Este trabalho aborda o licenciamento ambiental no Brasil como um instrumento de planejamento, com especial ênfase na atuação dos municípios. O licenciamento ambiental, além de ser um mecanismo técnico, administrativo e jurídico capaz de auxiliar os empreendimentos para que causem os menores impactos possíveis ao ambiente, é também um instrumento de planejamento integrado e estratégico, capaz de promover o desenvolvimento sustentado. Os municípios, reconhecidos como entes federados podem e devem exercer a gestão ambiental municipal e, no tocante ao licenciamento, efetuarem aqueles referentes às atividades definidas como de impacto local. Em cada licença gerada poderão exercer através deste instrumento o fundamento para o planejamento urbano, estratégico, social, econômico e ambiental, garantindo proteção dos recursos naturais para a população atual e às futuras gerações. Para este estudo, foram coletados dados através de uma pesquisa em 78 municípios no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo gerados índices de desempenho. Estes dados permitem sustentar que o ente federado município, apesar de dificuldades particulares a cada caso, pode exercer seu papel constitucional na esfera ambiental, pois além da proximidade com os empreendimentos, a população local tem possibilidade de participar do contexto, auxiliando a administração A participação popular também pode contribuir para o melhor direcionamento dos recursos e ações, colaborando para desenvolvimento local, com menores impactos ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa demonstrou que o Sistema Municipal de Meio Ambiente é viável e protege o meio ambiente através da atuação dos agentes públicos. Este sistema proporciona, num país de grandes dimensões, a possibilidade de proteger o meio ambiente e desenvolver as atividades humanas de forma sustentável. Entretanto, mesmo os municípios que efetuam licenciamentos ambientais locais, carecem de apoio e capacitação técnica permanente e dentre as várias prioridades, a educação ambiental fica em segundo plano da mesma forma que em outras esferas de governo. / This work deals with environmental licensing in Brazil as a planning instrument, with special emphasis on the actions of municipalities. Environmental licensing, besides being a technical, administrative and legal mechanism capable of helping enterprises to cause the least possible impacts to the environment, is also an integrated and strategic planning tool capable of promoting sustained development. Municipalities, recognized as federated entities can and should exercise municipal environmental management and, in relation to licensing, carry out actions related to activities defined as local impact. In each generated license, they will be able to exercise through this instrument the foundation of urban, strategic, social, economic and environmental planning, guaranteeing the protection of natural resources for the current population and future generations. For this study, data were collected through 78 municipalities survey in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, generating performance indexes These data allow to argue that the federated municipality, in spite of particular difficulties in each case, can exercise its constitutional role in the environmental sphere, since besides the proximity to the enterprises, the local population has the possibility to participate in the context, helping the administration.Popular participation can also contribute to better targeting of resources and actions, collaborating for local development, with less impact to the environment. The survey analysis showed the Municipal Environmental System viability and protecting the environment through the actions of public agents.This system provides, in a large country and a state with financial and technical difficulties, that it is possible to protect the environment and to develop human activities in a sustainable way.However, even municipalities that carry out local environmental licensing have a lack of permanent technical support and training, and among the various priorities, environmental education has been in second place in the same way as in other government spheres.

