Appendix B comprises an anthology of the poems discussed in this dissertation. / My dissertation examines the political and formal aspects of poetry written by working-class women in England and Scotland between 1830 and 1880. I analyse a poetic corpus that I have gathered from existing publications and new archival sources to assess what I call the literary labour politics of women whose poetry encounters, represents, and reacts to socio-historic change. The poetry of working-class women sheds light on the multidimensional intersections between poetry about labour and poetry as labour. I show that British working-class women writers were essential in the development of a working-class poetic aesthetic and political agenda by examining how their poetry engaged with European politics, slavery, gender inequality, child labour, education, industrialism, and poverty. The first section surveys the political and formal nature of the poetry written by working-class women immediately before and during the Chartist era to argue that gender complicates the political rubric of the working class during a period of intense social upheaval. I discuss the poetry of women who were published in James Morrisons The Pioneer, as well as E.H., F. Saunderson, Eliza Cook, Marie, and Mary Hutton. I read their poems against those written both by eighteenth-century working-class women writers and male Chartists to illuminate the intervention of nineteenth-century women in these literary and cultural contexts. The second section interrogates the politics of working-class womens poetry published after the dissolution of the Chartists in 1848 through a discussion of two pseudonymous factory girl poets, Fanny Forrester, and Ellen Johnston. I argue that even as working-class womens poetry increasingly engaged with broad social issues, it also reflected the continuing importance of poetry itself as a means of individual empowerment and worked against the prose tradition to argue for the unique possibilities of poetic expression. The thematic and formal complexity of the poetry of these working-class women allows us to assess the various poetic strategies they developed to respond to the urgent and vexed issues of social reform and personal and national relationships, as they articulated poetic and personal identities as women labouring poets against a society not attuned to their voices.

My dissertation examines the political and formal aspects of poetry written by working-class women in England and Scotland between 1830 and 1880. I analyse a poetic corpus that I have gathered from existing publications and new archival sources to assess what I call the “literary labour politics” of women whose poetry encounters, represents, and reacts to socio-historic change. The poetry of working-class women sheds light on the multidimensional intersections between poetry about labour and poetry as labour. I show that British working-class women writers were essential in the development of a working-class poetic aesthetic and political agenda by examining how their poetry engaged with European politics, slavery, gender inequality, child labour, education, industrialism, and poverty. The first section surveys the political and formal nature of the poetry written by working-class women immediately before and during the Chartist era to argue that gender complicates the political rubric of the working class during a period of intense social upheaval. I discuss the poetry of women who were published in James Morrison’s The Pioneer, as well as E.H., F. Saunderson, Eliza Cook, “Marie,” and Mary Hutton. I read their poems against those written both by eighteenth-century working-class women writers and male Chartists to illuminate the intervention of nineteenth-century women in these literary and cultural contexts. The second section interrogates the politics of working-class women’s poetry published after the dissolution of the Chartists in 1848 through a discussion of two pseudonymous “factory girl” poets, Fanny Forrester, and Ellen Johnston. I argue that even as working-class women’s poetry increasingly engaged with broad social issues, it also reflected the continuing importance of poetry itself as a means of individual empowerment and worked against the prose tradition to argue for the unique possibilities of poetic expression. The thematic and formal complexity of the poetry of these working-class women allows us to assess the various poetic strategies they developed to respond to the urgent and vexed issues of social reform and personal and national relationships, as they articulated poetic and personal identities as women labouring poets against a society not attuned to their voices. / Appendix B comprises an anthology of the poems discussed in this dissertation.

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Laurel, Mississippi, exemplifies the new southern development that occurred in the years following Reconstruction. Coinciding with continental rail building and the depletion of northern timber resources, Laurel emerged as one of Mississippi's great industrial centers. Laurel's survival after the early twentieth century timber boom predicated itself on the diversification of its industry coupled with the continued growth of its infrastructure. Although Laurel's industrial ascension is not unique in the annals of southern history, its duality regarding northern capitalistic impulses and southern labor and material serves as a successful industrial model in the era of "cut out and get out" sawmill and timber operations. Along with primary resources this study employs secondary source material to place Laurel, Mississippi in the scope of southern historiography. In addition to contextualizing Laurel's place in southern history, this essay also serves to highlight Laurel's social and economic development after the arrival of its northern benefactors.

