetic effluents through process of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, with the use of polyamide membranes. This study is justified by attendance to environmental standards for pyrethroids concentration in the environment and it reaffirms the use of membranes system in wastewater treatment and in the removal of contaminants. For membranes characterization an hydraulic permeability test was performed, noting different flow linearities between the two processes, under variation of pressure. The process performance was verified by variation of parameters of reaction environment, by varying the concentration of pyrethroids in solution, examining the active ingredients alone and in mixture of both pyrethroids. First of all, we have studied the removal of deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin alone in solution, on concentrations of 5, 25, 50 and 100 mg L-1, under the pressure of 5 bar. Subsequently, we assessed the performance of the membranes in the removal of pyrethroid in mixture in the synthetic solutions, with both active ingredients at a concentration of 50 mg L-1, at a pressure of 5 bar. We studied the removal of deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin in two processes: reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis by comparison of independent samples in order to verify the significance of the values obtained and the influence of variation of parameters. For the concentration range studied (5, 25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) the values found in the permeate concentration were all pretty low. The highest value obtained was 0.026 mg L-1 in nanofiltration test with initial concentration of 5 mg L-1 of beta-cyfluthrin in water. The results showed excellent rejections in all tests, either with isolated active ingredient or in coexistence of them, attesting rejections greater than 99,5% for both pyrethroids, under the pressure of 5 bar. The nanofiltration process had higher and better permeate fluxes than the reverse osmosis. However, regarding the effectiveness of separation, both processes showed excellent performance in the removal of pyrethroids, thus enabling the choice of these methods for treatment of wastewater which are contaminated with this kind of pesticide

O tratamento de efluentes industriais tem sido objeto de estudos no sentido da busca de soluções que minimizem impactos ambientais e promovam a conservação do bem natural que é a água. Nesta linha de pensamento, o presente trabalho propôs-se avaliar a viabilidade de recuperação de efluentes industriais contaminados com pesticidas do tipo piretróides em específico: a deltametrina e beta-ciflutrina. A justificativa na escolha deste tipo de componente está fundamentada na alta demanda alimentícia por parte da população mundial e o consequente acréscimo no uso dos agrotóxicos a fim de garantir a eficiência e o elevado volume de produção de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a remoção da deltametrina e da beta-ciflutrina de efluentes sintéticos aquosos por meio dos processos de osmose inversa e nanofiltração, com a utilização de membranas de poliamida. O presente estudo se justifica pelo atendimento aos padrões ambientais de concentração de piretróides no meio ambiente e reafirma o uso do sistema com membranas no tratamento de efluentes e remoção destes contaminantes. Para caracterização das membranas, foi realizado o teste de permeabilidade hidráulica, constatando diferentes linearidades de fluxo entre os dois processos, com a variação de pressão de trabalho. O desempenho dos processos foi verificado pela variação de parâmetros de meio reacional, variando a concentração dos piretróides em solução, analisando os princípios ativos isolados e também em mistura de ambos piretróides. Primeiramente se estudou a remoção da deltametrina e da beta-ciflutrina isoladamente em solução, nas concentrações de 5, 25, 50 e 100 mg L-1, sob a pressão de 5 bar. Posteriormente, avaliou-se o desempenho das membranas na remoção dos piretróides em mistura nas soluções sintéticas, com ambos os princípios ativos na concentração de 50 mg L-1, na pressão de 5 bar. Foi estudada a remoção da deltametrina e da beta-ciflutrina nos dois processos: osmose inversa e nanofiltração. Os resultados foram tratados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA) e pela análise por comparação de amostras independentes a fim de verificar a significância dos valores obtidos e a influência da variação dos parâmetros analisados. Para a faixa de concentração estudada (5, 25, 50 e 100 mg L-1) os valores encontrados de concentração de permeado foram todos consideravelmente baixos. O maior valor encontrado foi de 0,026 mg L-1 no