Inkludering är ett världsomspännande koncept att sträva efter i skolundervisningen men kan detta uppnås när undervisningen inte kan göras lika för alla? För att få en bättre bild över var dagens forskning är på väg angående specialpedagogiska behov och inkludering har vi studerat en mängd artiklar, rapporter och avhandlingar, nationella som internationella. Utmaningen för dagens och morgondagens lärare är att förutom att kraven på att en likvärdig utbildning ska uppnås förväntas lärarna även ta hänsyn till allas unika förutsättningar och behov. Detta då lärarna ska möta ett ökat antal elever med inlärningsproblem och dilemmat hur de ska inkluderas eller exkluderas från klassrummet. Den här studien ger läsaren en idé om det dilemma skolor runt världen försöker lösa och resultaten pekar på att ytterligare forskning är nödvändig eftersom vi inte kan lösa dagens och morgondagens problem med gårdagens metoder. / Inclusion is a worldwide concept to thrive for but is this possible when education is impossible to make equal for everybody? To get a better look on where the contemporary research is heading about special pedagogical needs and inclusion we have studied a range of articles, reports and dissertations, national as well as international. The challenge of the teachers of today and tomorrow apart from the demand to achieve equal education is to take into consideration every pupil individual differences and needs. This when teachers are facing an increasing number of pupils with learning disabilities and the dilemma is how to include or exclude them from the classroom. This study gives the reader an idea about the dilemma schools around the world are trying to solve and the results are pointing at that further research is necessary as we cannot solve the problems of today and the future with the methods of yesterday.

Title: The life is too soft to accord in to tariffs: an essay about youth and families with children who are recipients of economic support, their experience of their financial situation and the reception towards the social welfare. Author: Ana Becovic & Kerstin Olsson         Supervisor: Erik Wesser Institution: Humanvetenskapliga institutionen, Högskolan i Kalmar Type of Essay: Degree project, 15 ECTS                     Date: December 2008 The aim for our study has been to examine how youth and families who are recipients of economic support on long term basis experience their contact with social welfare. The starting point for the question at issue has been the client's experience of their financial situation the reception and expectations towards the social welfare. In our B-level study we carried out qualitative interviews with social welfare officers to find out how they applied the "child perspective" in granting financial support and to what extent they felt that they succeeded in meeting the need of the client. The conclusion was that there is still room for improvement in this field and particularly a wish to focus more on the child's situation and development. The officers told us that they tried to pay closer attention to the child's situation through asking about the children and by visiting the families at home. They expressed awareness of the importance to a child's well being the financial situation of their family. They also expressed the need for the child to be able to take part in leisure time activities and having an active social life. In this study our research method is based on qualitative interviews. Our questionnaires where handed out to social welfare officers and workers in an organization aiming their work at vulnerable youth.  The target group is the parents of younger/older children and young adults between 18 - 25 years. The result of our interviews has been analyzed in relation to earlier research and relevant theories. Final conclusion; the target group expresses a positive experience of their contact with social services. It became clear that the experience varied depending on which handling officer one met. An interesting point is how different the youngsters and their parents reason around needs and expectations.

Bakgrund: Dagligen sker akuta besök i hälso- och sjukvården med medicinska, praktiska, sociala och emotionella behov där det medicinska behovet är första prioritet. Personalen möter dagligen situationer som inte bearbetas då det inte finns tid och resurs för detta.  Anhöriga kommer ofta i kläm då det kan saknas tid, resurs och kunskap för att möta deras behov. Det kan ge problem och konsekvenser för involverade patienter, anhöriga och vårdpersonal. På vissa akutmottagningar används en kurator som arbetar med patienter, anhöriga och personal ur ett helhetsperspektiv. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vårdpersonalens uppfattning av behovet av en kurator på en akutmottagning. Metod: En empirisk intervjustudie genomfördes där datainsamlingen skedde i fokusgrupper. Analysen skedde genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: resultatet visade att det fanns behov av en kurator som stöd och resurs för anhöriga, patient och personal. Att det fanns någon som kunde agera stöd och lyssna gav kraft och styrka. Det framkom även ett behov för personalen av utbildning i krishantering och stödsamtal. Slutsats: Det fanns fyra områden med behov en kurator: vara direkt stöd och resurs för anhöriga och patienter, vara stöd och resurs för personal, ansvara för debreifing samt ansvara för att utbilda personal i samtalsmetodik och krishantering. / Background: At the emergency department there’s a large variation in patients with, clinical, social, and emotional needs but where the focus lays on the clinical work. The relatives are often neglected as a result of lack of time, resources and knowledge. The staff faces situations every day that would need reflection.  In some emergency departments a counselor works with the patient and relatives, based on holistic perspective. Aim: The aim was to investigate health professionals' perception of the need for a counselor at an emergency department. Method: An empirical interview with collection of data from focus groups. The analysis was done by a qualitative content analysis. Results: The results applied for a counselor to support and to be a resource for relatives, patients and staff.  Someone that could support and listen gave strength. At a daily basis the staff encountered situations that needed to be reflected upon. It also revealed a need for staff training in crisis management and counseling. Conclusion: Four categories emerged: to support and be a resource to the relatives and the patients, to support and be a resource to the staff, to be responsible for the debreifing and educate the staff in dialogue and crisis management.

