O fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) tem sido considerado o principal indutor da angiogênese tumoral por sua ligação a receptores específicos tirosina-quinase presentes nas células endoteliais (VEGFR). Uma importante via reguladora da angiogênese é caracterizada pela ligação do VEGF ao seu receptor VEGFR-2 ativando a via de sinalização de PI3-K, que estimula a expressão da proteína antiapoptótica Bcl-2 elevando a expressão de citocinas pró-angiogênicas CXCL-8 e CXCL-1, o que resulta na proliferação de células endoteliais. Recentemente, foi descoberta uma droga com ação antiangiogênica denominada de PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK), que se mostrou um potente inibidor do receptor tirosina-quinase de VEGF, sem aparente efeito citotóxico em células que não expressam esses receptores. Visando a melhor compreensão do mecanismo de ação e da via de atuação antiangiogênica VEGF/VEGFR do PTK/ZK nos carcinomas espinocelulares de cabeça e pescoço, foram desenvolvidos estudos in vitro e in vivo avaliando-se a expressão de Bcl-2, CXCL-8 e CXCL-1. No presente estudo foi utilizado um modelo experimental de angiogênese humana em camundongos imunodeprimidos que receberam co-implantes de células tumorais e endoteliais ou apenas células endoteliais, tratados com administração oral de PTK/ZK por 21 dias. A progressão tumoral nos animais foi avaliada por meio de imagem de bioluminescência. Após o sacrifício dos camundongos, os implantes foram incluídos em parafina sendo obtidos cortes de 3µm para análise da densidade vascular e de 7µm para a técnica de microdissecção a laser visando a avaliação de RNA por meio de RT-PCR e PCR em tempo real nas células malignas e endoteliais. Concomitantemente, experimentos in vitro de co-cultura de células tumorais e endoteliais foram realizados para a análise de expressão de Bcl-2, CXCL-8 e CXCL-1 avaliados por meio de RT-PCR, Western Blot e teste ELISA. Os resultados demonstraram uma redução importante da expressão de Bcl-2, bem como de CXCL-8, em células endoteliais in vitro e in vivo quando tratados com PTK/ZK. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa na densidade vascular nos implantes dos animais tratados com o medicamento. Estes resultados reforçam a ação antiangiogênica do PTK/ZK nas células endoteliais sugerindo uma provável via de sinalização na qual a redução da expressão da proteína antiapoptótica Bcl-2 causou uma diminuição da expressão da molécula pró-angiogênica CXCL-8, o que resultou numa menor densidade vascular e, conseqüentemente, menor crescimento tumoral. Conclui-se, portanto, que o PTK/ZK mostrou ser um medicamento antiangiogênico eficaz que poderá, no futuro, ser utilizado como terapêutica adjuvante nos pacientes portadores de carcinomas espinocelulares de cabeça e pescoço / The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) has been considered the most important mediator in inducing tumor angiogenesis. It binds to specfic receptors known as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR). An important pathway for angiogenesis is VEGF binding to VEGFR-2 and through PI3-K stimulates expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, inducing expression of proangiogenic cytokines CXCL-8 and CXCL-1, resulting in endothelial cell proliferation. A recently developed antiangiogenic drug is PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK), a potent tyrosine kinase VEGFR inhibitor, without aparent cytotoxic effect on cells without expression of these receptors. For the better understanding of this mechanism and the angiogenic VEGF/VEGFR pathway of PTK/ZK in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, it was developed in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating Bcl-2, CXCL-8 and CXCL-1 expression. A human angiogenesis experimental model was used in immunodeficient mice that received implants of tumor and endothelial cells or endothelial cells only, treated with PTK/ZK orally administered during 21 days. Tumor progression was evaluated by bioluminescence imaging. After mice sacrifice, the implants were paraffin embedded and 3µm sections were obtained for microvessel density analisis and 7µm sections for tumor and endothelial cells RNA retrieving by laser microdissection and analyzed by RT-PCR and Real time PCR. In vitro studies with co-culture of tumor and endothelial cells were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western Blot and ELISA to evaluate Bcl-2, CXCL-8 and CXCL-1 expression. The in vitro and in vivo results showed important downregulation of Bcl-2 as well as CXCL-8 expression in endothelial cells when treated with PTK/ZK. In addition, it was observed a significant reduction of microvessel density in implants of animals treated with the drug. These results suggest that the antiangiogenic mechanism of PTK/ZK on endothelial cells seems to occur by downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression leading to downregulation of pro-angiogenic CXCL-8, resulting in less tumor growth. In conclusion, PTK/ZK seems to be an efficient antiangiogenic drug for future adjuvant therapy of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) determinar a eficácia da transferência gênica do vetor de adenovírus sorotipo 5, carreando o gene do receptor do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) solúvel humano (sVEGFR1) para a glândula lacrimal (GL); 2) investigar se a expressão de sVEGFR1 interfere na neovascularização da córnea (NVC), induzida por queimadura alcalina; 3) avaliar a segurança do procedimento. Métodos: Trinta e dois ratos Wistar foram submetidos à queimadura central da córnea direita com solução de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) 1 M. