Hemförlossningar i Sverige 1992-2005. Förlossningsutfall och kvinnors erfarenheter.Detta är den första nationella undersökningen av planerade hemförlossningar i Sverige. Istudierna har vi avsett att studera kvinnor som fött eller planerat att föda barn hemma underperioden 1/1 1992 till och med 30/6 2005.Kvinnor som födde barn hemma skiljde sig från kvinnor som födde barn på sjukhus i vissaavseenden (Studie I). Data från det svenska medicinska födelseregistret för perioden 1992 till2001, för 352 kvinnor som fött utanför sjukhus jämfördes med data från 1760 kvinnor som föttpå sjukhus. Kvinnorna som fött utanför sjukhus födde fler barn, hade högre utbildningsnivåmen en lägre sammanlagd familjeinkomst och de yrkesarbetade i mindre omfattning jämförtmed kvinnor som födde barn på sjukhus. Kvinnorna som fött barn utanför sjukhus var oftarefödda i ett annat europeiskt land än Sverige men mer sällan utanför Europa. Förekomsten avhemförlossningar i Sverige baserat på registerkod ”född utanför sjukhus” var 0.38 per tusenfödslar.Genom barnmorskor som bistår hemförlossningar, annonsering och via en intresseförening fördem som vill föda hemma, identifierades 757 kvinnor med sammanlagt 1045 planeradehemförlossningar under perioden 1/1 1992 till 30/6 2005. Av de tillfrågade kvinnorna svarade99 procent att de ville delta i studien. Data insamlades genom frågeformulär. Totalt 100 av detillfrågade kvinnorna med sammanlagt 141 planerade hemförlossningar återfanns inte i detmedicinska födelseregistret. Förekomsten av planerade hemförlossningar baserat på data förkvinnor som identifierats via hemförlossningsbarnmorskor och annonsering, var 0.95 per tusenfödslar. Förekomsten av planerade hemförlossningar baserat på registerdata för dessa kvinnorvar 0.85 per tusen födslar. Överföring till sjukhus under eller direkt efter förlossningen skeddevid 12.5 procent av de planerade hemförlossningarna (studie II). De vanligaste orsakerna tillöverföringen var långsam progress (46%) samt att barnmorskan inte kunde komma närförlossningen hade startat (14%). Var fjärde förstföderska avslutade sin planeradehemförlossning på sjukhus och den vanligaste orsaken för överföring bland förstföderskor varatt en annan barnmorska än den kvinnan besökt för vård under graviditeten kom för att biståförlossningen. Faktorer som påverkade överföring hos omföderskor var att tidigare hagenomgått kejsarsnitt och för både förstföderskor och omföderskor att graviditeten varöverburen.Data från det svenska medicinska födelseregistret jämfördes för 897 förlossningar identifieradegenom datainsamlingen till studie II och 11 341 sjukhusförlossningar (kontrollgrupp). Kriterietför urval av kontrollgruppen var enkelbörd i graviditetsvecka 37 - 42 samt att förlossningenstartat spontant. Kvinnor som planerat att föda hemma födde oftare spontant vaginalt och hademer sällan allvarliga bristningar i underlivet efter förlossningen (studie III). Risker i sambandmed valet av förlossningsplats hade övervägts av tre fjärdedelar av kvinnorna (studie IV).Genom egen förberedelse, samtal främst med sin partner och hemförlossningsbarnmorskan,hanterade kvinnorna tankar om att de själva eller deras barn skulle kunna skadas eller dö vidförlossningen. Kvinnorna undvek att diskutera risker med personal inom den konventionellavården.Konklusioner: I Sverige, under åren 1992 – 2005, planerade omkring 100 kvinnor att föda barni hemmet varje år. En fjärdedel av förstföderskorna avslutade sin planerade hemförlossning påsjukhus och den totala förekomsten av överföringar var 12,5 procent. Kvinnorna hade övervägtrisker med en hemförlossning men undvek att diskutera dem med personal inom sjukvården.Den neonatala mortaliteten bland nyfödda vid planerad hemförlossning var 2,2 per tusen inomfyra veckor efter förlossningen jämfört med 0,6 per tusen i sjukhusgruppen. Kvinnor somplanerade en hemförlossning hade oftare en spontan vaginal förlossning med färre allvarligabristningar i underlivet efter förlossningen jämfört med kvinnor som födde på sjukhus.

