Em setembro de 1997, foi designada uma comissão de estudos para a implantação do Programa de Qualidade Total no Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS). Era o início da implantação de práticas gerenciais no TCE-RS. Reformas na gestão pública emergiram nesse período por uma mudança na concepção de gestão do Estado, redefinindo, ao menos em parte, as estruturas de organização do Estado. O planejamento estratégico ganhou força na esfera pública brasileira a partir de 1994, no âmbito das reformas. Diante dessa conjuntura, ocorreu a implantação do planejamento estratégico (PE) no TCE-RS em 2002. Esta pesquisa estuda o processo de institucionalização do PE neste órgão público, adotando a perspectiva neoinstitucional de análise. A revisão teórica contemplou a teoria neoinstitucional, apontando para o processo de institucionalização. Concomitantemente, procedeu-se à análise documental para reconstituir a trajetória do fenômeno estudado. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com servidores públicos que participaram do processo de institucionalização do planejamento estratégico no TCE-RS. Como critério de análise e compreensão do processo de institucionalização do planejamento estratégico no TCE-RS, foi adotado, como escala de medida, o resultado conjunto dos efeitos observáveis das seis dimensões propostas por Tolbert e Zucker (1999): processos, características dos adotantes, ímpeto para difusão, atividade de teorização, variância na implementação e taxa de fracasso estrutural. A análise conjunta das dimensões possibilitou compreender o processo de institucionalização e aproximá-lo ao estágio de total institucionalização, contemplando o objetivo geral da pesquisa. os objetivos alcançados, ainda que dentro dos limites desta dissertação. Uma limitação importante da pesquisa diz respeito ao fato de terem sido contemplados somente agentes internos ao órgão, com entrevistas restritas aos atores envolvidos no processo analisado, o que pode ter resultado enviesado. Ainda, a tentativa de recuperar a trajetória do processo via análise documental, pode ter seu resultado questionado. Essas limitações, acrescidas do fato de não ter sido possível, dado o estreito cronograma, avançar a análise ao nível do campo organizacional do TCE-RS, abrem caminho para a sua continuidade. / Program at Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS). It was the the beginning of the implantation of managerial practices in the TCE-RS. Reforms in public management emerged during this period by a change in the conception of state management, redefining, at least in part, the structures of state organization. Strategic planning has gained strength in the brazilian public scenery since 1994, within the scope of the reforms. Given this situation, strategic planning was implemented in the TCE-RS in 2002. This research studies the process of institutionalization of the strategic planning in this public organization, adopting the neoinstitutional perspective of analysis. The theoretical revision contemplated the neoinstitutional theory, pointing to the process of institutionalization. At the same time, a documentary analysis was made to reconstruct the trajectory of the studied phenomenon. Furthermore, interviews were also conducted with public servants who participated in the process of institutionalizing strategic planning in TCE-RS. As a criterion of analysis and understanding of the process of institutionalization of strategic planning in TCE-RS, the joint result of the observable effects of the six dimensions proposed by Tolbert and Zucker (1999) was adopted as a measurement scale: processes, characteristics of the adopters, impetus for diffusion, theorizing activity, variance in implementation, and structural failure rate. The joint analysis of the dimensions made it possible to understand the institutionalization process and bring it closer to the stage of total institutionalization, contemplating the general objective of the research. With this, it is considered that the research problem was adequately answered, and the objectives achieved, although within the limits of this study. An important limitation of the research is that only internal agents were considered, with interviews restricted to the actors involved in the analyzed process, which may have skewed result. Yet, the attempt to recover the trajectory of the process through documentary analysis, may have its result questioned. These limitations, added by the fact that it was not possible, given the narrow schedule, to advance the analysis at the level of the organizational field of the TCE-RS, open the way for its continuity.