ensaio de nanofiltração com concentração inicial de 5 mg L-1 de beta-ciflutrina em água. Os resultados apresentaram excelentes rejeições em todos os testes, seja com princípio ativo isolado ou em mistura, com rejeições maiores que 99,5% para ambos os piretróides nas concentrações testadas, sob a pressão de 5 bar. O processo de nanofiltração apresentou maiores e melhores fluxos de permeado do que a osmose inversa. Contudo, no que diz respeito à eficácia da separação, ambos processos indicaram ótimo desempenho na remoção dos piretróides, viabilizando assim, a escolha destes métodos para tratamento de efluentes contaminados com este pesticida / Treatment of industrial effluents has been the subject of numerous studies aimed at finding solutions that minimize environmental impacts and promote the recovery and / or reuse of the natural benefit which is the water. With this in mind, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of recovery of industrial effluents contaminated with pyrethroid pesticide - in particular: the beta-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin. The justification for choosing this type of component is based on the high demand for food for the world population and consequent increase in the use of pesticides to ensure efficiency and high volume food production. The aim of this work was to study the removal of deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin from synthetic effluents through process of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, with the use of polyamide membranes. This study is justified by attendance to environmental standards for pyrethroids concentration in the environment and it reaffirms the use of membranes system in wastewater treatment and in the removal of contaminants. For membranes characterization an hydraulic permeability test was performed, noting different flow linearities between the two processes, under variation of pressure. The process performance was verified by variation of parameters of reaction environment, by varying the concentration of pyrethroids in solution, examining the active ingredients alone and in mixture of both pyrethroids. First of all, we have studied the removal of deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin alone in solution, on concentrations of 5, 25, 50 and 100 mg L-1, under the pressure of 5 bar. Subsequently, we assessed the performance of the membranes in the removal of pyrethroid in mixture in the synthetic solutions, with both active ingredients at a concentration of 50 mg L-1, at a pressure of 5 bar. We studied the removal of deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin in two processes: reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis by comparison of independent samples in order to verify the significance of the values obtained and the influence of variation of parameters. For the concentration range studied (5, 25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) the values found in the permeate concentration were all pretty low. The highest value obtained was 0.026 mg L-1 in nanofiltration test with initial concentration of 5 mg L-1 of beta-cyfluthrin in water. The results showed excellent rejections in all tests, either with isolated active ingredient or in coexistence of them, attesting rejections greater than 99,5% for both pyrethroids, under the pressure of 5 bar. The nanofiltration process had higher and better permeate fluxes than the reverse osmosis. However, regarding the effectiveness of separation, both processes showed excellent performance in the removal of pyrethroids, thus enabling the choice of these methods for treatment of wastewater which are contaminated with this kind of pesticide

The purpose of this Bachelor thesis was to establish a method for determining the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation in wastewater from cruise liners. COD fractions of interest were soluble biodegradable (SS), particulate biodegradable (XS), soluble unbiodegradable (SI) and particulate unbiodegradable (XI). Three types of wastewater (gray water, black water and permeate) were analysed and a method with a physiochemical approach was established. The method was originally elaborated by Jun Wu et al in the study “Wastewater COD biodegradability fractionated by simple physical–chemical analysis” (2014) Chemical Engineering Journal[ES1] [JB2]  258, p 450-459. The method was also used for comparison reasons of the COD fractionation in permeate before and after advanced treatment with nanofiltration and ozonation. Total COD in permeate was almost half of the initial value after nanofiltration and XI was eliminated. After ozonation no significant difference was observed neither in total COD concentration or fractionation pattern. The conclusion is that this method to determine the COD fractions has potential but it needs further optimization in form of adjusting the methods matrix specifically based on wastewater from cruise liners. / NAUTEK