There has been a renewed research focus on developments within the family as a result of the broad social, economic and cultural developments that have occurred across Europe since the middle of the twentieth century. Arguably the rise in female, and particularly maternal employment, has produced the greatest impact on family life and gender roles. Given that this division of labour is changing there is debate about whether men and women's expectations and acceptance of some aspects of gender roles - their gender role attitudes - have also changed. Gender role attitudes feed into an array of sociological debates such as those concerning gender inequalities, women's position in the labour market, declining fertility rates and family breakdown, and naturally feeds into the discourse surrounding welfare state and policy decision making. Whilst discussions that concern the family and personal life have also been littered with debates about the existence and influence of individualisation over every aspect of modern life. Three waves of the European Values Study (EVS) are used to explore gender role attitude change, focusing on the division of labour, over time from 1990 to 2008 and across 19 countries in Europe. Two data classification techniques are used to derive a three pronged and interconnected measure of gender role attitudes (Maternal employment, Job fulfilment and Economic independence). Two types of cluster analyses are then used to explore similarities in attitude change across countries and over time. Five welfare state typologies are then tested based on their efficacy to predict attitudes to gender roles. Finally cohort and sex-based variations in attitudes are also examined. The main findings are:• Gender role attitudes have shifted at the cross-European level towards more progressive perspectives over time from 1990-2008, with men found to be lagging behind women's more liberal attitudes.• There is evidence that welfares state typologies capture only a small amount of variance within gender role attitudes and therefore little evidence is found to support the idea that similarities in family-policy and socio-economic contexts are mirrored by similar attitudes.• The findings uncover evidence to indicate that both cohort and period effects are associated with gender role attitude change over time.• The results also identify some congruence with specific elements from theories of individualisation. The study supports findings of previous research that suggests people in these countries seem to be becoming more accepting of women's evolving biographies but that gender inequalities remain and men's attitudes continue to lag behind those of women. There is evidence to both support and reject the idea that we are living in more individualised societies.

The Swedish school, or more precisely, the school results of Swedish pupils, is a topic widely discussed in media, the newspapers and among teachers and parents. Everyone seems concerned about the knowledge requirements and there are many discussions about how to change the negative spiral. With the change of national study plans from the earlier Lpo94 to today´s Lgr11, many questions have arisen about how to plan and evaluate teaching. Against this background, the aim of this essay is to verify what influence the new national study plan has had on Spanish teaching, the study books in Spanish and evaluation in upper secondary school in the communities of Skövde and Mariestad. Our focus is delimited to the five competences of a language: listen, read, write, speak and communicate. In this essay we part from four hipotheses. In the first place, we believe that the national study plans, Lpo94 and Lgr11, are very similar, but that there is a greater focus on the competence of communication in Lgr11. In the second place, we believe that the tests in the teacher´s guides are more or less adapted to the five competences depending on if they were published before or after the change of national study plans. Our hipothesis is that the newer tests are more adapted to the competences than the older ones. In the third place, we believe that some teachers have adapted (more or less) to the new system and that others have not. In the fourth place, our hipothesis is that those teachers who have adapted to the new system, evaluate all the five competences, with greater frequency and also make their own material to a greater extent than others. The method used in this essay is a comparison between the national study plans and the Spanish teacher´s guides. We have also made surveys among the teachers in the communities of Mariestad and Skövde. The results of our study show that there is a high similarity between the national study plans, but that there is a greater focus on communication in Lgr11 when it comes to knowledge requirements. The tests in the teacher´s guides differ a lot, and not many of them have been republished since the system change. Interestingly, there is only one of the teacher´s guides with tests that correspond to all five competences, and it is a book published before Lgr11. Furthermore, the teachers in our study respond differently on how they believe that they have adapted to the new system. Half of them think that they ii have made no changes at all, but the results show, surprisingly, that all the teachers evaluate the five competences of a language and there is also a tendency to evaluate the pupils more often than before. It seems like the new national study plan has had an impact on all the teachers in our study.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-139). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-139). Also available on the Internet.

The study reported in this article investigates whether or not consumers from Turkey and New Zealand attach similar levels of importance to various information sources in their purchase decisions and whether they are similar (dissimilar) in their opinions on advertisement in various media. Customers surveyed in Istanbul and Wellington serve as the database. Study results and their implications are discussed.

Abstract available through the Journal of the American Pharmacists Association.

