This study aimed to comparatively examine school management practices in the US and Turkey in light of the two distinct administrative paradigms:Anglo-Saxon and Napoleonic traditions. In this study, a comparative case study method was used. The study was conducted in a basic education school (grades 1-8) in Ankara, Turkey, and in an elementary school (K-5) in Madison, the capital city of the state of Wisconsn, US. The sample contained 13 teachers and 4 administrators in the Turkish case, and 10 teachers and 1 school principal in the US case. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and written document analysis. Findings revealed that at the Turkish school, school management practices were not carried out effectively mainly due to the centralized education system, poor physical conditions of the school, lack of participatory and collaborative understanding of the staff members, lack of communication among the staff and limited school budgeting. On the other hand, the management practices in the American school were implemented successfull owing mainly to the school&#039 / s embedded decentralized structure, participatory and collaborative understanding among the school staff, effective communication strategies of the principal, and various options of in-service training offered for the school staff.

Univ. of Toronto, Diss.--Toronto, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. [305] - 324.

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-114). Also available online: http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04102006-155557

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-114). Also available online: http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04102006-155557

In the field of international trade there is an intriguing tension between the ideological allure of free trade and the political reality of protectionism. Typically, the former is favored by scholars while the latter has been more historically prevalent. Protectionism in the form of tariffs and other obstacles trade was generally a preferred trade policy around the globe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Sweden was no exception and has been seen as highly protectionist and mercantilist during this period. This thesis has sought to shed new light on Swedish trade policy between 1780 and 1830. It has done so by quantifying and homogenizing tariffs and import bans in order to be able to analyze the structure of tariffs. The thesis stands on a theoretical ground which takes into account the different plausible reasons for setting tariffs. It has placed some emphasis on the possible tension between the desire to shelter one’s own industry from foreign competition and the need to use tariffs for fiscal purposes, as an important source of government revenue. It is therefore argued that tariffs need to be separated theoretically and empirically. A simple model is presented which aims to discern three types of tariffs. The model takes into account the tariff rate itself, and also the structure of trade and the presence of domestic substitution. The thesis has found that Swedish tariffs were generally high over the period and that protectionism was prevalent in a large number of economic sectors. There is tentative evidence that protectionist tariffs also distorted trade in certain types of goods, even if they didn’t have an impact on total import levels. Tariffs were also set so as to separate between raw materials and more processed goods, what is called mercantilist differentiation. Substantial empirical support is given to the claim that certain tariffs on inelastic consumption goods were of great fiscal importance, and increasingly so as the period progressed. The fiscal pressure maintained or even increased the import tariffs, which made it possible to decrease tariffs on exports.

La décision de doter la ville de Lyon d’une mairie unique (ventôse an XIII) intervient peu après la proclamation du Premier Empire et témoigne de l’importance qu’attachait son chef à la réhabilitation d’une entité administrative et politique locale fiable. Dès vendémiaire an XIV (septembre 1805), une municipalité se met en place. Un personnel politique de plus en plus renouvelé par rapport à celui de la Révolution est appelé à gérer la ville sous l’étroite surveillance du pouvoir central et de son représentant départemental, le préfet. L’analyse de sa composition comme celle du fonctionnement quotidien de la municipalité est en mesure de nous aider à appréhender dans sa complexité le projet napoléonien de réorganisation politique et administrative du pays. L’examen de la genèse et du fonctionnement ordinaire d’une administration en développement ainsi que les relations complexes entretenues avec le gouvernement impérial débutent l’étude. Puisque les édiles sont au cœur de l’élite fusionnée dont Napoléon souhaite doter la France, les différentes caractéristiques du corps édilitaire sont l’objet central d’une approche de type prosopographique qui englobe aussi l’analyse des solidarités qui mêlent les personnalités du corpus à des réseaux d’influence de dimension locale, régionale ou nationale. La présentation et la mise en perspective des actions conduites par la mairie unique sous l’Empire complètent l’ensemble qui a pour ambition de situer le cas lyonnais au sein du système napoléonien en formation et de participer à son intelligibilité. / Shortly after the announcement of the First Empire, Lyons was given a unique mayor. This emphasized the importance given to the rehabilitation of a local and administrative centre. Since September 1805, some important men gathered to rule over Lyons. These men, who were replacing the former leaders who played an important part in the 1789 Revolution, were assigned new duties. They had to rule over the city under the strict surveillance of the national authorities and their representative, called the préfet. Thanks to the deep analysis of this new ruling system on a daily basis, we can better understand the Napoleonic plan which aimed at reorganizing the whole country on different political and administrative scales. This study begins with the examination of an expanding administration and the complex relationships with the imperial government. The town councilors belonged to the élite whom Napoleon wanted to endow France with. The study focuses on the main characteristics of these councilors who mixed with other leaders who tended to influence them on a local regional or national scale. This study ends with the presentation and the comparison of the different actions led by the local administration during the Empire. This whole study aims at dealing with the example of Lyons in the forming Napoleonic system