[pt] A queda do fluxo permeado através da membrana com o tempo de operação causada pelo fenômeno de colmatação é o principal fator limitante do uso de processos de separação por membranas, como a nanofiltração (NF). O sulfato de cálcio é um dos principais agentes do tipo mais severo de colmatação, a incrustação, em sistemas de dessulfatação de águas marinhas para injeção em poços produtores de petróleos e abrandamento de águas subterrâneas salobras e duras para uso industrial por NF. Apesar do vasto número de estudos que têm sido publicados sobre a incrustação por sulfato de cálcio em NF, ainda não foram esclarecidos os mecanismos de formação e inibição química do fenômeno. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar experimentalmente e conceitualmente os mecanismos envolvidos na geração e no tratamento por inibição e remoção química da incrustação de sulfato de cálcio em membrana de NF. Para tal, foram utilizados modelos matemáticos de interpretação de mecanismos e técnicas de inibição e caracterização dos depósitos formados, correlacionando-os com indicadores de desempenho do processo. As análises de comportamento de queda de fluxo mostraram uma alternância na predominância entre os mecanismos de bloqueio de poros e por formação de torta. O estudo de inibição mostrou que os mecanismos de ação do antiincrustante SHMP o tornaram mais eficiente que o EDTA na manutenção do desempenho em permeabilidade e seletividade. A autópsia da membrana com MEV/EDS e DRX revelou majoritariamente cristais de gipsita. A metodologia de cálculo e análise integrada dos parâmetros de desempenho mostraram-se ferramentas de grande importância para se buscar as medidas mais eficientes e convenientes de controle e redução da incrustação. / [en] Membrane fouling is a major limitation in efficient operation of nanofiltration (NF) plants. Calcium sulfate is a major player in the most severe type of fouling – scaling - in sulfate removal systems for oil fields seawater injection operations and brackish water softener for industrial use by NF. Despite the vast number of studies that have been published on the scaling by calcium sulfate NF, have not yet been elucidated the mechanisms of formation and chemical inhibition of the phenomenon. The aim of this work was to study experimentally and conceptually the mechanisms involved in the generation and treatment by inhibition and chemical removal of fouling of calcium sulfate in NF membrane. Mathematical models of interpretation techniques and mechanisms of inhibition and characterization of deposits formed were used, trying to correlate them with performance indicators of process. The supersaturated solutions in a laboratory scale system confirmed the severity of fouling by calcium sulfate. The analysis of behavior showed a decrease of flow in alternating dominance between the mechanisms of pore blocking and cake formation. The study showed that inhibition of the mechanisms of action of the anti-fouling SHMP become more efficient than EDTA in maintaining performance in permeability and selectivity. The autopsy of the membrane with SEM / EDS and XRD revealed mostly gypsum crystals. The calculation methodology and integrated analysis of performance parameters proved to be an important tool to seek the most efficient and convenient measures to control and reduce fouling.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Abtrennung von monovalenten Anionen wie Chlorid, Fluorid, Bromid und Nitrat aus hochkonzentrierten alkalischen wässrigen Lösungen, die als Matrix zweiwertigen Anionen (Carbonat und Sulfat) besitzen. Nach Auswertung der Literatur eignen sich vor allem die Verfahren Ionenaustausch und Nanofiltration für diesen Zweck. Die untersuchten Ionenaustauscher weisen eine geringe Selektivität für die einwertigen Anionen auf, so dass die für einwertige Anionen nutzbare Kapazität mit steigendem Gehalt an zweiwertigen Anionen sinkt. Dabei steigt die Kapazität in der Reihenfolge Fluorid→Chlorid→Bromid→Nitrat. Die beobachteten Selektivitäten bei der Nanofiltration steigen in der gleichen Reihenfolge, wobei die Trennrate zwischen ein- und zweiwertigen Anionen vom Membrantyp abhängt. Es konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen den Kapazitäten der untersuchten stark basischen Anionenaustauscher für monovalente Anionen und den Rückhalten für diese Anionen bei den Nanofiltrationsmembranen mit den Ionenhydratationsparametern festgestellt werden.

