La maladie d'Alzheimer est la forme de démence la plus répandue au monde. Dans cette maladie, la toxicité est, entre autres, causée par l’interaction entre les oligomères du peptide Aß et la protéine prion cellulaire (PrP[indice supérieur C]). Étant ancrée à la membrane plasmique, PrP[indice supérieur C] doit passer dans la voie de sécrétion cellulaire où elle peut subir un clivage endoprotéolytique nommé clivage ?. Ce clivage libère dans le milieu extracellulaire un fragment N-terminal de PrP[indice supérieur C] nommé PrPN1. Un domaine hydrophobe de PrP[indice supérieur C] est indispensable au clivage ? ainsi qu’à sa dimérisation, mais l’effet de la dimérisation de PrP[indice supérieur C] sur le clivage ? n'a toujours pas été vérifié. À la membrane plasmique, PrP[indice supérieur C] peut également être relâché (shed PrP[indice supérieur C]). Une des fonctions attribuées aux formes sécrétées de PrP[indice supérieur C] (PrPN1 et shed PrP[indice supérieur C]) est d’inhiber la toxicité causée par les oligomères de Aß dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. En effet, plusieurs évidences in vitro montrent le potentiel neuroprotecteur de rPrPN1 et de rshed PrP[indice supérieur C] contre des oligomères de Aß synthétiques. Par contre, aucunes évidences physiologiques ne confirment le potentiel neuroprotecteur des formes sécrétées de PrP[indice supérieur C] contre Aß. De plus, il n'existe toujours aucunes évidences in vivo de l’interaction entre les formes sécrétées de PrP[indice supérieur C] et Aß. Ma première étude a permis de démontrer que la dimérisation de PrP[indice supérieur C] dans la voie de sécrétion cellulaire augmente son transport vers la membrane plasmique. Le transport accru de PrP[indice supérieur C] à travers la voie de sécrétion cellulaire se traduit par une augmentation de la sécrétion de PrPN1 et shed PrP[indice supérieur C]. L'augmentation des formes sécrétées de PrP[indice supérieur C] sous des conditions de dimérisation permet de réduire significativement la toxicité causée par Aß in cellulo. Ces résultats sont particulièrement intéressants puisqu’ils ouvrent la voie à une thérapie axée sur l’utilisation de protéines endogènes en l’occurrence PrPN1 et shed PrP[indice supérieur C] contre la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ma deuxième étude a permis de démontrer qu’une interaction physiologique entre Aß et les formes sécrétées de PrP[indice supérieur C] est possible in vivo. Ces interactions induisent un changement conformationnel important et rapide menant à la formation d'agrégats amorphes. In vivo, j'ai constaté que PrPN1 et A[beta] co-agrège dans une fraction soluble au chlorure de guanidinium. J'ai aussi observé que le clivage ? de PrP[indice supérieur C] est favorisé chez les patients atteints de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ces résultats suggèrent que les formes sécrétées de PrP[indice supérieur C], et plus particulièrement PrPN1 issu du clivage ? de PrP[indice supérieur C], sont parties intégrantes d’un mécanisme de défense endogène et inductible contre les oligomères de Aß détournant ces espèces toxiques vers une voie alternative non-toxique.[symboles non conformes]

Since sildenafil's (Viagra®), a phospodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, approval for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction (MED) in the United States early 1998, 274 adverse event reports were filed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 4 Jan. 1998 and 21 Feb. 2001 with sildenafil as the primary suspect of various neurological disturbances, including amnesia and aggressive behaviour (Milman and Arnold, 2002). These and other research findings have prompted investigations into the possible central effects of sildenafil. The G protein-coupled muscarinic adetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and serotonergic receptors (5HT-Rs), have been linked to antidepressant action (Brink et al. 2004). GPCRs signal through the phosphatidylinositol signal transduction pathway known to activate protein kinases (PKs). Since the nitric oxide (NO)-guanylyl cyclase signal transduction pathway is also known to involve the activation of PKs (via cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)), the scope is opened for sildenafil to possibly modulate the action of antidepressants by elevating cGMP levels. It is generally assumed that excitotoxic delayed cell death is pathologically linked to an increase in the release of excitatory neurotransmitters e.g. glutamate. Glutamate antagonists, especially those that block the define NMDA-receptors, are neuroprotective, showing the importance of the NMDA-NO-cGMP pathway in neuroprotection (Brandt et al., 2003). Sildenafil may play a role in neuroprotection by elevating cGMP levels. Aims: The aims of the study were to investigate any neuroprotective properties of sildenafil, as well as modulating effects of sildenafil pre-treatment on mAChR function. Methods: Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y or human epithelial HeLa cells were seeded in 24-well plates and pre-treated for 24 hours in serum-free medium with no drug (control), PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil (100nM and 450 nM), dipiridamole (20 µM) or zaprinast (20 