Via their frequency of contact alone, Corrections Officers (COs) have maximal opportunity to role model pro-social behaviour and further rehabilitative outcomes for offenders. Yet previous research indicates that one of the barriers to COs adopting this additional and sometimes contradictory job requirement, is that COs generally maintain largely punitive attitudes towards inmates. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether one reason for CO punitiveness is that these frontline workers lack knowledge of basic forensic practice (FP) research findings which describe elements that lead to offender change. Utilizing mixed-methods, the nature of the relationship between FP knowledge and the Correctional Orientation of COs, consisting of support for rehabilitation (SR) and support for punishment (SP), was explored. Further examined was how FP knowledge, SR and SP related to COs self-reported engagement in Core Correctional Practices (CCPs) which delineate the quality of interactions that facilitate positive rehabilitative outcomes. Employing a new measure of Correctional Orientation developed and piloted on an undergraduate sample (N=148) in Study 1, Study 2 involved surveys of Corrections Workers (CWs) (N=227) employed in the four provincial adult correctional facilities in Saskatchewan. Hierarchical multiple regressions including demographic covariates confirmed a robust relationship between FP knowledge and SR, and FP knowledge and SP. Likewise, though FP knowledge was significantly positively correlated with CCPs, the addition of SR and SP to a third multiple regression on CCPs rendered the contribution of FP knowledge non-significant. SR was a better predictor of CCPs than SP. Finally, in Study 3, eight CWs varying in their survey responses were interviewed. Utilizing thematic analysis three broad models were produced which described the reasons CWs may or may not support rehabilitation or punishment and engage in CCPs. Additional themes describing how interviewees responded to FP research were also generated. In the discussion the findings of all three studies were combined. Notably, SR appears to be more responsive to FP knowledge than SP, while salient job-related experiences of CWs are likely to increase SP. Yet, CWs can increase their SR without a comparable decrease in their SP and vice versa. Interviewees felt that the largest obstacle to their engagement in CCPs were the current features of the institutional settings which generated a cynical, burnt-out and punitive staff culture whereby peer pressure was employed to maintain prescribed modes of interaction. Comprehensive recommendations for reducing stress and burnout, education and training targets, and hiring criteria which could screen out problematic applicants are provided.

Bakgrund: Multipel skleros (MS) är en autoimmun inflammatorisk sjukdom med individuellt varierande symtom. Varje person med MS har ett eget omvårdnadsbehov beroende på vilka symtom hen upplever. Personen lever med sjukdomen livet ut och nya symtom uppkommer regelbundet. Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att beskriva hur personer med MS upplever att symtom och omvårdnadsbehov påverkar deras vardagliga liv samt att beskriva de inkluderade artiklarnas urvalsmetod. Metod: Beskrivande litteraturstudie. Artiklar söktes fram via databasen Cinahl samt via manuella sökningar. Totalt framkom 11 vetenskapliga artiklar, 10 kvalitativa och 1 med mixad metod, som inkluderades i litteraturstudien. Huvudresultat: Symtom och omvårdnadsbehov påverkade personerna med MS vardagliga liv och autonomi. Symtomen som hade störst påverkan var uttalad trötthet och problem med rörelseförmågan, men alla symtom påverkade personerna på ett eller annat sätt. Ingen aspekt av vardagen var opåverkad och utöver symtomen var omvårdnadsbehovet ett hinder för att personerna skulle kunna gör det de ville. Energibristen och att vara beroende av andra för att vardagen skulle gå ihop var ett problem. Personerna hade en stark vilja att göra mer än de klarade av och de ville inte känna sig handikappade. Personerna prioriterade det viktigaste i livet. Det framkom att artiklarna valt liknande urvalsmetoder för att svara på deras syfte. Slutsats: MS är en sjukdom vars symtom och omvårdnadsbehov påverkar personens vardagliga liv på många sätt, framförallt förmågan att leva som tidigare och personens känsla av autonomi. Att göra de aktiviteter som önskades var svårt och personerna blev tvungna att prioritera det som var viktigast för dem. / Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease with individually  varying symptoms. Each person with MS has their own care needs, depending on which symptoms he/she experiences. The person live with MS the rest of his/her life and new symptoms occur regularly. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe how people with MS experience how symptoms and care needs affect their everyday lives and to describe the included articles sample method. Method: Descriptive literature review. Articles were searched out through Cinahl and via manual searches. A total of 11 scientific articles emerged, 10 qualitative and 1 withmixed approach, which was included in the study. Main results: The MS disease symptoms and care needs had a great impact on people's everyday lives and autonomy . The symptoms that had the greatest impact was fatigue and problems with the ability to move. No aspect of daily life was unaffected and in addition to the symptoms, care needs was an obstacle. The lack of energy and to be reliant on others so the daily life would work, was a big problem. They had a strongdesire to do more than they could and they did not want to feel disabled. It appeared that the articles chosen similar selection methods to answer their aim. Conclusion: MS is a disease that affects the person's everyday life in many ways, above all, the ability to live as before and the feeling of autonomy. They had to prioritize what was most important to them.

