Various solution-processed methods have been employed in this work. For the synthesis of graphene, a chemical exfoliation method has been used to generate large graphene flakes in the solution phase. In addition, chemical or electro polymerization has been used for synthesizing polyanthracene, which tends to form graphene nanoribbon through cyclodehydrogenation. For the device fabrication, graphene oxide (GO) thin films were deposited from solution phase on the vapor-silanzed aminosilane surface to make semiconducting active layer or conducting electrodes. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were selectively self-assembled from solution phase to pattern nanowires.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work we present the results of a systematic study of the stability, and the electronic, stuctural and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons doped with Ni (Ni/GNR) and Mn (Mn/GNR), through ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Further, we analyse the electronic transport properties through the non-equilibrium Greens functions formalism (NEGF) coupled with DFT. The electronics and energetics of Si graphene-like monolayers and nanoribbons have also been studied. We determined the possible configurations of a Ni atom both adsorbed and substitutional in GNRs with zigzag edges. We show that the Ni atoms adsorb on the edges of the GNRs. This configuration is seen to be 0.3 eV lower in energy that the adsorption at the midlle of the GNR. The magnetic moments at the carbon atoms change due to the presence of the Ni, decreasing rapidly as the distance of the Ni atom decrease, recovering the value of the ideal GNR at 9 °A from the Ni atom. We obtained Ni d-levels inside a 1.0 eV energy window around the Fermi energy, leading to spin-dependent charge transport in the Ni/GNR. For the case of two Ni atoms adsorbed at the different edges of the GNR s, the antiferromagnetic coupling between both Ni atoms is energetically favored. For the case of the substitucional Ni atom, the edge position is also the energeticaly favored. It gives place to a spin-dependent charge transport, and suggest the use of these materials for spintronic devices. For the Mn doping in zigzag and armchair nanoribbons, it is shown that the edge site are the energetically favorable for adsorbed and substitucional Mn atoms. For the adsorbed Mn dimers, our calculations show that the sites along the border of the GNRs are the most stables ones. The distance between two Mn atoms of the adsorbed Mn2 is shorter than that for the isolated Mn2 molecule. For the zigzag nanoribbons, the magnetic moment of the Mn2 is not affected by magnetic state of the substrate, with the ground state being antiferromagnetic. The dimer/GNR configurations, Mn2/ferro A and Mn2/ferro F, show different elecrtonic properties. The Mn2/ferro A is seen to be semiconductor, while the Mn2/ferro F is semi-mettalic. These properties point to two interesting consequences: (i) the use of these systems as nanomemories, with the reading process made by measure of the electronic current through the nanoribbons and (ii) a spin-polarized current through the Mn2/GNR, with the control of the magnetization of the dimers. Finally, are show that H-passivate diamond-like Si monolayer and nanoribbons are semiconducting with low formation energies. Similarly to graphene, the non-H passivated Si monolayers, both planar and buckled, present linear dispersion of the ¼/¼¤ levels that cross at the Fermi energy. / Apresentamos neste trabalho os resultados do estudo sistemático da estabilidade energética e das propriedades estruturais, magnéticas e eletrônicas de nanofitas de grafeno (GNR) dopadas com Ni (Ni/GNR) e Mn (Mn/GNR), utilizando cálculos ab initio, realizados por meio da teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT). Também avaliamos as propriedades de transporte eletrônico dos sistemas por meio da metodologia de funções de Green fora do equilíbrio (NEGF), associadas a DFT. As propriedades eletrônicas, energéticas e magnéticas de monocamadas de Si, assim como de nanofitas de Si saturadas com H foram também estudadas. Avaliamos as configurações do átomo de Ni adsorvido e substitucional nas GNRs com bordas em formato zigzag. Nós obtivemos que os átomos de Ni adsorvem sobre as bordas da GNR, com uma diferença energética de aproximadamente 0.3 eV, quando comparadas com a adsorção no meio da nanofita. Os momentos magnéticos sobre os átomos de carbono da borda da nanofita se alteram pela presença do átomo de Ni, decrescendo rapidamente á medida que se aproximam do síıtio do Ni e recuperando os valores da nanofita pura a 9°A do átomo de Ni. Nós obtivemos estados d do Ni dentro de uma janela de energia de 1 eV