Contemporary consumers are deluged by advertising. Their lack of interest and defense has challenge advertisers to motivate consumers to process ads. From the advertising literature, rhetorical devices can be attention getting, arousing, affect inducing and memorable. Specifically, the use of metaphors expends dimensional thinking and enhances ad responses. This research proposes two types of metaphors (explicit vs. implicit) and examines the effects of product type and need for cognition on metaphor advertising. The present study uses experimental design with a 3(metaphor advertising: non-metaphoric vs. explicit-metaphoric vs. implicit-metaphoric) x 2(product type: utilitarian vs. hedonic) factorial design. Need for cognition is measured. Six different scenarios are established through fictitious product ads, and the ad effects are measures by attitude toward the brand and purchase intention to observe the response under different scenarios. The results indicate that the metaphor advertising is more effective than the non-metaphor advertising, which is consistent with previous studies. There is an interaction effect between the type of metaphor and product type. The explicit metaphor is more effective than implicit metaphor in promoting an utilitarian product. On the contrary, the implicit metaphor is more effective than the explicit metaphor in promoting a hedonic product. High need of cognition enhances the effects of metaphor advertising. Compared with those who have lower level of need for cognition, the individuals who have higher level have more favorable attitudes toward the product and stronger purchase intention, especially on explicit metaphor.

Background¡G Ventilator-dependent patients have a great and far-reaching impact on families. Their primary caregivers, who are usually the ventilator-dependent patients¡¦ families, have played important roles during the caring process. Those caregivers are burdened with a lot of responsibility and pressure. It is crucial to find out how to assist the caregivers within selected methods of caring and to provide them with suitable needs in order to reduce their psychological burden. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the related factors and to compare the burden and the needs of the primary caregivers in respiratory care ward and home care on long-term ventilator-dependent patients. Design¡G The survey adopts cross-sectional and purposive sampling by using a structured questionnaire to collect information. Both Burden and Needs Questionnaire¡¦s reliability is respectively 0.923 and 0.943; their KMO is 0.828 and 0.829 ; their Expert Validity (CVI) is 0.88 and 0.91. The questionnaire has reached the ideal value of reliability and validity. The sampling subjects are from respiratory care ward and home care centers in southern Taiwan. Total 260 out of 280 questionnaires are returned (the response rate has reached 92.9%) and there are 241 valid samples. The questionnaires are used for data collection and are divided into four sections; ¡§patient basic information¡¨ , ¡§family basic information¡¨, ¡§caregiver burden scale¡¨, and ¡§caregiver need scale ¡¨. The collected data is analyzed with descriptive statistics-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s correlation and multiple regressions by using SPSS Windows version 12.0. Result¡G (1) Patients from Home-care centre are normally younger in comparison with the patients from respiratory care wards; their average usage of mechanical ventilator is 30.98 month longer; they tend to have more conscious and tracheotomy patients. According to the demography, these two groups of the patients have a significant difference. (2) The average age of primary home care and respiratory care ward caregivers is 50¡ã52; most of them are female; most of the care givers are the patients¡¦ children. (3) "Physiological burdens" and "physiological needs" of home care centers caregivers are greater than the caregivers in respiratory care ward. They have reached a significant difference in statistic. (4) The primary caregivers have a declining health, and their workload and demands are increasing. (5) There is a significant positive correlation between the primary caregivers¡¦ burden and needs. (6) Base on the numbers of admitting to the ICU, the hospital and the current health status of the primary caregivers; the workload is predictable. Conclusion¡G Hopefully the result of this study can provide the Government to formulate a long-term-care insurance. Focus on providing the services to different needs for the caregivers; reduce the caregivers¡¦ burden on caring the mechanical ventilator patients. Also, to provide health care workers and respiratory therapists to implement on transferring patients to respiratory care ward and to offer further health education for the primary caregivers of home care centers.