The integration of advanced technologies into existing water treatment facilities (WTFs) can improve and enhance water quality; however, these same modifications or improvements may adversely affect finished water provided to the consumer by public water systems (PWSs) that embrace these advanced technologies. Process modification or improvements may unintentionally impact compliance with the provisions of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA’s) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This is especially true with respect to corrosion control, since minor changes in water quality can affect metal release. Changes in metal release can have a direct impact on a water purveyor’s compliance with the SDWA’s Lead and Copper Rule (LCR). In 2010, the Town of Jupiter (Town) decommissioned its ageing lime softening (LS) plant and integrated a nanofiltration (NF) plant into their WTF. The removal of the LS process subsequently decreased the pH in the existing reverse osmosis (RO) clearwell, leaving only RO permeate and anion exchange (AX) effluent to blend. The Town believed that the RO-AX blend was corrosive in nature and that blending with NF permeate would alleviate their concern. Consequently, a portion of the NF permeate stream was to be split between the existing RO-AX clearwell and a newly constructed NF primary clearwell. The Town requested that the University of Central Florida (UCF) conduct research evaluating how to mitigate negative impacts that may result from changing water quality, should the Town place its AX into ready-reserve. iv The research presented in this document was focused on the evaluation of corrosion control alternatives for the Town, and was segmented into two major components: 1. The first component of the research studied internal corrosion within the existing RO clearwell and appurtenances of the Town’s WTF, should the Town place the AX process on standby. Research related to WTF in-plant corrosion control focused on blending NF and RO permeate, forming a new intermediate blend, and pH-adjusting the resulting mixture to reduce corrosion in the RO clearwell. 2. The second component was implemented with respect to the Town’s potable water distribution system. The distribution system corrosion control research evaluated various phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors to determine their effectiveness in reducing mild steel, lead and copper release in order to maintain the Town’s continual compliance with the LCR. The primary objective of the in-plant corrosion control research was to determine the appropriate ratio of RO to NF permeate and the pH necessary to reduce corrosion in the RO clearwell. In this research, the Langelier saturation index (LSI) was the corrosion index used to evaluate the stability of RO:NF blends. Results indicated that a pH-adjusted blend consisting of 70% RO and 30% NF permeate at 8.8-8.9 pH units would produce an LSI of +0.1, theoretically protecting the RO clearwell from corrosion. The primary objective of the distribution system corrosion control component of the research was to identify a corrosion control inhibitor that would further reduce lead and v copper metal release observed in the Town’s distribution system to below their respective action limits (ALs) as defined in the LCR. Six alternative inhibitors composed of various orthophosphate and polyphosphate (ortho:poly) ratios were evaluated sequentially using a corrosion control test apparatus. The apparatus was designed to house mild steel, lead and copper coupons used for weight loss analysis, as well as mild steel, lead solder and copper electrodes used for linear polarization analysis. One side of the apparatus, referred to as the “control condition,” was fed potable water that did not contain the corrosion inhibitor, while the other side of the corrosion apparatus, termed the “test condition,” was fed potable water that had been dosed with a corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion rate measurements were taken twice per weekday, and water quality was measured twice per week. Inhibitor evaluations were conducted over a span of 55 to 56 days, varying with each inhibitor. Coupons and electrodes were pre-corroded to simulate existing distribution system conditions. Water flow to the apparatus was controlled with an on/off timer to represent variations in the system and homes. Inhibitor comparisons were made based on their effectiveness at reducing lead and copper release after chemical addition. Based on the results obtained from the assessment of corrosion inhibitors for distribution system corrosion control, it appears that Inhibitors 1 and 3 were more successful in reducing lead corrosion rates, and each of these inhibitors reduced copper corrosion rates. Also, it is recommended that consideration be given to use of a redundant single-loop duplicate test apparatus in lieu of a double rack corrosion control test apparatus in experiments where pre-corrosion phases are vi implemented. This recommendation is offered because statistically, the control versus test double loop may not provide relevance in data analysis. The use of the Wilcoxon signed ranks test comparing the initial pre-corroding phase to the inhibitor effectiveness phase has proven to be a more useful analytical method for corrosion studies.

no / In this work, a model based MINLP (mixed integer nonlinear programming) optimisation framework is developed for evaluating boron rejection in a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process. A mathematical model (for the RU process) based on solution diffusion model and thin film theory is incorporated in the optimisation framework. A superstructure of the RU network is developed which includes two passes: (a) seawater pass containing normal two-stage RU system housing seawater membrane modules and (b) the brackish water pass (BW) accommodating brackish water membrane modules. For fixed freshwater demand, the objective of this work is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the MINLP approach for analyzing and optimizing the design and operation of RU network while attaining desired limit on boron concentration in the freshwater produced. The effect of seasonal variation in seawater temperature and pH on boron removal efficiency is also discussed.