Em setembro de 1997, foi designada uma comissão de estudos para a implantação do Programa de Qualidade Total no Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS). Era o início da implantação de práticas gerenciais no TCE-RS. Reformas na gestão pública emergiram nesse período por uma mudança na concepção de gestão do Estado, redefinindo, ao menos em parte, as estruturas de organização do Estado. O planejamento estratégico ganhou força na esfera pública brasileira a partir de 1994, no âmbito das reformas. Diante dessa conjuntura, ocorreu a implantação do planejamento estratégico (PE) no TCE-RS em 2002. Esta pesquisa estuda o processo de institucionalização do PE neste órgão público, adotando a perspectiva neoinstitucional de análise. A revisão teórica contemplou a teoria neoinstitucional, apontando para o processo de institucionalização. Concomitantemente, procedeu-se à análise documental para reconstituir a trajetória do fenômeno estudado. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com servidores públicos que participaram do processo de institucionalização do planejamento estratégico no TCE-RS. Como critério de análise e compreensão do processo de institucionalização do planejamento estratégico no TCE-RS, foi adotado, como escala de medida, o resultado conjunto dos efeitos observáveis das seis dimensões propostas por Tolbert e Zucker (1999): processos, características dos adotantes, ímpeto para difusão, atividade de teorização, variância na implementação e taxa de fracasso estrutural. A análise conjunta das dimensões possibilitou compreender o processo de institucionalização e aproximá-lo ao estágio de total institucionalização, contemplando o objetivo geral da pesquisa. os objetivos alcançados, ainda que dentro dos limites desta dissertação. Uma limitação importante da pesquisa diz respeito ao fato de terem sido contemplados somente agentes internos ao órgão, com entrevistas restritas aos atores envolvidos no processo analisado, o que pode ter resultado enviesado. Ainda, a tentativa de recuperar a trajetória do processo via análise documental, pode ter seu resultado questionado. Essas limitações, acrescidas do fato de não ter sido possível, dado o estreito cronograma, avançar a análise ao nível do campo organizacional do TCE-RS, abrem caminho para a sua continuidade. / Program at Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS). It was the the beginning of the implantation of managerial practices in the TCE-RS. Reforms in public management emerged during this period by a change in the conception of state management, redefining, at least in part, the structures of state organization. Strategic planning has gained strength in the brazilian public scenery since 1994, within the scope of the reforms. Given this situation, strategic planning was implemented in the TCE-RS in 2002. This research studies the process of institutionalization of the strategic planning in this public organization, adopting the neoinstitutional perspective of analysis. The theoretical revision contemplated the neoinstitutional theory, pointing to the process of institutionalization. At the same time, a documentary analysis was made to reconstruct the trajectory of the studied phenomenon. Furthermore, interviews were also conducted with public servants who participated in the process of institutionalizing strategic planning in TCE-RS. As a criterion of analysis and understanding of the process of institutionalization of strategic planning in TCE-RS, the joint result of the observable effects of the six dimensions proposed by Tolbert and Zucker (1999) was adopted as a measurement scale: processes, characteristics of the adopters, impetus for diffusion, theorizing activity, variance in implementation, and structural failure rate. The joint analysis of the dimensions made it possible to understand the institutionalization process and bring it closer to the stage of total institutionalization, contemplating the general objective of the research. With this, it is considered that the research problem was adequately answered, and the objectives achieved, although within the limits of this study. An important limitation of the research is that only internal agents were considered, with interviews restricted to the actors involved in the analyzed process, which may have skewed result. Yet, the attempt to recover the trajectory of the process through documentary analysis, may have its result questioned. These limitations, added by the fact that it was not possible, given the narrow schedule, to advance the analysis at the level of the organizational field of the TCE-RS, open the way for its continuity.