Glaukom är en vanligt förekommande kronisk åldersrelateradögonsjukdom som påverkar synfunktionen och innebär oftast enlivslång ögondroppsbehandling. Det är av stor vikt att patientermed glaukom gör regelbundna datorsynfältsundersökningar för attfå en god uppskattning av sjukdomsförloppet. Patienter medglaukom uttrycker att datorsynfältsundersökningen är obehagligoch mer ansträngande och krävande än andra syntester. Fråganväcks hur ögonsjuksköterskor på bästa sätt kan stödja patienternamed undersökningen och motivera dem att genomföra den. Syftetmed studien var att beskriva vilket behov av stöd patienter medglaukom har i samband med sitt besök på ögonklinik då degenomgår en datorsynfältsundersökning och vilket stöd de får avögonsjuksköterskor. Studien har en deskriptiv kvalitativ designmed semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod ochdata bearbetades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studieninnefattade intervjuer med fyra patienter med glaukom som fickbehandling med trycksänkande ögondroppar. Resultatet visade påtre kategorier; information, miljö och bemötande. I kategorininformation beskrevs behovet av information före och efterundersökningen och det stöd i form av information somögonsjuksköterskorna gav. I kategorin miljö skildrades behovet avmindre upplevd tidspress och mer tid för samtal och hurögonsjuksköterskor önskades förhålla sig under undersökningenför att skapa en lugn miljö för patienterna. Den sista kategorin varbemötande vilket belyste exempel på det stöd somögonsjuksköterskorna gav i mötet med patienterna. Mer kunskapom hur vårdpersonal kan ge bättre stöd åt patienter i samband medsynfältsundersökning är av betydelse för både patienter ochvårdenhet. Bättre omvårdnad kan leda till effektivare och merindividanpassad vård för patienterna. / Glaucoma is a common chronic age-related eye disease that affectsvisual function and usually leads to a life- long treatment with eyedrops to lower the intraocular pressure. It is very important thatpatients with glaucoma regularly perform visual field tests to getan estimation of the progression of the disease. Patients withglaucoma express visual field examinations as unpleasant andmore exhausting and demanding than other eye examinations. Thequestion raised how ophthalmic nurses in eye- care can supportpatients performing the tests and motivate them to accomplish.The aim of the study was to describe the need of support patientswith glaucoma was associated with during the visit to the eyeclinic when they undergo a visual field examination and whichsupport they get from the nurses. The study has a descriptivequalitative design using semi-structured interviews as datacollection and data were processed on the basis of qualitativecontent analysis. The study included interviews with four patientswho were treated with eye drops due to glaucoma. The resultsrevealed three categories: information, environment and location.Within the category of information, the need of information beforeand after the visual field test was described but also the support thenurses gave in terms of information was defined. Concerning thecategory of environment the need of less perceived time pressure,more time for talks and how nurses relate the survey to create apeaceful environment for the patients was declared. The lastcategory highlighted examples of the support which nurses gave inthe meeting with the patients. More knowledge about how healthprofessionals can provide better support to patients in the contextof visual field examination is of importance for both patients andhealth care. Better nursing can lead to more effective andindividualized care for patients.