µM), non-selective PDE inhibitor 3-isobutyl-I-methylxanthine (IBMX - ImM), cGMP analogue N2,2'-0-dibutyrylguanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (500 µM), guanylcyclase inhibitor 1H-[1 ,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-I-one (ODQ - 3 µM) or sildenafil + ODQ (450 nM and 3 µM respectively). Thereafter cells were used to determine mAChR function by constructing dose-response curves of methacholine or to determine cell viability utilising the Trypan blue, propidium iodide and MTT tests for cell viability. Results: Sildenafil pre-treatments induced a 2.5-fold increase in ,the Emax value of methacholine in neuronal cells but did not show a significant increase in epithelial cells The Trypan blue test suggests that neither the PDE5 inhibitors nor a cGMP analogue show any neuroprotection. Rather, sildenafil 450 nM, dipiridamole and IBMX displayed a neurodegenerative effect. The MTT test was not suitable, since pre-treatment with the abovementioned drugs inhibited the formation of forrnazan. The propidium iodide assay could also not be used, due to severe cell loss. Conclusion: Sildenafil upregulates mAChR function in SH-SY5Y cells and displays a neurodegenerative, and not a protective property, in neuronal cells. This is not likely to be associated with its PDE5 inhibitory action, but may possibly be linked to an increase in cGMP levels via the NO-cGMP pathway. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), different types of neurons and different brain areas show differential patterns of vulnerability towards neurofibrillary degeneration, which provides the basis for a highly predictive profile of disease progression throughout the brain that now is widely accepted for neuropathological staging. In previous studies we could demonstrate that in AD cortical and subcortical neurons are constantly less frequently affected by neurofibrillary degeneration if they are enwrapped by a specialized form of the hyaluronan-based extracellular matrix (ECM), the so called ‘perineuronal net’ (PN). PNs are basically composed of large aggregating chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans connected to a hyaluronan backbone, stabilized by link proteins and cross-linked via tenascin-R (TN-R). Under experimental conditions in mice, PN-ensheathed neurons are better protected against iron-induced neurodegeneration than neurons without PN. Still, it remains unclear whether these neuroprotective effects are directly mediated by the PNs or are associated with some other mechanism in these neurons unrelated to PNs. To identify molecular components that essentially mediate the neuroprotective aspect on PN-ensheathed neurons, we comparatively analysed neuronal degeneration induced by a single injection of FeCl3 on four different mice knockout strains, each being deficient for a different component of PNs. Aggrecan, link protein and TN-R were identified to be essential for the neuroprotective properties of PN, whereas the contribution of brevican was negligible. Our findings indicate that the protection of PN-ensheathed neurons is directly mediated by the net structure and that both the high negative charge and the correct interaction of net components are essential for their neuroprotective function.

Aβ oligomer-induced neurotoxicity has become an important area of therapeutic development in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been shown to be able to protect neurons against several neuronal insults such as ischemia and HIV1 toxin induced cytotoxicity. These neuroprotective effects correlate well with our previous results that demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of PDGF-BB, one of the PDGF receptor ligand subtypes, against NR2B containing NMDA receptor induced excitotoxicity, a possible underlying cause of Aβ oligomer induced synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. This project examines the neuroprotective effect of PDGF-BB against Aβ1-42 oligomer induced cytotoxicity in both SH-SY5Y cells and primary hippocampal neurons. Cell viability was monitored by MTT assay and the affected signaling pathways were examined using pharmacological methods and Western blotting. The results demonstrated that Aβ1-42 oligomer elicited a dose-dependent toxicity with a sign of saturation at higher dosages, PDGF-BB failed to protect neurons against Aβ1-42 oligomer induced cytotoxicity. In contrast, Aβ1-42 oligomers strongly inhibit PDGF-BB induced mitogenesis in both SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons. Further investigation using Western blotting to measure PDGF receptor expression and phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells showed that Aβ1-42 oligomer can inhibit PDGF-BB induced phosphorylation of PDGF β-receptor on Tyr1021, a site that is crucial for PLCγ mediated mitogenesis. These findings not only explained the poor neuroprotective effect elicited by PDGF-BB against Aβ1-42 oligomers, but also led to a novel hypothesis that Aβ1-42 oligomer may interfere with neurotrophic factor induced neuronal survival, either selectively or perhaps globally. Further exploration on this hypothesis will be able to shed light on this potentially novel mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease.