No description available.

In the years following the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden was still recovering from the loss of Finland in 1809. The country had set on a path to rebuild itself and reshape its national identity, but the new geopolitical circumstances had not yet established any far-reaching thoughts on neutrality. There is not much information about what Swedish officers thought of Sweden's new position. However, there exists several speeches and texts by officers at the time, preserved in the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences' documentations, which reveal their thoughts on the concept of war and its significance for the Swedish nation. This material could provide an insight into the perceptions of high-ranking Swedish officers and members of the academy about the concept of war, along with their own views on post-Napoleonic Sweden. The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the Swedish officer corps’ perceptions of war from 1815 to 1845. The research question it seeks to answer is what perceptions of war Swedish officers had in the years following the Napoleonic Wars, which will be answered with the premise that attitudes to war among European militaries changed after the wars. The dissertation will apply theoretical frameworks about belief systems and typologies that classify attitudes to war and peace, in addition to using text analysis as a methodological tool, to analyze and interpret the source material. The results reveal that Swedish officers seemed to have a mainly defense-oriented attitude towards war during this period, where they wanted Sweden to avoid war, but not take its peace for granted. They called for certain actions, such as prioritizing the national defense, reforming the defense system, and making Sweden as a nation more ready for war. These results correspond to previous research and show that Swedish officers immediately adopted the war-skeptical attitudes shared by their European counterparts after the Napoleonic Wars.

This study demonstrates how royal portraiture functioned during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars as a vehicle for visualizing and processing the contemporary political upheavals. It does so by considering a notion of the 'sovereignty of the portrait', that is, the semiotic integrity (or precisely the lack thereof) and the material territory of royal portraiture at this historical juncture. Working from an assumption that the precariousness of sovereignty which delineated the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars goes hand in hand with the precariousness of representation during the same period, it reframes prevailing readings of royal portraiture in the aftermath of the French Revolution by approaching the genre less as one defined by the oneway propagation of a message, and more as a highly unstable intermedial network of representation. This theoretical undertaking is refracted through the figure of Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples (1752-1814), close sister and foil to Queen Marie- Antoinette of France, and who, as de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Naples, physically survived revolution but was twice dethroned and thrice exiled. A diverse ecology of royal portraiture revolving around Maria Carolina is presented across five case studies. Close attention to the materiality of a hyperrealistic wax bust of Maria Carolina reveals how portraiture absorbed the trauma of the French Revolution; Maria Carolina’s correspondence in invisible ink is used as a tool to read a highly distinctive visual language of 'hidden' silhouettes of sovereigns and to explore the in/visibility of exile; a novel reading of Antonio Canova's work for the Neapolitan Bourbons through the lens of contemporary caricature problematizes the binary between ancien régime and parvenue monarchy; and a unique miniature of Maria Carolina offers itself as a material metaphor for post-revolutionary sovereignty. Finally, Maria Carolina’s death mask testifies to how Maria Carolina herself became a relic of the ancien régime.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cambridge University, 1980. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 364-390 (2nd group)).