Em setembro de 1997, foi designada uma comissão de estudos para a implantação do Programa de Qualidade Total no Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS). Era o início da implantação de práticas gerenciais no TCE-RS. Reformas na gestão pública emergiram nesse período por uma mudança na concepção de gestão do Estado, redefinindo, ao menos em parte, as estruturas de organização do Estado. O planejamento estratégico ganhou força na esfera pública brasileira a partir de 1994, no âmbito das reformas. Diante dessa conjuntura, ocorreu a implantação do planejamento estratégico (PE) no TCE-RS em 2002. Esta pesquisa estuda o processo de institucionalização do PE neste órgão público, adotando a perspectiva neoinstitucional de análise. A revisão teórica contemplou a teoria neoinstitucional, apontando para o processo de institucionalização. Concomitantemente, procedeu-se à análise documental para reconstituir a trajetória do fenômeno estudado. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com servidores públicos que participaram do processo de institucionalização do planejamento estratégico no TCE-RS. Como critério de análise e compreensão do processo de institucionalização do planejamento estratégico no TCE-RS, foi adotado, como escala de medida, o resultado conjunto dos efeitos observáveis das seis dimensões propostas por Tolbert e Zucker (1999): processos, características dos adotantes, ímpeto para difusão, atividade de teorização, variância na implementação e taxa de fracasso estrutural. A análise conjunta das dimensões possibilitou compreender o processo de institucionalização e aproximá-lo ao estágio de total institucionalização, contemplando o objetivo geral da pesquisa. os objetivos alcançados, ainda que dentro dos limites desta dissertação. Uma limitação importante da pesquisa diz respeito ao fato de terem sido contemplados somente agentes internos ao órgão, com entrevistas restritas aos atores envolvidos no processo analisado, o que pode ter resultado enviesado. Ainda, a tentativa de recuperar a trajetória do processo via análise documental, pode ter seu resultado questionado. Essas limitações, acrescidas do fato de não ter sido possível, dado o estreito cronograma, avançar a análise ao nível do campo organizacional do TCE-RS, abrem caminho para a sua continuidade. / Program at Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS). It was the the beginning of the implantation of managerial practices in the TCE-RS. Reforms in public management emerged during this period by a change in the conception of state management, redefining, at least in part, the structures of state organization. Strategic planning has gained strength in the brazilian public scenery since 1994, within the scope of the reforms. Given this situation, strategic planning was implemented in the TCE-RS in 2002. This research studies the process of institutionalization of the strategic planning in this public organization, adopting the neoinstitutional perspective of analysis. The theoretical revision contemplated the neoinstitutional theory, pointing to the process of institutionalization. At the same time, a documentary analysis was made to reconstruct the trajectory of the studied phenomenon. Furthermore, interviews were also conducted with public servants who participated in the process of institutionalizing strategic planning in TCE-RS. As a criterion of analysis and understanding of the process of institutionalization of strategic planning in TCE-RS, the joint result of the observable effects of the six dimensions proposed by Tolbert and Zucker (1999) was adopted as a measurement scale: processes, characteristics of the adopters, impetus for diffusion, theorizing activity, variance in implementation, and structural failure rate. The joint analysis of the dimensions made it possible to understand the institutionalization process and bring it closer to the stage of total institutionalization, contemplating the general objective of the research. With this, it is considered that the research problem was adequately answered, and the objectives achieved, although within the limits of this study. An important limitation of the research is that only internal agents were considered, with interviews restricted to the actors involved in the analyzed process, which may have skewed result. Yet, the attempt to recover the trajectory of the process through documentary analysis, may have its result questioned. These limitations, added by the fact that it was not possible, given the narrow schedule, to advance the analysis at the level of the organizational field of the TCE-RS, open the way for its continuity.

Studien visar att det finns inslag av samtliga isomorfismer avseende påverkan på revisionsbranschen vid införandet av det nya EU-direktivet. Resultatet tyder på att medelstora byråer och dess auktoriserade revisorer påverkas i mindre omfattning av tvingande isomorfism än större byråer. I stället kommer påverkan från mimetisk och normativ isomorfism genom företagens önskan om legitimitet gentemot intressenter. / The study shows that all types of isomorphism have an impact on the auditing profession with the introduction of the new EU directive. The results indicate that medium-sized firms and their authorized auditors are less affected by coercive isomorphism than larger firms. Instead, the impact comes from mimetic and normative isomorphism through the companies' desire for legitimacy towards stakeholders.