Nos ambientes aquáticos tropicais, o crescimento das macrófitas aquáticas é favorecido pelas altas temperaturas e elevada intensidade de radiação solar. Nestas condições, tal crescimento pode subsidiar efetivamente a manutenção das cadeias tróficas e os fluxos de energia dos ambientes aquáticos naturais ou até mesmo construídos. Considerando que as alterações ao longo do tempo na diversidade das macrófitas aquáticas ocorrem pelas variações na biomassa e na abundância relativa das espécies, o presente trabalho limitou sua pesquisa a espécie Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Deste modo, são apresentados dois artigos científicos desenvolvidos sobre o tema: um enfocando o ambiente natural e as relações alométricas foliares da espécie com sua biomassa e outro desenvolvido em ambiente construído (estação de tratamento de efluentes) onde foram introduzidos exemplares da espécie com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade depuradora em um sistema aquático contendo cromo e sua reação ao elemento químico. A conexão dos dois artigos desenvolvidos está no fato de que o primeiro faz uma definição e avaliação detalhada da metodologia a ser utilizada (não destrutiva) e o segundo aplica o método, já devidamente aferido, em plantas desenvolvidas em ambiente construído e com acentuada concentração de contaminantes. Desta forma, o presente trabalho, além de estabelecer uma nova metodologia de determinação de biomassa vegetal com base em dados alométricos, utiliza o mesmo para definir a eficiência de Eichhornia crassipes no processo de depuração de efluentes da indústria de couro. / In tropical aquatic environments, the growth of the aquatic macrophytes is favored had to the high temperatures and the raised intensities of solar radiation. In these conditions, such growth can effectively subsidize the maintenance of the trophic chains and the flows of energy of natural aquatic environments or even though constructed. Considering that the alterations in the diversity of aquatic macrophytes throughout the time occur for the substitution and variations in the biomass and relative abundance of the species, the present work limited its research the species Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and presents two developed scientific articles on the subject: one focusing the natural environment and the allometry leaf relations of the species with its biomass and developed other in constructed environment (station of treatment of effluent) where had been introduced exemplary of the specimen with the objective to evaluate the depurant capacity in aquatic system contends chromium and its reaction to the chemical element. The connect of two produced articles is in the fact of that the first one makes a definition and detailed evaluation of the methodology to be used (not destructive) and as it applies the method, already duly surveyed, in plants developed in environment constructed and with accented concentration of contaminantes. In such a way, the present work, beyond establishing a new methodology of determination of vegetal biomass on the basis of given allometric, uses the same to define the efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes in the process of purification of effluent of the leather industry.

This diploma thesis deals with reporting of sustainability development and its mode of administration of regular reports. The purpose of the first section is to explain, define and describe theoretical and methodological approaches of corporate social responsibility of companies, how they were developed and what are their elementary principles and characteristics. The second section focuses on the analysis of implementation of corporate social responsibility in a concrete company in three areas – economical, social and environmental. The aim of the thesis is to create report about corporate social responsibility and sustainability development, based on acquired information and evaluated analyses.

UNIVERZITA KARLOVA FAKULTA HUMANITNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra sociální a kulturní ekologie Ing. Jitka Preusslerová Alternativní a doplňkové ekonomické systémy v praxi Abstract of diploma thesis Vedoucí práce: Mgr. et Mgr. Arnošt Novák, Ph.D. Praha 2019 Abstract: This thesis is based on the premise of long-term unsustainability of the current economic system and its aim is to explore possible alternatives, or supplements, which could contribute to its transformation into more viable form. The first part consists of a literature research that contains the widest possible range of related concepts, thought and does not neglect the historical continuity of alternative economic thinking. In the practical part the research focuses on two concrete implementations, which are very different from each other. The intention is to explore functionality, their drawbacks and bright sides to which the method of participating observation and interviews with system members or their founders will be used. In the final part there is a discussion about whether this reformation path is the right solution to the problems and shortcomings that the current economic world is facing, or rather a patch for the soul for individuals who are aware of these threats. Key words: shift, money, business, community, natural environment, locality, LETS

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Past research has demonstrated that people who engage in more frequent contact with nature report higher levels of well-being. However, apathy towards environmental issues has been detected in national samples of adolescents in research spanning over three decades. Previous studies have provided evidence of the relationship between nature relatedness and well-being , but have not fully explored types of factors which contribute to the enhancement of nature connectivity. This study attempts to examine various dimensions of nature connectivity and well-being. Participants were 846 college students between the ages of 18 and 30.Participants responded to an online survey which analyzed environmental attitudes oriented towards environmental concern, pro-environmental behaviors, knowledge of sustainability, nature relatedness, level of technology use, attitudes towards technology, and well-being. Correlations between these variables were examined to determine if the presence or absence of each factor is related to an individual’s relationship with the natural environment. Results were consistent with past research with correlations between nature relatedness and life satisfaction at .082 and between nature relatedness and hopelessness at -.090. These were significant at the .05 and .01 levels, respectively. Pro-environmental behaviors were negatively correlated with technology use and technology attitudes with technology use at -.125 and technology attitudes at -.131. Both were significant at the .01 level. Nature relatedness was positively correlated with pro-environmental behaviors, sustainability knowledge, and positive environmental attitudes at .526, .311, and .510, respectively. These were significant at the .01 level.