Bakgrund: Barn som besökare på sjukhus accepterades först på 1980-talet då man tidigare ansåg att barnet kunde utsättas för psykologiskt trauma. Numera vet man att det är viktigt att inkludera barnet i vården. En förälders sjukdom påverkar hela familjen och dagens sjuksköterska ställs därför inför utmaningen att vårda patienten och samtidigt se till barnets behov. Sjuksköterskans skyldighet att beakta barns behov som anhörig är tydlig i lagstiftningen. Syfte: Att beskriva barns behov samt strategier barnet använder för att hantera en situation när dennes förälder har cancer. Metod: En litteraturstudie om barns (6-12 år) behov och strategier för att hantera situationen har genomförts. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar har granskats utifrån Fribergs kriterier för analys av vetenskapliga studier. Den teoretiska referensram vi använt oss av är Dahlberg och Segestens teori om hälsa, välbefinnande samt trygghet. Resultat: Barn har stort behov av att få information, kunskap, stöd, vara barn samt att det finns en öppen kommunikation i denna situation. De strategier som framkom för att hantera situationen var att: Upprätthålla en normal vardag, att ta vara på det värdefulla och positiva, att hålla sig informerade, olika typer av distraktion samt en vilja att hjälpa föräldrarna med både praktiskt och socialt stöd. Barns sätt att hantera situationen när dennes förälder har cancer kan få långsiktigt negativ påverkan senare i livet. Diskussion: I diskussionen formades fyra nya teman: Informationens och kunskapens betydelse för att känna trygghet, delaktighetens betydelse för att känna trygghet, familjens betydekse för att känna trygghet samt långsiktiga konsekvenser. En diskussion fördes relaterat till begreppen hälsa, välbefinnande samt trygghet. Vi har kommit fram till att sjuksköterskan måste ta hänsyn till det ömsesidiga beroende som råder mellan barnet och föräldern för att kunna möta barnets behov och främja en känsla av trygghet. / Background: Children as visitors to the hospital was accepted in the 1980s, previously it was considered that the child could be exposed to psychological trauma. Nowadays we know that it is important to include the child in care. A parent’s illness affects the whole family and nurse´s today is therefore faced with the challenge of caring for the patient, while ensuring the child's needs. Nurse’s duty to respond to the needs of children as family is clear in the legislation. Aim:To describe the child's needs and strategies the child uses to handle a situation when their parent has cancer. Method: A literature study about children’s (6-12 years) needs and strategies to deal with the situation have been implemented. Ten scientific papers have been reviewed by Fribergs criteria for the analysis of scientific studies. The theoretical framework we used is Dahlberg and Segestens theory of health, welfare and security. Results: Children have a great need to get information, knowledge, support, to be a child and that there is an open communication in this situation. The strategies that emerged to address the situation were to: Maintain a normal life, to take advantage of the valuable and positive, to keep informed, different types of distraction and a willingness to help parents with both practical and social support. Child's way of handling the situation when that parent has cancer can have long term negative effects later in life. Discussion:The discussion formed four new themes: Lack of information and knowledge leads to insecurity, information creates a sense of ownership, need to be a family and long term consequences. A discussion took place related to the concepts of health, welfare and security. We have found that the nurse must take into account the interdependence that exists between child and parent to meet child's needs and promote a sense of security.

Background: According to the Swedish Social Board induced abortions are increasing in the modern day society. Nurses who work with in the gynecological department can come across patients seeking care for an induced abortion. Theoretical framework: The findings of the study will be discussed in relation to Peplau's nursing theory, ethical concepts and nursing concepts. Aim: The aim of the literature review was to illuminate the experiences of nurses working with induced abortion. Method: A systematic literature review with an inductive approach was chosen. The findings are based on seven qualitative and two quantitative studies. The articles were assessed through two different modified templates based on qualitative or quantitative design. Findings: Nurses and midwives experienced their work with induced abortions as emotionally stressful. However, it was highlighted that all women have the right whether to choose abortion or to proceed with the pregnancy. Difficulties were identified in coping with abortion work. Such difficulties could easily occur when ethical dilemmas were caused by religion, personal values and experiences. Several coping strategies were identified. However, nurses and midwives aired their views concerning the need of more support from colleagues and the department head. Conclusion: It is clear that nurses are in need of assistance in various forms to ventilate and manage their emotions, in order to promote the professional approach and be able to offer a patient-centered care.