Die Arbeit thematisiert die Veränderungen im deutschen Wissenschafts- und Hochschulsystem. Im Mittelpunkt steht die "unternehmerische Mission" von Universitäten. Der Blick wird auf das Aufgabenfeld Wissens- und Technologietransfer (WTT) gerichtet. Anhand dessen werden die Veränderungen, die innerhalb des deutschen Universitätssystems in den vergangenen Jahren erfolgten, nachgezeichnet. Die Erwartungshaltungen an Universitäten haben sich verändert. Ökonomische Sichtweisen nehmen einen immer größeren Stellenwert ein. Die Arbeit baut auf den Prämissen der neoinstitutionalistischen Organisationstheorie auf. Anhand dieser wird gezeigt, wie Erwartungen externer Stakeholder Eingang in Hochschulen finden und sich auf ihre organisatorische Ausgestaltung auswirken. Der Arbeit liegt ein exploratives, qualitatives Untersuchungsdesign zugrunde. In einer Fallstudie werden zwei Universitäten als Fallbeispiele untersucht. Die Untersuchung liefert Antworten auf die Fragen, wie der WTT als Aufgabenbereich an deutschen Universitäten umgesetzt wird, welche Strukturen sich herausgebildet haben und inwieweit eine Institutionalisierung des WTTs an Universitäten erfolgt ist. In der Arbeit werden verschiedene Erhebungsinstrumente im Rahmen einer Triangulation genutzt. Experteninterviews bilden das Hauptanalyseinstrument. Ziel der Untersuchung ist neben der Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen, Hypothesen zu bilden, die für weiterführende Untersuchungen genutzt werden können. Darüber hinaus werden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Umsetzung des WTTs an deutschen Hochschulen gegeben. Die Arbeit richtet sich sowohl an Wissenschaftler als auch Praktiker aus dem Bereich Wissens- und Technologietransfer. / German universities are confronted with ongoing changes. One of these changes encompasses a paradigm shift, which affects the university and research system as a whole. This paradigm shift is the so called "third mission" - or "entrepreneurial mission" - of universities. Universities are asked to make contributions to the economic system via transfer of knowledge and technology. Economic perspectives have an increasing influence on universities and the research system. For this reason, the expectations of external stakeholers are growing. The dissertation shows how these expectations affect the organizational shape of universities. By using neoinstitutional organizational theory, this work finds answers to the following questions: How do universities integrate the "entrepreneurial mission" in their organizational structures? Which organizational structures have emerged? How far has an institutional process been taken place? An explorative, qualitative research design is used and a case study is performed, which includes two universities as examples. Two dimensions were investigated: The structures of universities in the field of technology and knowledge transfer, and the central actors of universities. The main research instrument consists of interviews with experts in the field. Apart from answering the questions posed above, the central aim of the survey is to get a deeper understanding of how German Universities fulfill their “entrepreneurial mission”. Several hypotheses are generated that can be used for further investigations. Furthermore, some practical input is provided for implementing knowledge and technology transfer at German universities. The target audience of this thesis are researchers and practitioners in the field of knowledge and technology transfer.

Per molte aziende, ristrutturazione e riduzione dei costi sono al centro dell’agenda strategica. Come sottolinea anche la recente letteratura, la crisi economica scoppiata nel 2008, e tuttora in atto, sta esercitando una forte pressione sulle modalità di funzionamento dei sistemi di controllo in generale e di cost management più in particolare. Il presente lavoro di tesi si pone l’obiettivo di comprendere come si originano e si sviluppano i processi di innovazione nei sistemi di cost management in contesti aziendali caratterizzati da fenomeni di cambiamento e quali sono le condizioni di efficacia nell’implementazione di tali interventi. Per perseguire tale obiettivo, vengono analizzati tre casi, riletti alla luce di un modello neoistituzionalista di cambiamento aziendale. Contrariamente alla tradizionale predilezione della letteratura scientifica per un approccio meramente tecnico al tema dei sistemi di cost management, la tesi dimostra come un’efficace gestione degli stessi richieda la comprensione dell’esito dell’interrelazione di variabili ambientali e istituzionali esterne e dinamiche organizzative e istituzionali interne. / For many organizations, restructuring and cost management are key issues in their strategic agenda. As highlighted by the recent literature on management accounting, the current economic crisis is putting enormous pressure on the functioning of cost management systems in most organizations in the world. The main objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between management accounting change (i.e., cost management initiatives) and organizational change. The thesis relies on qualitative data collected through three longitudinal case studies. The analysis draws on a neo-institutional framework which integrates the insights of recent neo-institutional works in accounting. Our findings show that cost management systems cannot be considered only as technical mechanisms. In fact, an effective implementation of cost management initiatives requires the comprehension of the complex interrelationships between competitive and institutional variables and intraorganizational dynamics.