The aim of this study was to examine associations between the automated Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) system adult word count (AWC) variable and characteristics of classrooms (e.g., teacher burnout) and preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (e.g., autism severity). The AWC samples from 67 preschoolers with ASD were collected during typical morning classroom routines (e.g., center time). Results indicated that AWC was positively associated with children's cognitive ability and negatively associated teacher burnout and adult to student with ASD ratio. Lower adult to children with ASD ratio (i.e., fewer adults relative to students with ASD) resulted in preschoolers receiving less adult language. Additional factors thought to be related to child and classroom characteristics affecting the adult language directed at children with ASD are discussed.

The aim of this study was to examine associations between the automated Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) system adult word count (AWC) variable and characteristics of classrooms (e.g., teacher burnout) and preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (e.g., autism severity). The AWC samples from 67 preschoolers with ASD were collected during typical morning classroom routines (e.g., center time). Results indicated that AWC was positively associated with children's cognitive ability and negatively associated teacher burnout and adult to student with ASD ratio. Lower adult to children with ASD ratio (i.e., fewer adults relative to students with ASD) resulted in preschoolers receiving less adult language. Additional factors thought to be related to child and classroom characteristics affecting the adult language directed at children with ASD are discussed.

La thèse s'intéresse à la présence et au devenir de sept alkylphénols et du bisphénol A (BPA) dans un bassin versant dont une partie est très urbanisée et l'autre fait l'objet d'une exploitation agricole intense : le bassin de la Seine, dans sa zone centrale (région Île-de-France). Elle est organisée autour de quatre approches. Dans une première approche les sources urbaines ont été caractérisées. Pour cela, les rejets des 5 plus grandes stations d'épuration (STEP) de la région Île-de-France (IDF), les rejets urbains de temps de pluie (RUTP), les eaux de ruissellement urbain en réseaux séparatifs et les retombées atmosphériques ont été analysés. Cette étude a révélé que le BPA était majoritairement présent dans les sources de temps de pluie (RUTP + eau de ruissellement) tandis que l'acide nonylphénoxy acétique (NP1EC), un précurseur du 4-nonylphénol (4-NP), est dominant dans les rejets de STEP. Le 4-NP a, lui, été retrouvé dans toutes les sources étudiées à des concentrations avoisinant la centaine de nanogrammes par litre (ng.l-1), témoignant de sa forte dissémination dans l'environnement urbain. Dans un second temps, l'imprégnation du milieu a été considérée au niveau des eaux de surface et des sols, à deux échelles d'observation. La première échelle est le bassin de l'Orgeval, caractéristique d'un petit bassin amont, tandis que la seconde échelle intègre l'ensemble de la région IDF et l'agglomération parisienne. Ces deux échelles ont permis de mettre en évidence une dissémination importante du 4-NP à l'ensemble des matrices naturelles du bassin de la Seine. A l'échelle de l'IDF, l'influence de l'agglomération parisienne a été démontrée sur les concentrations de NP1EC et BPA dans la Seine. Puis, la biodégradabilité des composés nonylphénoliques dans la Seine a été déterminée par une approche innovante. Les constantes de biodégradabilité ont été déterminées directement dans la Seine à l'aide du modèle ProSe (développé par le Centre de Géosciences, Ecole des Mines ParisTech) et de campagnes de prélèvement spécifiques sur le fleuve (suivi d'une masse d'eau). Les constantes de biodégradation simulées dans la Seine présentent de très fortes variabilités en fonction des conditions hydrauliques et climatiques. Après un épisode de bloom algal, les constantes de biodégradation des composés nonylphénoliques se sont avérées être 10 à 35 fois supérieures à celles retrouvées en conditions classiquement rencontrées en Seine. Enfin, les flux d'alkylphénols et de BPA exportés par la Seine ont été comparés aux flux émis par les sources urbaines au niveau annuel. A l'échelle de l'année (2010), les flux de 4-NP et de BPA émis par l'ensemble des sources urbaines considérées ne sont pas prédominants devant les flux exportés par la Seine à l'aval de l'agglomération parisienne. Ce résultat vient une fois de plus confirmer la dissémination importante du 4-NP et du BPA dans toute la région IDF en raison de leur forte utilisation depuis les années 1960. Il soulève également