The main purpose of this essay is to investigate professional artists experience of the need and use of information in their creative work. I have collected the material through qualitative interviews with four professional artist working with different materials and techniques. One of the results of the study is that the artists first of all used information as a source of inspiration in their creative work. They gathered their information from various scources, for example; pictures, exhibitions, visual arts, books and novells, depending on what project they are working with. Other important information scources were colleges, especially for the technical information need. The artists also searched for information in a wide range of subjects and showed interest in areas that are not considerable art-related.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the term "pupils in need of special support" is defined in Swedish central policy documents. The essay is based on a social constructive contribute knowledge about the term’s definition and interpretation with support in a range of scientific texts. The method for achieving the purpose based on qualitative textual analysis of Skollagen 2010:800, Läroplan för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet- Lgr 11, Salamancadeklarationen and analysis of the result of three scientific studies.Neither Skollagen 2010:800 nor Lgr 11 gives a clear definition of the term “pupils in need of special support”. The Salamanca declaration defines the term as necessary due to either a disability or some form of learning difficulty. None of the analyzed policy documents provide a specific definition of who is considered to be in need of special educational needs. In the scientific studies, it is clear that the definition of “pupils in need of special support” in central policy documents is unclear. There are no clear guidelines as to which persons are considered to be in need of special support. The interpretation of the term is placed on the individual school or teacher. / Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur begreppet ”elever i behov av särskilt stöd” definieras i svenska centrala styr- och policydokument. Uppsatsen ska med utgångspunkt i ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv bidra med kunskap om begreppets definition och tolkning i dokumenten med stöd i ett urval vetenskapliga texter. Metoden för att uppnå syftet bygger på kvalitativ textanalys av Skollagen 2010:800, Läroplan för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet, Lgr 11 och Salamancadeklarationen, samt analys av resultatet från tre vetenskapliga studier.Varken Skollagen 2010:800 eller Lgr 11 ger någon tydlig definition på begreppet ”elever i behov av särkilt stöd”. Salamancadeklarationen definierar begreppet som behov som beror på antingen ett funktionshinder eller någon form för inlärningssvårighet. Ingen av de analyserade styr- och policydokumenten ger någon specifik definition av vilka som anses vara i behov av särkilt stöd.I de vetenskapliga studierna framgår det att definitionen av begreppet ”elever i behov av särkilt stöd” i centrala styr- och policydokumenten är otydlig. Det finns inga tydliga riktlinjer för vilka personer som anses vara i behov av särkilt stöd. Tolkningen av begreppet läggs på den enskilde, skola eller lärare.

Darbe bandoma aptarti pedagogų motyvaciją ir vadovų požiūrį į ją ikimokyklinės įstaigos kaitos kontekste remiantis šalies ir užsienio mokslininkų darbais bei autorių atlikto tyrimo duomenimis. / The author describes motivation of teachers and a sight at it heads in conditions of reforming of prescool establishments, being guided by works of foreign and domestic scientists and given research carried out by the author.

Visos žmonių visuomenės negali normaliai ir efektyviai gyvuoti, vystytis, tobulėti, jei jose nepaisomos galiojančios elgesio normos ir taisyklės. Vien todėl, kad gyvename valstybės forma organizuotoje ir teisės normų reguliuojamoje valstybėje, būtina užtikrinti sistemingą ir nuoseklų, kokybišką, visą visuomenę apimantį teisinį švietimą, kurio metu suteikiamos teisinės žinios, ugdomi gebėjimai ir vertybinės nuostatos, plėtojama teisinė sąmonė, sistemingai teikiama teisinė informacija ir konsultacijos. / All human societies cannot normally and efficiently exist, develop and improve, if in those societies are ignored the existing standards of conduct and rules. Just because we live in state form organized and by the rules of law regulated state, it is necessary to ensure a systematic and consistent, high quality, all society including legal education, which would provide the legal knowledge, develop skills and values, legal consciousness and systematically provide legal information and consultation.

Aim of the study. The aim of the present study is to analyze and estimate the need of ambulatory nursing and social service for elderly people in Kaunas region. Methods. Elderly people (65 and older) from Kaunas region were interrogated. Special forms were filled in by 390 casually chosen respondents from the list of people registered in PSPC (including dispensaries and medical stations) representing the whole elderly people Kaunas region. The self-sufficiency of the respondents was estimated by standard physical self-sufficiency (Barthel index) and mental status (MMSE) tests. To estimate the relation of the elderly people nursing and need of social service to the demographic and social factors, an anonymous questionnaire was used. The data of the structured questions was processed applying programmable batch of statistical data-processing SPSS for Windows v. 10.0. Quantitative data-processing analysis was applied for the responses. Pearson Chi-Square (χ2) was employed in trying to estimate the intensity of statistical cohesion. The research helped to fix the significance of the latter, Linear-by-Linear Association (df) and statistical credibility (p). The conclusions are considered to be plausible , when p<0,05. Results. 31,5% of respondents face both, social/economical and nursing problems; 14,6% - social/economical; 6,4% - nursing problems. 71,3% of the respondents consider nursing essential, while 58,2% believe they need social service much more. The main factor operating... [to full text]