Adenine nucleotides hydrolysis is an important step of the neuromodulation of CNS and some of its breakdown products are able to protect the nervous tissue against brain injuries. The activity of NTPDase (EC 3.6.1.5, apyrase, CD39) was verified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients without neural inflammatory process under different conditions and in the presence of several inhibitors. The samples were chose considering the low protein levels, normal glucose levels, low leukocyte count and CSF differential count. We chose use the supernatant 1 (S1) for enzyme assay due to the best enzymatic activities in this fraction. The best hydrolyze temperature was 37°C to ATP and ADP. This enzyme was cation-dependent, with a maximal rate for ATP and ADP hydrolysis in pH 8.0 in the presence of 5mM Ca+2. Sodum azide inhibited both nucleotide hydrolysis at concentrations higher than 10 mM. Sodium fluoride inhibited the ATP and ADP hydrolysis at concentrations of 15 mM and 20 mM. The Na+ K+ ATPase inhibitor ouabain, did not affect ATP or ADP hydrolysis. The inhibitor P-type ATPase lanthanum 5mM was ineffective on ATPDase hydrolysis. Suramin (30-300 μM) inhibited ATP and ADP hydrolysis and presented a maximal inhibitory effect of 50% at 300 μM. The results of the present study demonstrated that ATP and ADP hydrolysis from human CSF presented a similar response those obtained from rat synaptosomes. / A análise do líquor é de grande importância para a detecção de desordens neurológicas de diversas etiologias. O ATP junto a seus produtos de hidrólise (ADP, AMP e adenosina) desempenha importantes funções junto ao SNC, as quais envolvem ações neuroprotetoras em doenças de etiologias variadas. O presente estudo tem como objetivos verificar a ocorrência de hidrólise de nucleotídeos da adenina em líquor de pacientes sem doença inflamatória do sistema nervoso. A determinação da atividade enzimática da NTPDase foi feita em líquor humano em diferentes condições experimentais e na presença de inibidores. As amostras foram escolhidas de acordo com os baixos níveis protéicos, valores normais de glicose e contagem celular diminuída. Foi escolhido o sobrenadante 1 (S1) por apresentar melhores atividades enzimáticas. A melhor temperatura de hidrólise do ATP e ADP foi 37°C. Esta enzima é cátion dependente, sendo a atividade de hidrólise ótima do ATP em presença de 5 mM Ca+2 e o ADP 5-7 mM de Ca+2, ambos em pH 8.0. A azida sódica alterou a atividade enzimática do ATP e do ADP somente nas concentrações mais altas deste inibidor da ATPase mitocondrial. A ouabaína, um inibidor da Na+/K+ ATPase não afetou a hidrólise do ATP/ADP. O inibidor de ATPase tipo-P lantânio (5 mM) foi ineficaz na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos. O suramin (30-300 XM), inibidor específico de NTPDase, inibiu a hidrólise do ATP/ADP e apresentou máximo efeito inibitório na concentração de 300 XM. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a hidrólise de ATP/ADP em líquor humano apresentou uma resposta semelhante àquelas obtidas em sinaptossomas de ratos.