Le Mali est devenu un milieu attractif pour les essais cliniques. Cependant, le cadre de réglementation pour leur surveillance y est très limité. Le pays manque de l’expertise, de l’infrastructure et des ressources nécessaires pour mettre en œuvre pleinement la régulation. Ceci représente un risque pour la sécurité des sujets de recherche et l’intégrité des résultats scientifiques. Il ne permet pas non plus de s’aligner sur les normes internationales en vigueur, telles que la déclaration d’Helsinki, les directives éthiques internationales du Conseil des organisations internationales des sciences médicales (CIOMS) ou les réglementations de pays industrialisés comme les États-Unis, le Canada ou l’Union Européenne. Pour améliorer la situation, la présente étude vise à comprendre les enjeux de la régulation des essais cliniques au Mali afin de suggérer des pistes de solutions et des recommandations. L’étude a été réalisée à l’aide de méthodes qualitatives, soit l’examen de documents officiels et des entrevues semi-dirigées avec les principaux acteurs impliqués dans les essais cliniques. La théorie néo-institutionnelle a servi de toile de fond à l’analyse des données. L’approche néo-institutionnelle consiste à expliquer l’influence de l’environnement sur les organisations. Selon cette approche, l’environnement s’assimile à des champs organisationnels incluant les connexions locales ou non, les liens horizontaux et verticaux, les influences culturelles et politiques ainsi que les échanges techniques. Les résultats présentés dans un premier article montrent l’existence de nombreux enjeux reflétant la carence du système de régulation au Mali. La coexistence de quatre scénarios d’approbation des essais cliniques illustre bien l’inconsistance des mécanismes. Tout comme l’absence d’inspection, l’inconsistance des mécanismes traduit également l’intervention limitée des pouvoirs publics dans la surveillance réglementaire. Ces enjeux résultent d’une double influence subie par les autorités réglementaires et les comités d’éthique. Ceux-ci sont, d’une part, influencés par l’environnement institutionnel sous pressions réglementaires, cognitives et normatives. D’autre part, les pouvoirs publics subissent l’influence des chercheurs qui opèrent comme des entrepreneurs institutionnels en occupant un rôle central dans le champ de la régulation. Dans un second article, l’étude propose une analyse détaillée des facteurs influençant la régulation des essais cliniques. Ces facteurs sont synthétisés en cinq groupes répartis entre deux sphères d’influence. L’analyse montre combien ces facteurs influencent négativement la régulation, notamment : 1) la structuration inachevée du champ de régulation due à un faible degré d’interactions, une absence de structure de coordination, d’informations mutuelles et de conscience dans la constitution des interdépendances; et 2) les positions relatives des acteurs impliqués dans la construction du champ de régulation se manifestant par une faible autorité des pouvoirs publics et l’ascendance des groupes de recherche. Enfin, dans un troisième article nous proposons quelques mécanismes qui, s’ils sont mis en œuvre, pourraient améliorer la régulation des essais cliniques au Mali. Ces mécanismes sont présentés, en référence au cadre théorique, sous trois types de vecteurs d’influence, notamment réglementaires, normatifs et cognitifs-culturels. En guise de conclusion, l’étude envoie un signal fort pour la nécessité d’une régulation appropriée des essais cliniques au Mali. Elle montre que la plupart des problèmes de fond en matière de régulation relèvent d’un besoin de restructuration du champ organisationnel et de renforcement de la position des pouvoirs publics. / Mali has become an attractive environment for clinical trials. However, the regulatory framework for oversight of these trials is very limited. The country lacks the expertise, infrastructure and resources to fully implement the regulation. This represents a risk to the safety of research participants and the integrity of scientific results. As such, regulation in Mali does not meet international standards such as the Helsinki Declaration or the International Ethical Guidelines of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), or regulations of industrialized countries like the United States, Canada, or the European Union. To help address this situation, this study examines issues in the regulation of clinical trials in Mali in order to suggest possible solutions and provide recommendations. The study was carried out using qualitative methods; we reviewed official documents and conducted interviews with key stakeholders involved in clinical trials. Neo-institutional theory served as the framework with which to analyse the data. The focus of the neo-institutional approach is to explain the influence of the institutional environment on organizations. According to this approach, the institutional environment is composed of organizational fields such as local and non-local connections, vertical and horizontal ties, cultural and political influences, and technical exchanges. The results