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos e injetados diretamente em sua GL direita 25 ?l de vetores virais AdVEGFR1 (1x1010 pfu) (12 animais), 25 ?l do vetor AdNull (1x1010pfu) (10 animais), ou 25 ?l de solução salina (Controle). Após sete dias, a NVC foi observada e fotografada na lâmpada de fenda. A secreção lacrimal foi medida com fenol. A presença do sVEGFR1 na GL foi testada por qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) e a coloração, por imunofluorescência. O qPCR foi também utilizado para comparar o RNA mensageiro (RNAm) de ilterleucina-1beta (IL-1?), ilterleucina-6 (IL-6) e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-?) na GL e no gânglio do trigêmeo (GT). Resultados: O vetor AdVEGFR1 transfectou 83% dos ratos. O sVEGFR1 estava presente nas células acinares da GL. A NVC foi prevenida em nove de doze animais do grupo AdVEGFR1, em comparação com o grupo Ad-Null (3:10) e o grupo Controle (1:10) (p=0,0317). A secreção lacrimal e o RNAm das citocinas na GL e no GT foram semelhantes nos três grupos (p>0,05). Conclusões: A transferência gênica do vetor adenoviral para a GL demonstrou expressão local do sVEGFR1 humano, e evitou a NVC na maioria dos olhos expostos a queimaduras alcalinas, se mostrando seguro para a estrutura e função da GL. / Purpose: The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the efficacy of adenovirus vector serotype 5 (Ad) encoding human soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFR1) gene transfer to the lacrimal gland (LG); 2) to investigate whether expression of sVEGFR1 acts in corneal neovascularization (CNV), induced by alkali burn and; 3) to evaluate the safety of the procedure. Methods: AdVEGFR1viral vectors (25 ?l, 1x1010pfu) were injected in the right LG of rats and compared with AdNull vector (25 ?l, 1x1010pfu) or 25?l saline (Control) before cornea alkali burn with 1 M NaOH. After seven days, CNV was observed and photographed in the slit lamp. Tear secretion was measured with phenol red thread. The animals were tested for human VEGFR1 mRNA and protein in the LG by qPCR and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. qPCR was also used to compare the mRNA of IL-1?, IL-6, and TNF-? in LG and ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion (TG). Results: Ad-VEGFR1 transfected 83% of the rats. VEGFR1 was present in LG acinar cells. CNV was prevented in 9 of 12 animals of Ad-VEGFR1 group, compared to Ad-Null (3:10) and Control (1:10) (p=0.0317). The tear secretion and the cytokines mRNA in LG and TG were similar all three groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Adenoviral vector gene transfer to LG as the has shown local expression of human sVEGFR1, as It prevented CNV in most of the eyes exposed to alkali burn and was safe for LG structure and function.

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

The role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and processing conditions of biodegradable polymer scaffolds has been investigated to optimize engineering vascular constructs. For a small diameter vascular construct, uniform 10 mm thickness of highly porous scaffolds were developed using a computer-controlled knife coater and exploiting phase transition properties of salts. The comparative study of fast vs. slow degrading three-dimensional scaffolds using a fast degrading poly D, L-lactic-glycolic acid co-polymer (PLGA) and a slow degrading poly e-caprolactone (PCL) indicated that fast degradation negatively affects cell viability and migration into the scaffold in vitro and in vivo, which is likely due to the fast polymer degradation mediated acidification of the local environment. MMP-9 was crucial for collagen remodeling process by smooth muscle cells (SMC). MMP-9 deficiency dramatically decreased inflammatory cell invasion as well as capillary formation within the scaffolds implanted in vivo. This study reports that the angiogenic response developed within the scaffolds in vivo was related to the presence of inflammatory response. Combinatorial polymer libraries fabricated from blended PLGA and PCL and processed at gradient annealing temperatures were utilized to investigate polymeric interactions with SMC. Surface roughness was also found to correlate with SMC adhesion. SMC aggregation, proliferation, and protein production, were highest in regions that exhibited increased surface roughness, reduced hardness, and decreased crystallinity of the PCL-rich phases. This study revealed a previously unknown processing temperature and blending compositions for two well-known polymers, which optimized SMC interactions.