Köttbullen har utvecklats genom tiderna, största förändringen skedde vid industrialismen då stekspisen och köttkvarnen introducerades i vårt samhälle. Tillsammans med den nya eran förändrades människors vanor. Stekspis och köttkvarn resulterade i att nu kunde var mans hem mala sitt eget kött med hjälp av kvarnen för att sedan kunna steka köttbullarna i panna på stekspisen. I samhället vi lever i idag skall allt gå snabbt och i många fall bortprioriteras hemlagad mat. Konsumtionen av halvfabrikat ökar, allt fler köper delvis färdiglagad mat. Frågande ställer vi oss till om färdiglagade köttbullar är det som framtiden har att erbjuda. Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka vilka gastronomiska egenskaper och preferenser som deltagarna uppskattar och tycker att en köttbulle skall ha. Fortsatt granskade författarna matvanor kring hemmagjorda och färdiglagade köttbullar. Studien baserades på en fokusgrupp, en sensorisk bedömning och en attitydundersökning i form av en enkät. Vid den sensoriska bedömningen och vid attitydsundersökningen deltog 40 respondenter. Resultatet av deras svar blev en del av materialet till denna studie. Vid den sensoriska bedömningen fick respondenterna smaka på fem olika köttbullar. Tre stycken av köttbullarna var hemmagjorda och var inspirerade av recept från dåtid och nutid. Författarna valde olika recept från kända kokboksförfattare, samt ett recept som skulle representera en ”vanlig” köttbulle som författarna tog fram. De resterande två var av halvfabrikat. Processen gjordes för att visa hur köttbullssmeten och dess ingredienser har utvecklats genom tiderna. Med den sensoriska bedömningen ville författarna undersöka vilken köttbulle respondenterna föredrog. Respondenterna bedömde intensiteten av köttsmak, sälta, kryddning, konsistens hård, konsistens mjuk samt utseende på köttbullarna. Efter den sensoriska bedömningen fick respondenterna svara på frågor kring vanor av inhandling respektive tillagning av köttbullar. Att utläsa av den sensoriska bedömningen kan man tydligt se att de hemmagjorda köttbullarna var att föredra, trots att flera av respondenterna någon gång i månaden inhandlade

This study focuses on Italy's transition to industrial modernity (in the years from the end of the Risorgimento to the rise of Fascism) from the perspective of some of its iconic objects: wristwatches, bicycles, cigarettes, and cameras. Through the combined analysis of their reception (engendering new social practices like tourism, sport, and photography) and their representation in contemporary art (literature, painting, photography), this research reconstructs the gradual transformation of Italy into a modern nation. These objects reveal a cultural laboratory of the nation's quest for a shared modern identity, both in the positive overlapping of tradition and modernity (challenging a polarized critical approach to the age), and in the interaction of concurring perspectives (derived from ads, newspapers, public debates, and literary and visual sources). By exploring the singular contrast between the social phantasmagoria surrounding these newly mass-produced items, and their striking symbolization in art as antiques, this study highlights a hidden moment of tension in the negotiation of modernity, which finds intellectual expression in the deliberate affinity of these objects with Baroque poetics. In reading the meaning of this reference to the 17th century, this work advances two main arguments. First, on an intellectual level, such allusions indicate not only, against the background of the coeval recovery of the 17th century, an important trait d'union between European and Italian Modernism, but also, against the background of the Italian scholarly debate regarding the Baroque (leading De Sanctis and Croce to equate it with their 'decadent' present), a significant instance for re-evaluating the vital or 'positive' aspect of the fin de siecle, challenging its established definition as Decadentism. Second, on a socio-cultural level, the experimental Baroque epistemology of these objects envisions, on a micro-scale, a peculiarly Italian quest for a singular modernity, which embraces the excitement of modernization while either containing it within the influence of the nation's past heritage, or re-elaborating it in new solutions. / Romance Languages and Literatures

This dissertation analyzes the ways in which the new mode of industrial organization associating mass production with mass consumption in the early twentieth century--what we call Fordism--had profound cultural repercussions on urban spatial practices. I address Fordism as a mode of socialization that deployed industrial techniques to reconstitute the very nature of social relations. This attempt at broad socialization through technological means reflected a type of technical thought coalescing in the industrial practices of the early twentieth century that both brought spatial practices into its service and radically altered existing social relations. As such, Fordist ideas formulated to address efficiency in industrial production extended to the city, its architecture, and its inhabitants, construing them as technological artifacts subject to the same economies of scope and scale, and requirements of production and consumption as the manufacture of automobiles, demonstrating that Fordist modes of production permeated not just manufacturing processes but also the organization of management structures, the architectural layout of factories and offices, the social spaces of the city, and popular conceptions of individuality, subjectivity, and the body.