presented in the first article show that there are many issues that reflect the weakness of the regulatory system in Mali. The coexistence of four scenarios for approving clinical trials illustrates the inconsistency of current mechanisms. As well as the absence of inspection, there is also limited intervention on the part of the government in regulatory oversight. These issues arise from a double influence on the regulatory authorities and ethics committees. First, they are influenced by an institutional environment that is subject to regulatory, cognitive and normative pressures. Second, researchers operate as institutional entrepreneurs by occupying a central role in the field of regulation, and so influence the oversight bodies. In a second article, our study provides a detailed analysis of the factors influencing the regulation of clinical trials, synthesized into five groups that are divided into two spheres of influence. The analysis shows how these factors negatively influence regulation, specifically: 1) there is an incomplete structuring of the regulatory field due to a low degree of interaction, a lack of coordination structure, mutual information and consciousness in the constitution of interdependencies, and 2) the relative positions of the actors involved in the construction of the regulatory field manifests in a weak authority of the government and the domination of research groups. Finally, in a third article we propose some mechanisms that, if implemented, could improve the regulation of clinical trials in Mali. These mechanisms are presented, with reference to the theoretical framework, as three channels of influence, namely regulatory, normative and cultural-cognitive. In conclusion, the study sends a strong signal for the need for appropriate regulation of clinical trials in Mali. It shows that the most fundamental problems in regulation result from a need for restructuring of the organizational field and a strengthening the position of government

Le Mali est devenu un milieu attractif pour les essais cliniques. Cependant, le cadre de réglementation pour leur surveillance y est très limité. Le pays manque de l’expertise, de l’infrastructure et des ressources nécessaires pour mettre en œuvre pleinement la régulation. Ceci représente un risque pour la sécurité des sujets de recherche et l’intégrité des résultats scientifiques. Il ne permet pas non plus de s’aligner sur les normes internationales en vigueur, telles que la déclaration d’Helsinki, les directives éthiques internationales du Conseil des organisations internationales des sciences médicales (CIOMS) ou les réglementations de pays industrialisés comme les États-Unis, le Canada ou l’Union Européenne. Pour améliorer la situation, la présente étude vise à comprendre les enjeux de la régulation des essais cliniques au Mali afin de suggérer des pistes de solutions et des recommandations. L’étude a été réalisée à l’aide de méthodes qualitatives, soit l’examen de documents officiels et des entrevues semi-dirigées avec les principaux acteurs impliqués dans les essais cliniques. La théorie néo-institutionnelle a servi de toile de fond à l’analyse des données. L’approche néo-institutionnelle consiste à expliquer l’influence de l’environnement sur les organisations. Selon cette approche, l’environnement s’assimile à des champs organisationnels incluant les connexions locales ou non, les liens horizontaux et verticaux, les influences culturelles et politiques ainsi que les échanges techniques. Les résultats présentés dans un premier article montrent l’existence de nombreux enjeux reflétant la carence du système de régulation au Mali. La coexistence de quatre scénarios d’approbation des essais cliniques illustre bien l’inconsistance des mécanismes. Tout comme l’absence d’inspection, l’inconsistance des mécanismes traduit également l’intervention limitée des pouvoirs publics dans la surveillance réglementaire. Ces enjeux résultent d’une double influence subie par les autorités réglementaires et les comités d’éthique. Ceux-ci sont, d’une part, influencés par l’environnement institutionnel sous pressions réglementaires, cognitives et normatives. D’autre part, les pouvoirs publics subissent l’influence des chercheurs qui opèrent comme des entrepreneurs institutionnels en occupant un rôle central dans le champ de la régulation. Dans un second article, l’étude propose une analyse détaillée des facteurs influençant la régulation des essais cliniques. Ces facteurs sont synthétisés en cinq groupes répartis entre deux sphères d’influence. L’analyse montre combien ces facteurs influencent négativement la régulation, notamment : 1) la structuration inachevée du champ de régulation due à un faible degré d’interactions, une absence de structure de coordination, d’informations mutuelles et de conscience dans la constitution des interdépendances; et 2) les positions relatives des acteurs impliqués dans la construction du champ de régulation se manifestant par une faible autorité des pouvoirs publics et l’ascendance des groupes de recherche. Enfin, dans un troisième article nous proposons quelques