acima e abaixo da energia de Fermi, os quais dão origem a um transporte de carga dependente do spin. Quando dois átomos de Ni são adsorvidos em bordas diferentes, a configuração com acoplamento antiferromagnetico entre os átomos de Ni é mais estável. O Ni substitucional na borda da nanofita é previsto como o sétio energeticamente mais favorável. Neste caso também obtivemos um transporte de carga dependente do spin, o que sugere a possibilidade de construção de dispositivos de filtro de spin baseados em GNRs com átomos de Ni adsorvidos ou substitucionais. Estudamos ainda a dopagem da GNR com Mn, onde foram consideradas as nanofitas com bordas zigzag e armchair. Em todas as nanofitas avaliadas, o Mn atômico apresenta maior estabilidade energética nos sítios junto à borda destas nanofitas. O mesmo se dá para as configurações com o Mn substitucional na nanofita. Para os d´ımeros de Mn adsorvidos sobre as nanofitas de carbono, nossos resultados revelam que existe uma preferência energética para os dímeros sobre sítios ao longo da borda das nanofitas. Nas configurações mais estáveis, os dímeros de Mn apresentam uma redução na distância de equilíbrio quando comparados ao Mn2 isolado. Para as nanofitas zigzag o estado da agnetização do dímero de Mn não é afetada pelo estado ferro F ou ferro A do substrato. Para ambas as configurações, o dímero de Mn na configuração antiferromagnética (AF) é o mais estável. As configurações dímero/nanofita: Mn2/ferro A e as Mn2/ferro F, apresentam propriedades eletrônicas distintas, sendo a primeira semicondutora (mantendo a característica eletrônica da nanofita ferro A não dopada), enquanto a última resulta semi-metálica. Estas propriedades eletrônicas apontam para duas consequências interessantes (i) o uso destes sistemas como nanomemórias, com um processo de leitura por meio da medida da corrente eletrônica através das nanofitas, e (ii) a obtenção de uma corrente com polarização de spin ao longo dos sistemas Mn2/nanofitas, através do controle da magnetização dos dímeros de Mn. Mostramos ainda que a monocamada e as nanofitas de Si passivadas com H, tipo diamante, são semicondutoras e apresentam uma reduzida energia de formação. De modo semelhante ao grafeno, a monocamada de Si não passivada planar e corrugada, apresenta dispersão linear dos níveis ¼/¼¤ que cruzam a energia de Fermi. A nanofita zigzag é obtida com os mesmos estados magnéticos da nanofita de grafeno correspondente.

Les nanorubans de graphène (NRGs) sont des matériaux prometteurs pour l'organique électronique, à mi chemin entre polymères conjugués et nanotubes de carbone. Deux approches différentes pour la synthèse de nanorubans aromatiques sont développées et évaluées. La première est fondée sur la formation de céramidonines par cyclisation d'arylamino-anthraquinones en milieu acide. Plusieurs tétraaza-arènes incorporant deux de ces unités sont obtenus, mais l'approche s'est uniquement avérée appropriée dans le cas de courts substrats. La seconde approche repose sur la condensation d'acides aryle-acétiques avec des formylarènes ou acides aryle-glyoxyliques, suivie soit de cyclo-deshydrogénations en présence de quinone, soit de deshydrodebromation catalysée par le palladium, pour donner des arenes carboxy-substitués allongés. La méthode impliquant la quinone s'avère limitée à des substrats suffisamment réactifs tels que des thiophènes et laisse envisager des poly(arènodithiophènes) en partie rigidifiés et carboxy-substitués. La catalyse au palladium s'avère plus générale, ouvrant des perspectives d'obtention d'une grande variété de rubans aux propriétés électroniques ajustables. / Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising materials for organic electronics, as they bridge the gap betweensingle-stranded conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes. Two different synthetic approaches to GNRs aredeveloped and evaluated. The first approach is based on the acid-promoted cyclisation of arylaminoanthraquinonesto ceramidonines. Tetraazaarenes with two ceramidonine units are obtained, but the approachis found to be appropriate only to such small systems. The second approach is based on the condensation ofarylacetic acids with arenecarboxaldehydes or arylglyoxylic acids, followed either by quinone-assistedoxidative cyclodehydrogenation or palladium-catalysed dehydrodebromination to yield carboxy-substitutedelongated arenes. The quinone-based variant is found to be limited to reactive substrates such as thiophenederivatives and offers the perspective of partially rigidified carboxy-substituted poly(arenodithiophenes). Thepalladium-based variant is found to be more general, opening the prospect of obtaining a variety of ribbontypestructures with tunable electronic properties.