President Ma Ying-jeou proposed that the all volunteer force as one of his presidential election campaign view in 2004. He carried out his politics when he took office in 2008. All volunteer force policy will complete and work in 2014. At this moment, the armed forces structure is facing a critical transition phase. There are two major elements that will determine the development and the success of all volunteer force policy. The first one will be the enlists recruitment. But this thesis will focus on the next factor. The willingness of continuing service of active duty officers and non-commissioned officers stays in military for a long-term considerations is more appropriate and practical solution. Therefore, MND expect to achieve the objectives of all volunteer service policy in 2014. The difficulties of conduct the policy are the considerations of skills learning, career development in service, reasonable salary and welfare and competitive power when leave the military. Those are the factors that will affect willingness to stay in the military as wel as the all volunteer service policy still exist problems there. In this study, demand communication is the key element whether the compulsory service soldier transfers to voluntary service or the volunteer service continues service in military. We use Maslow needs factor and Herzberg two-factor factor as the theoretical basis. Using the questionnaires to analyze the willingness to stay in the military, and find out the exist difficulties of implement the al volunteer service. According to the statistics of this study, the demand factor for non-commissioned officers have some degree of influence. In view of this, the military can use the communication skill effectively, it will crate the win-win situation for both the policy implementation and stability of human resources. All volunteer service policy is indeed an important resource of high combat capability. However, the military is willing to communicate through a demand point of view with basic level personnel to understand how to adapt to each other's practices and the concept of emotional commitment, promotes organizational loyalty, unconditional acceptance and even unconditional pay. The all volunteer service system is just around the corner.

As a method of marketing communications between companies and consumers, packages serve as a ¡§spokesperson¡¨ of the product on the point-of-sale. These may have significant impacts on the process of consumers¡¦ purchase decisions. Consumers also make inferences from the products packages, and the location of the product image on a package facade was one of the factors that influences consumers¡¦ perceptions of the visual heaviness of the product and evaluations of the package, which is called ¡§product image location effect.¡¨ Based on previous studies on the product image location effect, this study distinguished the product image locations into two places: perceived as heavy or light. Furthermore, three types of sensation cues (¡§vision-only¡¨, ¡§vision and touch simultaneously¡¨, and ¡§vision then touch¡¨) are considered in this study in order to understand how the product image location effect works. In addition, individual differences in need for touch (NFT) is also incorporated into this research to examine how it may sway the results of product image location effect and consumers¡¦ confidence when judging products. The present study employed an experimental design to investigate the effects of product image location (bottom-right vs. top-left), the type of sensation cues (vision-only vs. vision and touch simultaneously vs. vision then touch), and autotelic need for touch (low vs. medium vs. high) on consumers¡¦ evaluation of perceived product heaviness and confidence in product judgments. A 2x3x3 factorial design was conducted. Six different scenarios were established through virtual packages and different sensation inputs. A quantile method was used to distinguish consumers into low, medium and high autotelic NFT. Consumers¡¦ evaluation was measured by perceived product heaviness and confidence in product judgments. The results indicated that when there was a tactile input, the product image location effect would disappear. Besides, compared to those who were medium and high in autotelic NFT, product image location effect was more influential on those who were low in autotelic NFT. In addition, in vision-only condition, location of the product image influenced consumers¡¦ confidence in product judgment. According to these findings, this research contributes to the further understandings of product image location effect and provides implications for researchers and marketers on package design.

Recommendation techniques are developed to discover user¡¦s real information need among large amounts of information. Recommendation systems help users filter out information and attempt to present those similar items according to user¡¦s tastes. In our work, we focus on discussion threads recommendation in the tourism domain. We assume that when users have traveling information need, they will try to search related information on the websites. In addition to browsing others suggestions and opinions, users are allowed to express their need as a question. Hence, we focus on recommending users previous discussion threads that may provide good answers to the users¡¦ questions by considering the question input as well as their browsing records. We propose a model, which consists of four perspectives: goal similarity, content similarity, freshness and quality. To validate and the effectiveness of our model on recommendation performance, we collected 14348 threads from TripAdvisor.com, the largest travel website, and recruited ten volunteers, who have interests in the tourism, to verify our approach. The four perspectives are utilized by two methods. The first is Question-based method, which makes use of content similarity, freshness and quality and the second is Session-based method, which involves goal similarity. We also integrate the two methods into a hybrid method. The experiment results show that the hybrid method generally has better performance than the other two methods.

