The goal is to describe the evolution of welfare economics from its beginnings to the present, to draw attention to the pitfalls of the various views and orientations, to evaluate the applicability of new welfare economics in terms of real economy and the example of the Republic or other countries (or EU) to indicate the possibilities of welfare economics or its part in practice, including positive and negative impacts on the economy and society. In the first part, which is part of the theoretical problems described welfare economics, and is also outlined the development of welfare economics. In the second part of the problem is applied to housing issues. Outlined here are the current problems associated with this phenomenon. The problem is under consideration from the perspective of welfare economics and its possible applications.

Recommendation systems have traditionally recommended items to individual users. In some scenarios, however, a recommendation for a group of individuals is necessary. The difficulty in performing recommendation for a group is how to properly deal with the preferences of its members to generate the recommendation. Different methods of aggregating these preferences have been proposed in the scientific literature, where the main goals are to maximize the average satisfaction of the group and ensure justice in the group recommendation. However, characteristics of the group greatly influence the results obtained by various aggregation methods. This paper defends the hypothesis that the Recommendation for Group of users can be modeled as a problem of finding the items in Nash Equilibrium. The items available for potential recommendation are modeled as actions of a Non-Cooperative Game. This approach selects items in a rational manner and treats members of the group as self-interested players. This ensures the existence of at least one Nash equilibrium as a solution to the group recommendation. The experiment compares the group average satisfaction between the proposed approach and some State of the Art aggregations strategies among them one known as Average. For groups of different levels of homogeneity, the results are very promising. Another hypothesis defended in this dissertation is that the formation of a group of users within a given context should be based on Alliance Structures with the goal of maximizing total Social Welfare of the group. While most recommender systems for groups recommend to a fixed group and predetermined user, groups organization can be performed according to a goal, for example, the suggestion of more homogeneous subgroups for better items recommendation for each of these subgroups. An experiment compared the outcome of the groups formation approach based on Alliance Structures with an approach based on a clustering method using K-Means algorithm. The results showed that the groups formed according to this new approach have an internal similarity index greater. / Sistemas de Recomendação tradicionalmente recomendam itens para usuários individuais. Em alguns cenários, entretanto, a recomendação para um grupo de indivíduos faz-se necessária, onde a grande dificuldade é como lidar adequadamente com as preferências de seus integrantes para geração da recomendação. Diferentes métodos de agregação dessas preferências têm sido propostos na literatura científica relacionada, onde o objetivo principal é a maximização da satisfação média do grupo e assegurar justiça na recomendação. Porém, características do grupo influenciam sobremaneira os resultados obtidos pelos diferentes métodos de agregação. Esta dissertação defende a hipótese de que a Recomendação para Grupo de usuários pode ser modelada como um problema de encontrar os itens em Equilíbrio de Nash. Os itens disponíveis para potencial recomendação são modelados como ações de um Jogo Não-Cooperativo. A abordagem seleciona os itens de forma racional e trata os membros do grupo como jogadores com interesses próprios. Garante-se a existência de ao menos um Equilíbrio de Nash como solução para a recomendação. O experimento realizado compara a satisfação média do grupo entre a abordagem proposta e estratégias de agregaçãos entre elas a conhecida como Average, pertencente ao Estado da Arte. Para grupos de diferentes níveis de homogeneidade, os resultados alcançados são bastante promissores. Uma outra hipótese defendida nesta dissertação é a de que a formação de um grupo de usuários dentro de um determinado contexto deve ser baseada em Estruturas de Aliança com o objetivo de maximizar o bem-estar social total do grupo (Social Welfare). Enquanto a maioria das recomendações para grupos são realizadas para um grupo fixo e pré-determinado de usuários, a organização em grupos poderia ser de acordo com um objetivo. Um experimento comparou o resultado da abordagem de formação de grupos baseadas em Estruturas de Aliança com uma abordagem baseada em agrupamento com o algoritmo K-Means. Resultados mostraram que os grupos formados com a nova abordagem possuem um índice de similaridade interna maior.