plusieurs questions concernant les sources actuelles des flux retrouvés et la contamination des zones amont du bassin de la Seine. Cette thèse a été effectuée dans le cadre des programmes PIREN-Seine et OPUR (Observatoire des Polluants URbains) / This thesis focuses on occurrence and fate of seven alkylphenols and bisphenol A (BPA) on a basin divided into a heavily urbanized part and a second part which underscore intense agricultural activities : the Seine River basin (Île-de-France Region). This study was divided into four different approaches. The first approach consists in studying the contamination of urban sources. To this end, the effluents of the five biggest wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of the IDF Region, combined sewer overflows (CSO), urban runoff and total atmospheric fallouts were considered. This study highlight that BPA mainly occurs in wet-weather urban sources (CSO and urban runoff) while WWTP effluents are dominated by the nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC) which is a 4 nonylphenol (4 NP) precursor. The 4-NP was found in all investigated urban sources at level close to a hundred of nanogram per liter (ng.l-1). The second approach focuses on the assessment of contamination of natural matrices such as receiving surface water and soils at different scales. The first scale is the study of the Orgeval River basin which is representative of basins unpolluted by urban activities, while the second scale accounts the entire IDF region including the Parisian Metropolitan area. These two scales revealed the large spread of 4-NP to all investigated natural matrices within the Seine River basin. At the scale of the IDF Region, the influence of the Parisian Metropolitan Area was demonstrated on NP1EC and BPA concentrations within the Seine River. On a third step, the biodegradability of nonylphenolic compounds was investigated according to an innovative approach. The biodegradation rates were determined directly within the Seine River according to the ProSe model (Centre de Géoscience, école des Mines ParisTech) and specific sampling campaigns performed on the Seine River. The biodegradation rates found during this study disclosed high variabilities according to biological conditions of the Seine River. Actually, after an algal bloom, the biodegradation rates were found between 10 and 35 times higher than those established under common biological conditions. At last, the fluxes exported by the Seine River, at annually scale, were compared to those emitted by all investigated urban sources. At the scale of year 2010, fluxes of 4-NP and BPA emitted by all investigated urban sources are not predominant compared with those exported by the Seine River at the outlet of the Parisian Metropolitan Area. This result confirms the large spread of 4-NP and BPA at the scale of the entire IDF Region likely due to their important uses since the 1960's. This result also raises some questions about the origins of such fluxes found in Seine River and about the contamination of the upstream part.This thesis was performed within the framework of the PIREN-Seine and OPUR (Observatoire des Polluants URbains) research programs

In this paper I study the structural types of settlement names referring to the natural environment and highlight what kind of semantic and lexical- morphological models characterize the particular name structures and when and in what proportion they appeared in sources of the Old Hungarian Era. Among the basic name structural types of settlement names referring to the natural environment, more than half of the name corpus is made up by single-component settlement names without a formant (56 %, e. g. Kökényér < Kökény-ér hydronym ‘blackthorn/brook’, Alma < alma ‘apple’, etc.), while 34 % of the names were created as single-component toponyms with formants (e. g. Erdőd < erdő ‘forest’ + -d topoformant, Somogy < som ‘dogwood’ + -gy suffix, etc.); this means that the character of the name type is clearly defined by the single-component structure. Metonymic and morphemic name formation were used throughout the early Old Hungarian Era to create settlement names. The proportion of two-component settlement names referring to the natural environment is only 10 % (e. g. Szamosfalva ‘village/next to the River Szamos’, Structural Types of Settlement Names Referring to the Natural Environment Kecskéskér ‘Kér settlement/abounding in goats’, etc.). I could conclude that in the Hungarian toponymic system compared to single-component names, two-component settlement names reflecting natural features appeared in sources from the early Old Hungarian Era not only in a lower number but there are also differences in the chronology of single-component and two-component denominations.]