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As the thinnest material ever with high carrier mobility and saturation velocity, graphene is considered as a candidate for future high speed electronics. After pioneering research on graphene-based electronics at Georgia Tech, epitaxial graphene on SiC, along with other synthesized graphene, has been extensively investigated for possible applications in high frequency analog circuits. With a combined effort from academic and industrial research institutions, the best cut-off frequency of graphene radio-frequency (RF) transistors is already comparable to the best result of III-V material-based devices. However, the power gain performance of graphene transistors remained low, and the absence of a band gap inhibits the possibility of graphene in digital electronics. Aiming at solving these problems, this thesis will demonstrate the effort toward better high frequency power gain performance based on mono-layer epitaxial graphene on C-face SiC. Besides, a graphene/Si integration scheme will be proposed that utilizes the high speed potential of graphene electronics and logic functionality and maturity of Si-CMOS platform at the same time.

Aerogels with extraordinary mechanical properties attract a lot of interest for their wide spread applications. However, the required flexibility is yet to be satisfied, especially under extreme conditions. Herein, a boron nitride nanoribbon aerogel with excellent temperature‐invariant super‐flexibility is developed by high temperature amination of a melamine diborate precursor formed by hydrogen bonding assembly. The unique structure of the aerogel provides it with outstanding compressing/bending/twisting elasticity, cutting resistance, and recoverable properties. Furthermore, the excellent mechanical super‐flexibility is maintained over a wide temperature range, from liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 °C) to higher than 1000 °C, which extends their possible applications to harsh environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilton Ferreira Frazao.pdf: 1298809 bytes, checksum: 5aca0b703a735a7fb605b7bdee658bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Recently, the existence of nanoribbon of Boron Nitride with finite size was discovered experimentally, in porous nanoesferas of BN (100-400 nm of diameter), synthesized for the reaction of B2O3 with carbon spheres contend nanoporos filled for Nitrogen to a temperature of 17500C. However a theoretical inquiry of the properties of this nanometerial did not exist. Then, in this present work, we carry through simulation of molecular mechanics using field of universal force (forcefild) to optimize the structure of some of these nanoribbon of Boron Nitride, with objective to find a conformation more steady, that is, of lesser energy for these nanostructures. Later, we investigate the electronic properties of these nanoribbon of Boron Nitride (NRBN) in the finite form (not-periodic) of two types: nanoribbon of Boron Nitride of the type to armchair (a-NRBN) and nanoribbon of Boron Nitride of the type zigzag (z-NRBN). The study of these properties they had been carried through of calculations of first principles based in the Density Functional Theory, with the local density approximation (LDA). Through our calculations, we observe that all the nanoribbon are metallic when we made the analysis of the density of states (DOS). Result not waited, but surprising, therefore of literature we know that material nanostructuralized of Boron Nitride they are always semiconductors. However, our calculations had shown that as much a-NRBN as z-NRBN had presented a conducting electronic character. The simulations had been carried through for many cases of nanoribbon of width (L) and length (C), forming a pair of indices (L, C), with the objective to facilitate the identification of these nanostructures. However we will present the results of but twelve of these, being: (1,3), (1,6), (1,9), (2,3), (2,6) e (2,9) in such a way of the types a-NRBN and z-NRBN. / Recentemente, foi