Le diabète et/ou l’obésité sont associés à la stéatose hépatique non-alcoolique (SHNA). Cette maladie du foie affecte environ un tiers de la population nord-américaine. Elle peut progresser vers un stade d’inflammation, de stress oxydatif et de fibrose appelé la stéatohépatite pouvant éventuellement entraîner le développement d’un cancer primitif du foie comme le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC). Cependant, les mécanismes reliant la diète, les maladies métaboliques et le développement du cancer sont complexes et peu connus. Le coactivateur transcriptionnel PGC-1α est un important régulateur du métabolisme énergétique de la cellule et la perte de ce dernier mène à un métabolisme nutritionnel inefficace, ainsi qu’à des défauts mitochondriaux importants. Fait intéressant, une réduction de PGC-1α est retrouvée chez les patients atteints de la maladie du foie gras non-alcoolique (SHNA) et du carcinome hépatocellulaire (HCC). Nous avons précédemment démontré qu’une réduction de PGC- 1α dans le foie murin en combinaison avec une diète obésogène peut provoquer l’apparition de la stéatohépatite. Cependant, le rôle causal de PGC-1α dans le cancer du foie associé à la diète demeure inconnu. Ensuite, un variant génétique de PGC-1α (SNP rs8192678) modifie un résidu glycine en sérine à la position 482 (PGC-1α G482S) chez l’humain et mène à une perte de stabilité protéique dans des cellules hépatiques humaines. Ce polymorphisme est associé au développement de maladies métaboliques, mais son impact sur le cancer demeure inconnu. Enfin, le gène de PGC-1α (PPARGC1A) est régulé par deux promoteurs (proximal et alternatif) donnant naissance à différents isoformes (PGC-1α1-4) de fonctions inconnues. L’action indépendante de ces variants pourrait fournir des indices quant au paradoxe entourant les recherches sur PGC-1α. Nous posons l’hypothèse principale que la perte d’expression de PGC-1α dans le foie favorise le développement du cancer hépatique en réponse à une diète riche en gras/fructose et à l’agent carcinogène diéthylnitrosamine. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons que la perte de PGC-1α favorise le développement du cancer du foie dans un modèle murin combinant une diète obésogène et un carcinogène hépatique. En effet, PGC-1α est nécessaire au maintien de l’expression du marqueur épithélial E-cadhérine et à la réponse cellulaire (apoptose, yH2AX) face aux dommages hépatiques. Nous montrons également que le variant G481 stabilise PGC-1α au niveau protéique et a un effet protecteur contre le cancer du foie chez la souris. Enfin, à l’aide d’expériences in vivo et in vitro nous montrons que la forme canonique PGC-1α1 et le variant PGC-1α4 exercent des rôles distincts sur la mort des cellules hépatiques en réponse à l’inflammation. En conclusion, cette thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur les fonctions de PGC-1α au sein des complications hépatiques associées aux maladies métaboliques et inflammatoires. / Diabetes and obesity are associated to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This pathology affects approximately 30% of the population in North America. It ranges from simple steatosis to a more severe necro-inflammatory form called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that can ultimately lead to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the relationship between diet, metabolic disorders, and cancer development is poorly understood. PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates cellular energy metabolism. Loss of PGC-1α can lead to inefficient nutrient metabolism and severe mitochondrial defects. Interestingly, patients with NAFLD/NASH and HCC exhibit reduced levels of hepatic PGC-1α. We have previously shown that low hepatic PGC-1α combined with an obesogenic diet leads to hallmarks of NASH in mice. However, whether low hepatic PGC-1α reflects a cause or a consequence of liver cancer remains to be determined. Furthermore, a single nucleotide polymorphism within the PPARGC1A coding sequence (SNP rs8192678) leads to a switch between glycine to serine residue at position 482 (PGC-1α G482S) in humans and is associated with reduced protein stability in human liver cells. This SNP is associated with metabolic disorders, but its impact on liver cancer remains un- known. Lastly, the PGC-1α gene (PPARGC1A) is regulated by two promoters (proximal and alternative) that give rise to different isoforms (PGC-1α1-4) of unknown functions. Independent actions of these isoforms could provide a plausible explanation for the paradox observed in previous studies covering the role of PGC-1α. We proposed the general hypothesis that loss of hepatic PGC-1α promotes diet-associated liver cancer development in mice through increased susceptibility to hepatotoxicity. In this thesis, we show that loss of hepatic PGC-1α promotes diet-associated liver cancer in mice. Indeed, PGC-1α is essential to maintain E-cadherin expression and liver cell response (apoptosis, yH2AX) to damage. We also show that G481 variant stabilizes hepatic PGC-1α protein and protects against liver cancer development in mice. Finally, using in vivo and in vitro experiments we show that canonical PGC-1α1 and the PGC-1α4 variant differentially regulate liver cell apoptosis in response to inflammatory signaling. In conclusion, this thesis sheds new light on the role of PGC-1α in liver complications associated with metabolic disorders and inflammation.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13398号 / 論医博第2222号 / 新制||医||1051(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 中山 健夫, 教授 西浦 博 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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This diploma thesis deals with conict economic situations based on game theory. In the beginning, basic models of conict situations and current popular software tools are dened not only for the general support of student education or for science, but also for solving economic problems in game theory. Based on this analysis, the conicting situation of two competing rms is being solved. Gradually, work goes deeper into areas of delay dierential equations that better show the behavior of two players on the market. Subsequently, these delayed dierential equations are projected into the Cournot model, for which a critical value is identied that switches the stability of two rms on the market due to the delayed realization of their outputs.

This study investigates Game theory including economic theories related to agricultural production. Model creation simulating economical system is built upon theoretic starting points. Commodity production is simulated using game theory with searching for Nash equilibria. Commodity demand function is grounded on concept of Cournot game. System includes land trading based on sealed-bid auctions with second-price. This model is using external Gambit software which is freeware library for game theory computations. Model evaluation is located in Experiments section where model structure and truthfulness is tested.

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