mécanismes qui, s’ils sont mis en œuvre, pourraient améliorer la régulation des essais cliniques au Mali. Ces mécanismes sont présentés, en référence au cadre théorique, sous trois types de vecteurs d’influence, notamment réglementaires, normatifs et cognitifs-culturels. En guise de conclusion, l’étude envoie un signal fort pour la nécessité d’une régulation appropriée des essais cliniques au Mali. Elle montre que la plupart des problèmes de fond en matière de régulation relèvent d’un besoin de restructuration du champ organisationnel et de renforcement de la position des pouvoirs publics. / Mali has become an attractive environment for clinical trials. However, the regulatory framework for oversight of these trials is very limited. The country lacks the expertise, infrastructure and resources to fully implement the regulation. This represents a risk to the safety of research participants and the integrity of scientific results. As such, regulation in Mali does not meet international standards such as the Helsinki Declaration or the International Ethical Guidelines of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), or regulations of industrialized countries like the United States, Canada, or the European Union. To help address this situation, this study examines issues in the regulation of clinical trials in Mali in order to suggest possible solutions and provide recommendations. The study was carried out using qualitative methods; we reviewed official documents and conducted interviews with key stakeholders involved in clinical trials. Neo-institutional theory served as the framework with which to analyse the data. The focus of the neo-institutional approach is to explain the influence of the institutional environment on organizations. According to this approach, the institutional environment is composed of organizational fields such as local and non-local connections, vertical and horizontal ties, cultural and political influences, and technical exchanges. The results presented in the first article show that there are many issues that reflect the weakness of the regulatory system in Mali. The coexistence of four scenarios for approving clinical trials illustrates the inconsistency of current mechanisms. As well as the absence of inspection, there is also limited intervention on the part of the government in regulatory oversight. These issues arise from a double influence on the regulatory authorities and ethics committees. First, they are influenced by an institutional environment that is subject to regulatory, cognitive and normative pressures. Second, researchers operate as institutional entrepreneurs by occupying a central role in the field of regulation, and so influence the oversight bodies. In a second article, our study provides a detailed analysis of the factors influencing the regulation of clinical trials, synthesized into five groups that are divided into two spheres of influence. The analysis shows how these factors negatively influence regulation, specifically: 1) there is an incomplete structuring of the regulatory field due to a low degree of interaction, a lack of coordination structure, mutual information and consciousness in the constitution of interdependencies, and 2) the relative positions of the actors involved in the construction of the regulatory field manifests in a weak authority of the government and the domination of research groups. Finally, in a third article we propose some mechanisms that, if implemented, could improve the regulation of clinical trials in Mali. These mechanisms are presented, with reference to the theoretical framework, as three channels of influence, namely regulatory, normative and cultural-cognitive. In conclusion, the study sends a strong signal for the need for appropriate regulation of clinical trials in Mali. It shows that the most fundamental problems in regulation result from a need for restructuring of the organizational field and a strengthening the position of government

Hållbar utveckling är utveckling som syftar till att möta nutidens behov utan att riskera attframtida generationer inte ska kunna möta deras egna. Människans snabba resursförbrukningskapar idag bristvaror som riskerar att ta slut. Internationella organisationer kom under 1970-talet fram till att en god miljö måste prioriteras för att nå samhällelig utveckling ochekonomisk tillväxt. För att hållbar utveckling ska bli möjligt att nå blir det därför viktigt attbalansera ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga aspekter av hållbar utveckling. Med ettväxande samhällsintresse för hållbar utveckling har ett ökat behov av utbildning för hållbarutveckling uppstått. Ekonomer och redovisare har ett stort ansvar i att implementera ett sådantsynsätt i sitt yrke. