Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

This study is concerned with the geographical distribution of the provision of nursery education in England and Wales from 1981 to 1994. It examines the extent to which the provision of nursery education is related to the need for the service. Davies's (1968) concept of territorial justice implies a positive correlation between need and provision. This interpretation of territorial justice is well established in the academic literature on the distribution of public services. Boyne and Powell (1991) have questioned whether a positive correlation between need and provision is always required for territorial justice. The key issue, it has been argued, is the requirement to consider the dimensions of need and service provision. This study assesses the validity of Boyne and Powell's (1991) analysis and builds substantially on its foundation A new set of criteria for the assessment of territorial justice is developed. These are presented as the alternative to the Davies (1968) criterion of territorial justice. Territorial justice is more appropriately concerned with 'equal provision for relevant dimensions of need'. The criteria for the evaluation of territorial justice developed in this study are applied to nursery education. The correlations provide a mixture of evidence of territorial justice and injustice in the quantity of service provision, together with territorial injustice in the quality of service. The Davies (1968) criterion of territorial justice would have indicated greater territorial justice in the provision of nursery education than that found using the new criteria. This study contributes at two levels to previous literature on territorial justice: a new method is used to assess territorial justice and new evidence on territorial justice within nursery education provision in England and Wales is presented. Further studies using the criteria developed in this study are required in other areas of public policy.

The goal of this graduation thesis was to find out the influence of milking by automatic milking system (AMS) to the physiological needs of dairy cows within 30 minutes after milking. Ethological study covered the needs for feed intake, water intake and need for lying down. In the next part were obtained data on performance of dairy cows and time data of milking (Preparation time for milking, milking time, and time in the milking box). For determination of an impact of various technologies on dairy cows, the results were compared with the data obtained on the farm with conventional milking technology (auto-tandem parlor). The need of feed intake in 30 minutes after milking was found in the barn with AMS at 75.51 % of dairy cows, in the barn containing auto-tandem parlor it was 84.37 % of dairy cows. Highest rate of silage intake after milking had dairy cows milked by conventional way. The need of water intake was found out in the barn with AMS at 41.79 % of dairy cows and in the barn containing auto-tandem parlor it was 33.45 % of dairy cows. Higher rate of water after milking had dairy cows on the farm using the milking robot. In terms of the needs of feed intake and water within 30 minutes after milking were found in both compared technology almost identical values, 28.23 % on the farm with AMS and 27.27 % on the farm with auto-tandem parlor. From this common intake was observed earlier water intake of animals on both farms of more than 80% percent. The percentage of the cows, which needed to lie down after milking, was found in both technologies very low. On the farm with AMS it was 3.7 % and on the farm with auto-tandem parlor 5.8 %. On the farm, where AMS is used, we could evaluate the physiological needs within 30 minutes after milking in the various parts of a day. The need to feed intake was the highest between 6pm and 12 am) and the lowest in the morning. The need of water intake after milking was highest in the morning between 6am and 12 pm and the lowest between midnight 12am and 6 am. The need of lie down after milking was highest between midnight and 6am and the lowest between noon and 6 pm. Milk yield per milking was 12.89 kg on the farm with AMS and 13.35 kg on the farm with auto-tandem parlor. The average daily milk yield was on the farm with AMS 36.47 kg and 26.7 kg on the farm with auto-tandem parlor. Lower milk yield per milking and higher average milk yield per day on the other hand on the farm with AMS is caused by a higher frequency of milking, among other factors. Preparation time for milking was 2:24 min with AMS and 2:02 with conventional type of milking. The time itself was detected in both methods over 5 minutes. With conventional type of milking the times were longer by almost 30 s (5:41min). The time in milking box was 7:07 min in the technology AMS and 8:16 min in the conventional system of milking. Frequency of using of milking robot during the day reached the lowest rate between 4 pm and 6 pm and between 4 am and 8 am. The increase in the number of milking after 6 pm relates with silage intake at this time. During comparison of analyzed technologies was found insignificant difference in the physiological needs within 30 minutes after milking. For verification of these conclusions it is important to increase amount of farms with conventional milking system.

HIV is a very small germ or organism, called a virus, which people become infected with. It cannot be seen with the naked eye, but only under a microscope. The body’s natural ability to fight illness is called the immune system. It is the body’s defence against infection. The virus attacks the immune system and reduces the body’s resistance to all kinds of illnesses. That is why HIV is called the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. The word syndrome means that several symptoms occur at the same time. It is used to emphasize that people with AIDS have many signs and symptoms, because they suffer from several illnesses at once. Education is a process of learning, acquiring information or gaining knowledge through training, workshops or seminars. HIV/AIDS education refers to a way of disseminating information about HIV/AIDS pandemic in order to reduce ignorance and fear, thus preventing the spread of the virus infection. Education on the pandemic seems to be the only solution through which HIV/AIDS can be controlled. At present there is no medicine that can prevent people from being infected, and there is no cure for HIV/AIDS pandemic, which is a fatal disease. Some drugs seem to enable the body to defend itself against the opportunistic diseases like cancers, TB, pneunemia, flu or diarrhea, but these are expensive. The drugs are not yet available to many people in our country. This means that the death rate from HIV/AIDS pandemic is still climbing rapidly among men and women of all ages and race especially among sexual-active people. The only way to combat the pandemic is through massive programme of public education which will include the following: the basic information on the pandemic, modes of transmission, stages on HIV infection to AIDS, diagnosis of HIV infection, counseling, treatment and prevention of HIV infection. It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that there are programmes to educate the workers at all levels, on HIV/AIDS pandemic. The aim of the study is to explore the need for an HIV/AIDS education programme at Mokopane Police Station through literature review and administration of a questionnaire to participants. The research approach used was quantitative. This approach helped the researcher to clearly understand and investigate aspects of social reality. The type of research was applied research. Applied research focuses on problem solving in practice. In this study applied research was used as the findings of exploratory study to recommend to SAPS Management for a possible programme on HIV/AIDS education at Mokopane Police Station. Exploratory design was used to explore the need for HIV/AIDS education programme. The method for data collection was by means of self-constructed questionnaires. The population for the study was 126 police officers. Random systematic sampling method was used to select the sample of 42 respondents. The questionnaires were pilot tested on five (5) respondents who did not form part of the research study. Data was analysed and interpreted using tables, bar graphs and piecharts. / Dissertation (MSD (EAP))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