With the industrial economy and changing times demand for talent in the organization of work, employee would not only want the salary, but further hope to cultivate the ability to meet their own interest with organizational development. There are more and more companies also starting to focus on employee career development and nurturing of talent management policies, such as personal development plans, job rotation, mentoring, competency model, succession planning, and so on are also promoting inter-enterprise. However, the implementation of the organization's policies and implementation have to cooperate with the staff's participation and recognition. Employees identify with the company's personal development plan and job rotation, and whether it will improve job satisfaction? The questionnaire of this study were mainly to foreign companies as well as one thousand large companies for the study, 150 questionnaires were recovered, a recovery rate of 98%, and focuses on employees whether it will affect the company agree that the level of implementation of personal development plans and job rotation job satisfaction, come join competent support and personal growth needs two interference variables, whether due to personal development plans and job rotation the tone recognition revealed the level of work satisfaction interference effect, the findings were as follows: 1. Career planning have a significant positive impact on the autonomy employee satisfaction. But no interference effects supervisor support. 2.Personal development plan career planning, feedback, development, all employees perceived supervisor support have a significant positive effect on satisfaction, but interference effects supervisor support only for personal development plan. 3.The organization and implementation of the career development of personal development plans, improvement of job rotation have a significant positive effect on external satisfaction of employees and supervisor support interference effects. 4. Organization and implementation of the improvement of job rotation have a significant positive effect on satisfaction of employees a sense of accomplishment, and competent support interference effects. 5. Correlation personal development plan and job rotation and job satisfaction, personal growth needs are no interference effects. Keywords: personal development plans, job rotation, supervisor support, personal growth need, work satisfaction

With the repaid growth of Internet users, the economy of the virtual cybermarket becomes worthless. Among all kinds of business activities on the web, on-line shopping is the most directly contact between buyer and seller. Competition no longer takes place in the physical marketplace but in the marketspace (Rayport and Sviokla,1994). This implication indicates the breaking of traditional restrictions of the time and place. Businesses can contact a large number of consumers in a faster and cheaper (low entrance obstacle) way. For the marketers, the key point to succeed in the cybermarket is to understand and analsize the consumer behavior. Internet marketers should revisit traditional models of consumer behavior, examine their underlying assumptions, and explore their validity in the new Internet context.¡]Butler and Peppard, 1998¡^ Therefore, this study seeks to further our understanding of consumer buying decision process on the web according to the EKB model which includes five stages: need identification, information search, evaluation and choice, purchase decision, and post-purchase behaviors.¡]Engel, Blackwell, and Kollat, 1984¡^ This research is concentrated on the first three stages. A web survey was conducted on one entrance web site (Openfind), three purchasing web sites (Cybercity, Aago, and Citymart) and two virtual community web sites (CityFamily and OHOT) from March 6 2000 to March 20 2000. The total valid sample is 3986 consisting of 1364 (34.2%) web patrons and 2622 (65.8%) web non-patrons. And the main findings of this research are as following¡G 1. The characteristics of the majority respondents are male, high educated and students or employees from information industries. 2. The main purpose of web use is sending or receiving e-mail (according to 47% of the respondents¡¦ answers). 3. The top three products in the web transaction are book and magazine (27.9%), computer hardware (12.4%) and communication products (11.7%). 4. For the web patrons, five factors were extracted from the questions on behavior in the information search stage. They are named "related information obtained from the media", "troubles in web transaction and information", "confidence in web transaction and information", "information from the comparison of visiting numerous web sites" and "word-of-mouth reference". And six factors were extracted from the questions on the behavior in the evaluation and choice stage. They are named "requirement of post-purchase warranty", "perceived risk of the product", "influence of direct sales experience and other media", "confidence in web transaction", "confidence in his/her buying decision", and "influence of the reference group". As for the web non-patrons, four factors were extracted from the questions on behavior in the information search stage. They are named " related information obtained from the media", "taking on-line shopping as a waste of time and money", "troubles in web information", "confidence in web information". And three factors were extracted from the questions on the behavior in the evaluation and choice stage. They are named "warranty given by seller", "perceived risk of the product", "confidence in web transaction". 5. The web patrons¡¦ behaviors of "word-of-mouth reference" in the information search stage and "confidence in web transaction and information" in the evaluation and choice stage are influenced by their different gender, age, occupation, and education. The web non-patrons¡¦ behaviors of " related information obtained from the media" and "confidence in web information" in the information search stage and "confidence in web transaction" in the evaluation and choice stage are influenced by their different gender, age, occupation, education, and income. 6. Three clusters are formed according to the above eleven factor scores. Cluster 1 persons are named as "highly confident persons". Cluster 2 persons are named as "risk-avoidance persons". Cluster 3 persons are named as "self-confident persons". 7. The first three stages of consumer buying decision processes on the web are proved to be¡Gneed identification, information search and evaluation and choice. The relationships between these three stages are need identification will positively affect information search and information search will negatively affect evaluation and choice.