Un traitement conventionnel suivi d'un affinage par nanofiltration (NF) permet de produire une eau potable de qualité exceptionnelle à partir d'une eau de surface, et ce tout en minimisant le colmatage des membranes de NF et en favorisant l'approche multibarrières. L'objectif principal de la présente étude est d'évaluer l'effet des conditions d'opération de la NF sur la productivité de ce traitement d'affinage. Des essais pilotes ont été réalisés entre octobre 2003 et mai 2004 à l'usine de production d'eau potable de l'ancienne ville de Sainte-Foy qui traite l'eau du fleuve Saint-Laurent. Les résultats montrent comment évolue la qualité de l'eau nanofiltrée et la résistance hydraulique additionnelle associée au colmatage des membranes, et ce en fonction des conditions d'opération de la NF, de la qualité de l'eau produite par le traitement conventionnel et de la compressibilité du dépôt colmatant. De plus, les dépôts qui se forment dans les canaux d'écoulement tangentiel des modules spiralés sont quantifiés indirectement par le suivi des pertes de charge.

Le dessalement des eaux saumâtres et de l'eau de mer peut faire face à la problématique de pénurie d'eau qui menace certains pays tel que le Maroc. Actuellement, la technique la plus utilisée pour le dessalement des eaux saumâtres est l'Osmose inverse. La nanofiltration peut remplacer, dans les années avenir, l'Osmose inverse, mais la méconnaissance du comportement du matériau membranaire et des phénomènes de transfert limite l'application de la NF. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de transport favoriserait son essor au sein du domaine de dessalement. C'est dans cette optique que nous avons mené ce travail pour contribuer à l'étude du dessalement des eaux saumâtres par NF. L'originalité de ce travail est de comparer les deux techniques de NF et d'OI sur le plan fondamental à l'échelle du laboratoire et de comparer leur performances pour le dessalement d'une eau saumâtre du sud du Maroc à l'échelle pilote. Dans la partie fondamentale une approche systématique pour la caractérisation des membranes commerciales de nanofiltration et d'osmose inverse à basse pression a été établie, pour aider l'utilisateur au choix d'une membrane pour le dessalement des eaux saumâtres. Nous avons développé deux types de caractérisation : (i) physico-chimique, en terme de Hydrophilie/ Hydrophobie, morphologie et topographie, charge de surface et (ii) transfert de mass en terme de perméabilité hydraulique à l'eau ultra pure et à des solutions salines, rétention de sels monovalents et divalents, détermination du seuil de coupure, détermination des paramètres de transfert de masse s et Ps respectivement le coefficient de reflexion et la perméabilité au soluté des membranes, compréhension des mécanismes de transfert de masse en NF ; la convection pure et la diffusion pure. Nous avons appliqué cette approche pour des membranes commerciales de NF et d'OIBP afin de comparer leurs performances et les classifier pour aider à la sélection d'une membrane de NF pour le dessalement des eaux saumâtres. La deuxième partie est consacrée à une étude pilote du dessalement d'une eau saumâtre du Sud du Maroc, afin de prouver sur le plan technique et économique, l'efficacité de la nanofiltration pour le dessalement cette eau. La NF s'est avérée efficace pour le dessalement partiel et sélectif de l'eau saumâtre étudiée en un seul étage, avec une consommation énergétique plus faible qu'en OI. Les membranes NF90 et NE90 sont les plus adéquates et les plus concurrentes à la BW30 pour le dessalement d'une eau saumâtre avec un taux de salinité de 4 g/L. Elle permettent un dessalement partiel et permettent aussi de préparer une eau destinée à la consommation humaine ( TDS ≤ 1000 ppm) à des pressions 2 fois plus faibles et à des taux de conversions plus élevés (90%). Des essais de dopage de l'eau de TanTan à différents taux de salinité et avec des ions fluorures ont été réalisés. Ces essais ont permis de déterminer la limite d'application des membranes de nanofiltration pour le dessalement des eaux saumâtres (6g.L-1) et confirmer l'efficacité de la NF pour la défluoruration sélective des eaux saumâtres au Maroc.