Objectives: To compare pharmacy students’ value beliefs across residency training, fellowship training, and graduate education with research and non-research emphases using expectancy-value theory as a framework. Method: First through fourth professional year (P1-P4) students (N=263) completed the 26-item Postgraduate Training Value Instrument (PTVI) for four postgraduate training paths. Items were responded to using a 5-point Likert scale. Intrinsic, attainment, utility, financial value and perceived cost scores were calculated for each training path. Using SAS 9.0, ANOVA procedures were employed to test differences between mean value construct scores across training paths. Results: An 84% response rate was obtained. Value construct scores ranged from 2.02 for financial value of fellowship training to 3.36 for intrinsic value of residency training. Positive value scores (i.e., scores that theoretically support task choice) were noted for two (residency intrinsic value and residency utility value) of the 20 evaluated value constructs. Students reported statistically significantly higher intrinsic, attainment, utility, and financial value scores for residency training as compared to other paths (pImplications: To our knowledge, this is the first study to theoretically quantify students’ value beliefs across commonly pursued postgraduate training paths. Our results indicate an overall lack of intrinsic, attainment, utility, and financial value for most paths and high perceived cost across all paths. The PTVI could be used to target interventions across curricula that seek to promote the value of various postgraduate training paths. Research is warranted to explore students’ value beliefs longitudinally.

The motivation for subjective well-being research rather than Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is becoming important to the roles of many governments across the globe and so identifying the strongest correlates of subjective well-being is vital as a starting point to informing policies that support subjective well-being. This thesis investigated the correlates of subjective well-being. Chapter 1 introduced the topic and has been divided into two parts: section 1 explores the motivation for subjective well-being research and section 2 presents the conceptual model of subjective well-being. Chapter 2 gave the rationale for the methodological approaches taken to investigate factors that are associated with subjective well-being. Also, the methods chapter presented limitations of the data used. Chapter 3 explored the determinants of subjective well-being in representative samples of nations; and the results obtained in chapter 3 led to three systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Chapter 4, 5 and 6). Chapter 4 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between income inequality and subjective well-being to test the general assumption that people's subjective well-being can be increased by tackling income inequality and investigated inconsistencies of previous studies reporting a negative, positive or no association between income inequality and subjective well-being. Chapter 5 carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between health status and subjective well-being because the results of the empirical study conducted in chapter 3 suggest that health status is positively associated with subjective well-being. Chapter 6 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between financial satisfaction and subjective well-being as the results of the empirical study conducted in chapter 3 suggest that financial satisfaction is positively associated with subjective well-being. Chapter 7 discussed the results, highlighted the need for further studies and policy directions and concluded. Taken altogether these studies suggest that: (1) subjective well-being is important to informing policies that support subjective well-being, (2) they might be circumstances where income inequality may not be associated with people's subjective well-being, (3) health status and financial satisfaction are positively associated with subjective well-being and the magnitude of the association is affected by key operational and methodological factors, (4) life satisfaction might be preferred to happiness as a measure of subjective well-being because it may better captures the influence of health status and financial satisfaction, (5) government policies that support subjective well-being measures should consider using self-reported health status and financial satisfaction amongst factors that are correlated with people's subjective well-being, (6) the association between health status and subjective well-being and the link between financial satisfaction and subjective well-being are medium and further research is required to identify other strongest correlates of subjective well-being.

Poststructuralist and other critical analyses of sexuality, gender and identity are used to examine how New Zealand and Danish young adults drew on and challenged available discourses as they responded to representations of sexual interactions in the film Chasing Amy. The conversations about sexual practices in mixed gender, women only and men only focus groups illustrate the complex ways in which people construct their identities using subject positions available to them in different contexts as they responded to the movie, the talk of others and the researcher. The strengths and limitations of this approach to facilitating talk are examined as well as the conversations that occurred. The ways in which researchers in New Zealand and Denmark are themselves discursively positioned as theorists and investigators of gender and sexuality is also examined. The thesis illustrates how multiple connections and differences emerge across national and local environments. Talk about sexual negotiations among young adults recruited through university student networks suggests that assumptions about agency, sexual autonomy, reciprocity and women’s and men’s equal right to enjoy sex are still gendered while also challenging traditional understandings about men, women and sexual pleasure. This was, for example, highlighted in talk about receiving and giving oral sex in long-term heterosexual relationships and the ‘need’ for women to explore their bodies and become ‘capable (s)experts’ through masturbation. The thesis finally explores how gendered collective and individual identities sometimes intersect with social identities associated with ethnicity, religion, nationality and sexual identification. These intersections disrupt attempts in cross-national projects – including this thesis research – to form conclusions about national differences and other social identities.