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till ökad förståelse för integrering avhållbar utveckling i svenska universitet och högskolors civilekonomutbildningar medredovisningsinriktning.Vår studie innefattar Sveriges samtliga civilekonomprogram med redovisningsinriktningvilket uppgår till nio universitet och högskolor. För att besvara våra frågeställningar har vivalt att göra en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. En tvärsnittsdesign är ett vanligt inslag iinnehållsanalys och har använts i vår studie då den tar hänsyn till variationen som återfinns ide lärosäten som studeras. Studien har egenskaper av både deduktiva och induktiva inslagvilket resulterar i en abduktiv ansats. En analysmodell har utformats för att säkerställa entydlig definition av hållbar utveckling. Tidigare litteratur och forskning ligger till grund för deoperationaliserade orden som användes för att kategorisera studiens material.Genom att analysera frekvens och fördelning av ekonomisk, social och miljömässig hållbarutveckling bidrar således studien till ökad förståelse för hur svenska civilekonomutbildningarmed redovisningsinriktning integrerat hållbar utveckling. Genomförd studie leder till enslutsats om en obalans mellan de tre aspekterna av hållbar utveckling samt förklarar enharmonisering mellan svenska civilekonomutbildningars innehåll utifrån isomorfismen.Studien påvisar en tonvikt på den sociala aspekten av hållbar utveckling där ekonomiska ochmiljömässiga aspekter integreras mindre. Vi har visat på en relevans för kunskap i ekonomisk,social och miljömässig hållbar utveckling i redovisningsprofessioner. / Sustainable development is a development aiming to meet the needs of today withoutjeopardizing the needs of future generations. The fast consumption creates a lack of resources,risking to completely run out. International organizations discovered during the 1970`s that ahealthy environment needs to be prioritized to reach a societal development and an economicgrowth. To be able to reach sustainable development a balance between economic, social andenvironmental aspects of sustainable development is necessary. With a growing societalinterest for sustainable development a growing need of right education has emerged.Economists and accountants have a great responsibility in the implementation of a sustainableapproach in their professions. The aim of this study is to contribute with a greaterunderstanding for the integration of sustainable development in the Swedish programs ofMaster of Science in Business and Economics with major in accounting.Our study includes all of the nine programs of Master of Science in Business and Economicsof Sweden with major in accounting. To answer our research questions we have chosen toimplement a quantitative content analysis. A cross-sectional design is a common element incontent analysis and has been used to consider the variation of our selection. An abductiveapproach has been applied. An analytical model has been designed to secure a clear definitionof sustainable development. Previous literature and research has developed theoperationalized words of the four categories to be used in the study.By analyzing the frequency and distribution of economic, social and environmentalsustainable development our study contributes to a greater understanding for the integration ofsustainable development in the programs of Master of Science in Business and Economics ofSweden with major in accounting. The accomplished study leads to the conclusion of anunbalance between the three aspects of sustainable development. It also explains aharmonization of the content in the programs of Master of Science in Business andEconomics of Sweden by implementing an isomorphistic perspective. The result of the studyemphasizes the societal aspect of sustainable development where economic andenvironmental aspects of sustainable development are less integrated. We have proven arelevance of knowledge in economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainabledevelopment in the accounting profession.This paper is written in Swedish.

The main objective of this case study is to understand how organizational values of a family business are influenced – or are the outcome of – the interactions between the controlling family, their employees, and the social context by which they are surrounded. To investigate this topic a case study research design was applied and a family-owned and -managed Aquatic Center was selected as the company in focus. First, the organizational values were determined through the application of semi-structured interviews and observations. The units of analysis for the case study were the Top Management Team (TMT) and the employees of the organization. The former is composed by three members of the controlling family and the latter by the employees who are in most contact with the TMT and the clients of the Aquatic Center. After the Thematic Analysis of the empirical data eight organizational values were identified. These organizational values, along with excerpts from the interview, were analyzed from a Neo-Institutionalist lens and three meaning systems were identified to be influencing the organization and its structures. These three meaning systems were labeled as (1) Swimming the Sport; (2) Health Club Business; and (3) The Owning Family. The set of rules, enforcement mechanisms, and effects that these three meaning systems have on the overall organization were also defined.