descoberto experimentalmente a existência de Nanofitas de Nitreto de Boro (BN) de tamanho finito, em nanoesferas porosas de BN (100-400 nm de diâmetro), sintetizada pela reação de B2O3 com esferas de carbono contendo nanoporos preenchidos por Nitrogênio a uma temperatura de 17500C. No entanto não existia uma investigação teórica das propriedades desses nanocompósitos. Então, neste presente trabalho, realizamos simulações de mecânica molecular usando campo de força universal (forcefild) para otimizar a estrutura de algumas destas nanofitas de Nitreto de Boro, com objetivo de encontrar uma conformação mais estável, ou seja, de menor energia para essas nanoestruturas. Depois, investigamos as propriedades eletrônicas dessas nanofitas de Nitreto de Boro (NRBN) na forma finita (não-periódica) de dois tipos: nanofitas de Nitreto de Boro do tipo armchair (a-NRBN) e nanofitas de Nitreto de Boro do tipo zigzag (z-NRBN). O estudo destas propriedades foram realizados através de cálculos de primeiros princípios baseados na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade, com a aproximação da densidade local (LDA). Através de nossos cálculos, observamos que todas as nanofitas são metálicas quando fizemos a análise da densidade de estados eletrônicos (DOS). Resultado não esperado, mas surpreendente, pois da literatura sabemos que materiais nanoestruturados de Nitreto de Boro são sempre semicondutores. No entanto, nossos cálculos mostraram que tanto as a- NRBN como as z-NRBN apresentaram um caráter eletrônico condutor. As simulações foram realizadas para muitos casos de nanofitas de largura (L) e comprimento (C), formando um par de índices (L, C), com o objetivo de facilitar a identificação dessas nanoestruturas. No entanto apresentaremos os resultados de apenas doze dessas, sendo: (1,3), (1,6), (1,9), (2,3), (2,6) e (2,9) tanto dos tipos a-NRBN e z-NRBN.

Les travaux décrits dans ce manuscrit portent sur l’étude de nanostructures obtenues par auto-assemblages d’amphiphiles diacétyléniques polymérisables. Essentiellement deux familles de composés ont été étudiées (micelles sphériques et rubans en bicouches) et valorisées, d'une part, pour des applications biomédicales et, d’autre part, pour la catalyse. Dans un premier temps, des micelles cationiques polymérisées assemblées à partir d’amphiphiles diacétyléniques sont synthétisées. Ces micelles ont été valorisées pour la prise en charge et la transfection d’ARN interférents in vitro. Ensuite, un catalyseur micellaire « biocompatible » incorporant du cuivre a été développé pour promouvoir des transformations chimiques in vitro. Nos études ont ainsi porté sur la réaction de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire de Huisgen que nous avons mise en œuvre dans le compartiment intracellulaire. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à la synthèse et à la formulation d’amphiphiles diacétyléniques en architectures supramoléculaires qui ont été utilisées pour la catalyse asymétrique et semi-hétérogène de la réaction d'aldolisation. / The work described in this manuscript focuses on the study of nanostructures obtained by self-assembly of polymerizable diacetylenic amphiphiles. Two families of compounds have been studied (spherical micelles and bilayer ribbons) and used for biomedical applications on the one hand and for catalysis on the other. At first, polymerized cationic micelles assembled from diacetylenic amphiphiles are synthesized. These micelles were valorized for the transfection of small interfering RNAs in vitro. Then a "biocompatible" micellar catalyst incorporating copper was developed to promote in vitro chemical transformations. Our studies focused on the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition that we implemented in the intracellular compartment. Finally, we are interested in the synthesis and formulation of supramolecular architectures from diacetylenic amphiphiles. These systems have been used for the asymmetric and semi-heterogeneous catalysis of the aldol reaction.

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