Current therapeutic strategies to stimulate endogenous angiogenic processes within injured tissue areas are typically based on introducing exogenous pro-angiogenic molecules or cell populations. Stem cell transplantation for angiogenic therapy aims to deliver populations of cells that secrete angiogenic factors and/or engraft in the new branching vasculature within the damaged tissue. Utilizing stem or progenitor cells has been shown to induce a rather robust angiogenic response despite minimal repopulation of the host vasculature, suggesting that stem cells may provide paracrine factors that transiently induce endogenous angiogenesis of tissues undergoing regeneration. Early differentiating embryonic stem cell (ESC) aggregates, referred to as embryoid bodies (EBs), can undergo vasculogenic differentiation, and also produce extracellular matrix and growth factors that induce proliferation, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis. Taken together, the ESC extracellular environment may be an effective means by which to manipulate cell behavior. Thus, the objective of this project was to harness morphogens derived from ESCs undergoing differentiation and analyze their bioactive potential. To examine the expression of extracellular factors within EBs, gene expression arrays in conjunction with a variety of analytical tools were utilized to gain an understanding of the importance of extracellular factors in ESC differentiation. Furthermore, the soluble fraction of secreted factors contained within EB-conditioned media was compared to the matrix-associated factors produced by EBs, which led to the development of novel ESC-derived matrices via mechanical acellularization methods. Acellular embryonic stem cell-derived matrices demonstrated the retention of bioactive factors that impacted aspects of angiogenesis. In conclusion, extracellular factors were modulated in response to the progression of EB differentiation and can further be harnessed via acellularization techniques, in order to deliver bioactive ESC-secreted factors in a cell-free manner.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 147-164.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 19, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-135).

Neovascularization, or the formation of blood vessels, is important in both normal physiological processes as well as pathophysiological processes. The main players in neovascularization, endothelial cells (EC), are highly influenced by hemodynamic shear stress and this may play an important role in neovascularization. Two typical types of shear stress found in the vascular system are a unidirectional laminar shear stress (LS) found in straight regions and a disturbed, oscillatory shear stress (OS) found at branches or curves. At the cellular level, LS is thought to promote EC quiescence whereas OS is thought to promote EC dysfunction. Oscillatory sheared EC are pro-proliferative, pro-migratory, and secrete growth factors, all functions important in neovascularization. There are several diseases that involve both disturbed shear stress and neovascularization, such as atherosclerosis, aortic valve disease, and occlusive vascular disease. In these pathophysiological scenarios fluid shear stress may provide a driving force for neovascularization. Therefore, we hypothesized that oscillatory shear stress promotes greater neovascularization compared to unidirectional laminar shear stress through the secretion of angiogenic factors, which play a physiological role in neovascularization in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we first performed tubule formation and migration assays, two important functions in neovessel formation. We found that OS promotes greater tubule formation and migration of EC as compared to LS and this was mediated through secreted factors. Using gene and protein array analysis, we identified Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) as being upregulated by OS compared to LS in EC. We found that inhibiting Ang2 blocked OS-mediated tubule formation and migration and that LS-inhibited tubule formation could be rescued by addition of Ang2. In addition, Ang2 was found to be upregulated at sites of disturbed flow in vivo, implicating a physiological role for Ang2. To further investigate the physiological role of Ang2 in neovascularization, we examined the effects of inhibiting Ang2 in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia, which involves both disturbed flow and neovascularization. We found that Ang2 was upregulated in the ischemic adductor muscle suggesting that it plays a role in recovery during hindlimb ischemia. In addition, we found that inhibiting Ang2 decreased blood flow recovery. Ang2 inhibition resulted in decreased smooth muscle cell coverage of vessels as well as decreased macrophage infiltration. These findings suggest that Ang2 promotes blood flow recovery through the recruitment of smooth muscle cells and formation of collaterals, as well as the recruitment of macrophages that secrete important growth factors and help degrade the extracellular matrix in order for neovascularization to occur. In conclusion, this work illustrates the shear stress regulation of neovessel formation through the expression of Ang2, and the role of Ang2 in neovascularization in vivo. By understanding how angiogenic factors are regulated and what role they play in vivo, we can better understand human disease and develop important therapeutic targets.