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The demand for Community College Baccalaureate (CCB) degrees is rising due to increasing costs of educational obtainment resulting in decreased access. Also, universities are not always accessible geographically or academically to many students. Many students are limited in time and financial resources, and have family and job responsibilities, limiting their ability to relocate to a university. The focus of this study was to explore the perceptions of students regarding the need for the CCB, the effectiveness of the CCB, reasons why students would choose the CCB, and the fields of CCB degrees students would choose. Specifically, this study compared the results among student survey respondents based on their primary campus attended, age, gender, race/ethnicity, number of dependents, and employment status as well as their need for the CCB. All full-time and part-time students from a rural community college in Northeast Mississippi were asked to participate in the survey. Approximately 30% of respondents indicated that their only realistic option to obtain a bachelor’s degree would be through their local community college. A majority of respondents perceived the CCB to be effective. And, respondents indicated that the factors that influenced their choice of the CCB were cost, location, work responsibilities, family responsibilities, admiration for current school, and familiarity for current school. The specific degree fields that respondents indicated they would choose if they were to obtain a CCB, from greatest interest to least, were: health professions, business, education, public administration/social work, “other”, liberal arts and sciences, and psychology. When testing the differences in perception of effectiveness of the CCB between demographic groups, the CCB was perceived to be more effective by respondents who were older, had 1 dependent or 5 or more dependents, and who saw the CCB as their only option. When testing the differences in perceptions of reasons to choose the CCB, respondents who were older indicated more reasons for choosing the CCB.

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During the last three decades there has been an increased influx of refugees and immigrants into Scandinavia. The overall aim of this thesis was primarily to improve our knowledge of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need, both normative and self-perceived, in adolescents of varying geographic origin. A further aim was to determine whether any differences with respect to perception of general appearance and psychosocial well-being were related to geographic origin. Papers I and II concerned self perceived and normative orthodontic treatment need. About 500 12-13 year-old subjects, stratified into different groups: A-Sweden, B-Eastern/Southeastern Europe, C-Asia and D-other countries, answered a questionnaire and underwent clinical examination by the author. In paper III the association between the two variables in papers I and II was investigated. Paper IV was a follow up study, at 18-19 years of age, of the relationship between geographic origin and prevalence of malocclusion, self-perceived treatment need, temporomandibular symptoms and psychosocial wellbeing. In Paper V a qualitative study of 19-20 year old subjects was conducted, to identify the strategies they had adopted to handle the issue of persisting poor dental aesthetics. The main findings were that at 12-13 years of age, immigrant subjects had a lower perceived orthodontic treatment need than subjects of Swedish background. Girls of Swedish background had the highest self perceived treatment need, whilst girls of non-Swedish background were most concerned that fixed appliance therapy would be painful. In a few of the clinical variables measured at 12-13 years of age, the Swedish group exhibited the greatest space deficiency and irregularity in both the maxillary and mandibular anterior segments and greater overjet, compared to the Eastern/Southeastern European and Asian groups. The clinical implications were negligible. The orthodontic treatment need according to “Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need - Dental HealthComponent” (IOTN-DHC) grades 4 and 5, ranged from 30 to 40 percent, without any inter-group differences. There were strong associations between subjects perceiving a need for orthodontic treatment and 6IOTN-DHC grades 4 and 5, anterior crossbite and avoiding smiling because they were self-conscious about their teeth. At the age of 18-19 years, the frequency of malocclusion was similar in all groups. Subjects of Asian origin had a higher self-perceived orthodontic treatment need than their Swedish counterparts and a higher frequency of headache than those of Eastern/Southeastern European origin. Psychological wellbeing was reduced in nearly one quarter of the sample, more frequently in girls than boys. No association was found between self-perceived orthodontic treatment need and psychological wellbeing. The theory “Being under the pressure of social norms” was generated in Paper V, and it can be applied to improve our understanding of young adults who have adjusted to living with poor dental aesthetics and also aid to identify those who are not as well-adjusted and would probably benefit from treatment. Undisclosed dental fear is an important barrier to acceptance of orthodontic treatment in early adolescence. Despite demographic changes due to immigration, no major change in the prevalence of malocclusion and normative orthodontic treatment need has been disclosed. This does not apply to adolescents and adults who immigrated at an older age.