Within post-Apartheid research there is little to no research into poor historically White areas which are experiencing rapid rates of desegregation. It is in these cases a researcher could pose a question to whether or not Apartheid’s race-class divisions are still prevalent. A further gap in South African literature is a lack of a model on which to base socio-economic changes in a situation of post-Apartheid and post-industrial trends. This study addresses both of these short fallings of current academic literature. This paper explores Socio Economic Transformation within a lower income urban area of Pretoria, South Africa. The area, which was previously White only under Apartheid legislation, has been experiencing changes due to factors including post-Apartheid legislation and post-industrialism. Desegregation and a decline in industry have created complicated racial and social patterns within a merging community. Two major trends within the study area include an influx of an upwardly mobile Black population and secondly a downward economic movement of White individuals. The trends identified within the study area contradict many mainstream South African beliefs as the more traditional White-racist-empowered vs. Black-marginalized-oppressed binary is not absolutely valid. These newly emerging racial geographies are identified and explained with the use of personal interviews. The resulting classifications of local individuals are then utilized in a conceptual model to help explain the various socio-economic trends within the area. The study is structured in three main components. Firstly, structural and contextual issues relating directly to the study site are addressed to provide a backdrop on which social issues can be analysed. Socio-economic changes with focus on racial and economic situation are identified and explained. Once the social, economic and spatial are well discussed a theoretical model is developed. The theoretical model is then utilized to plot the individual changes within the study area. The individual trends, which were identified during field studies, are modelled and analysed within a South African context. The model developed from the study has the potential to base further community research upon, both within South Africa and international arenas. The model identifies and explains both the status of individuals which is an individuals socio-economic standing. Secondly trends are defined as an individuals change in socio-economic status through time. Results from the study have shown that labelling the economic situation of varying racial groups on the historic Apartheid framework is no longer valid in all situations. Post-Apartheid racial hiring policies as well as a national de-industrialization trend has created a situation of an upwardly mobile Black middle class as well as a declining poor White economic classification. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc / Unrestricted

This dissertation focuses on contemporary American fiction that explores the intertwined histories of genetics and industrialism. I argue that Jeffrey Eugenides, Louise Erdrich, and Richard Powers interpret industrial and scientific texts from the early twentieth century to tell a previously untold history of the era. Emphasizing the connections between emerging understandings of genetics and new methods of manufacturing, they present the story of how the gene made life seem buildable. These writers trace fantasies of the literal mass production of Americans, exposing how immigrants, Native Americans, and women became particular targets of an industrial impulse toward standardization. Yet the novels in my study also recover an alternative history of the gene, in which it possesses a range of abilities enabling it to resist efforts to industrialize not just social, but also organismal, life. Genes are portrayed in these fictions as agents of transformation as well as replication, thus inspiring optimism about the possibility of unsettling the future of corporate capitalism in American life. Chapter One argues that Jeffrey Eugenides' Middlesex draws parallels between Henry Ford's factory, Thomas Hunt Morgan's genetic laboratory, and the Stephanides family lineage to show how naturally occurring mutations subvert the pursuit of exact reproduction. Chapter Two examines Louise Erdrich's Tracks, and its portrayal of the Pinkham Medicine Company's commercial hybridization of plants. Pointing to the genetic reversion that often accompanies hybridity, Erdrich undermines Pinkham's efforts to cultivate a uniform American populace from diverse racial roots. Chapter Three discusses Richard Powers' depiction of corporatization in Gain, focusing on Procter and Gamble's pursuit of self-perpetuation by crossing not merely into legal, but also embodied, personhood. Turning to chromosomal chiasmus as a mechanism that makes reproduction a process inherently variable, and therefore unstable, Powers portrays the genetic body as a dubious model for corporate longevity. Taken together, my central texts address the relationship between fiction and history, literature and science, and human and industrial reproduction. / 2017-11-18T00:00:00Z

Denna undersökning behandlar relationerna mellan högmodernism, rasbiologi och industrialiseringen av Norrland under tidigt 1900-tal. Syftet är att analysera de samband som fanns mellan teknikutbredningen, främst i form av vattenkraft, i traditionellt samiska områden och rasbiologins väg till att bli ett etablerat forskningsfält. Herman Lundborg, som var drivande i processen för ett statligt institut för rasbiologi i Sverige, hade särskilt fokus på samerna vilket gör det intressant att studera hans idéers påverkan på industrialiseringen i Norrland. De källor som används är främst riksdagstryck gällande samer, vattenkraft och avvittring och kompletteras av annat tryckt material från intressenter för och emot industrialiseringen samt tryckt material om rashygien och rasbiologi. Genom att använda Scotts teorier om högmodernism, Adas teori om kolonial vetenskap och Headricks teori om teknik som verktyg för kolonisering nåddes slutsatserna att tekniken fungerat både som verktyg och motiv för Norrlands kolonisering. Rasbiologin gav legitimitet till idéer om rasers olika värde bidrog till det osynlighetsgörande av samerna som var nödvändigt för att kunna exploatera naturresurser inom renbeteslandet.