A hipóxia-isquemia (HI) é a principal causa de mortalidade no período perinatal e, nos sobreviventes, a incidência de seqüelas neurológicas é elevada. O encéfalo imaturo, altamente susceptível ao insulto hipóxico-isquêmico, é vulnerável a estímulos ambientais tais como o enriquecimento ambiental (EA). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o desempenho comportamental no teste do campo-aberto, reconhecimento de objetos, esquiva-inibitória e no rota-rod, bem como a densidade de espinhos dendríticos no hipocampo, utilizando o método de Golgi, em ratos submetidos à HI e expostos ao EA (1h/dia, 6 dias/semana, 9 semanas). Ratos de 7 dias de idade foram submetidos ao procedimento de HI e divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: controle mantido em ambiente padrão (CTAP), controle em ambiente enriquecido (CTAE), HI em ambiente padrão (HIAP) e HI em ambiente enriquecido (HIAE). Parâmetros comportamentais e morfológicos foram avaliados após 9 semanas de estimulação ambiental. Os dados indicaram que a memória de reconhecimento de objetos foi prejudicada em ratos HI adultos e recuperada após a estimulação pelo ambiente enriquecido; no teste de esquiva-inibitória os animais apresentaramum prejuízo na memória aversiva em animais HI, independentemente do ambiente. Surpreendentemente, no teste do campo-aberto, um maior número de crossings foi identificado nos grupos HI no primeiro minuto quando comparados aos grupos controle. No teste de rota-rod não foram detectadas diferenças entre animais controle e animais HI. Resultados morfológicos demonstraram uma diminuição na densidade de espinhos dendríticos no hipocampo de animais HI, com recuperação pelo EA. A densidade de espinhos dendríticos do hemisfério esquerdo (contralateral à oclusão arterial) obteve os melhores resultados, indicando uma recuperação total do dano hipóxico-isquêmico pelo EA. Os dados dos espinhos dendríticos do hemisfério direito indicaram uma recuperação parcial pela estimulação ambiental nos animais HI. Concluindo, o enriquecimento ambiental foi efetivo na recuperação do déficit comportamental e da densidade de espinhos dendríticos nos neurônios hipocampais conseqüente à hipóxia-isquemia neonatal em ratos. / Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is the main mortality cause in perinatal period and, in survivors, the incidence of neurological disabilities is elevated. The immature brain, highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic insult, is responsive to environmental stimuli, as environmental enrichment (EE). The aim of this study was to investigate behavioral performance in the open field apparatus, objects recognition, inhibitory avoidance and in the Rota-rod apparatus, and dendritic spines density in the hippocampus, using the Golgi technique, in rats submitted to the HI and exposed to EE (1h/day, 6 days/week, 9 weeks). Seven-days old rats were submitted to the HI procedure and divided in 4 groups: control in standard conditions (CTSE), control in enriched environment (CTEE), HI in standard conditions (HISE) and HI in enriched environment (HIEE). Behavioral and morphological parameters were evaluated after 9 weeks of environmental stimulation. Data indicated that object-recognition memory was impaired in HI adult rats and recovered after stimulation by the EE; in the inhibitory avoidance task was demonstrated aversive memory impairment in HI animals, independent of the environment. Interestingly, in the open field task, significant more crossing responses were identified in HI groups, in the first minute, comparing to control groups. No differences between control and HI adult animals were detected in the rota-rod test. Morphological results demonstrated a decreased spines density in the hippocampus of the HI animals, with recovery by the EE. Dendritic spines density from left hemisphere (contralateral to arterial occlusion) obtained the better results, indicating a total recovery effect of the EE on HI damage. Data of dendritic spines from right hemisphere indicated a partial recovery by the environmental stimulation on HI animals. Concluding, environmental enrichment was effective in recovery behavioral impairment and dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons, consequent to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats.

A hipóxia-isquemia neonatal (HI) faz parte da etiologia de diversas patologias neurológicas e é causa de graves sequelas. Os mecanismos patofisiológicos dessa lesão começam com o insulto imediato após a HI e se estendem por dias ou semanas, pelo aumento da liberação de espécies reativas de oxigênio associada a redução da defesas anti-oxidantes e reação glial, sendo a lesão secundária parte crucial no processo que culmina no dano final. A acetilcolina (ACh) é um neurotransmissor do sistema nervoso central (SNC) que parece ter uma importante ação neuroprotetora após a HI. A acetilcolinaesterase (AChE) é responsável pela degradação da ACh, inibidores dessa enzima vêm sendo utilizados para o tratamento de danos neurológicos. Sua ação positiva sobre a HI foi demonstrada em estudos realizados em nosso laboratório, onde a administração do extrato de Huperzia quadrifariata (inibidor de AChE) reduziu os déficits cognitivos e histológicos causados por essa lesão Para avaliar os efeitos das administrações pré e pós-hipóxia de galantamina, inibidor da AChE, no modelo de HI perinatal, ratos Wistar no 7º dia de vida pós-natal (DPN7) foram submetidos à combinação da oclusão unilateral da artéria carótida direita e exposição a uma atmosfera hipóxica (8% de O2) durante 60 minutos. Foram aplicadas injeções intraperitoniais de salina para os grupos Sham e HI+Salina (HIS) e de galantamina nos grupos HI+Galantamina 5 mg/kg pré-hipóxia (HIG5-Pré), HI+Galantamina 10 mg/kg pré-hipóxia (HIG10-Pré), HI+Galantamina 5 mg/kg pós-hipóxia (HIG5-Pós) e HI+Galantamina 10 mg/kg pós-hipóxia (HIG10-Pós). Os grupos Pré receberam galantamina imediatamente antes da hipóxia e os grupos Pós nos intervalos de 1, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia. No DPN45 foi feita a análise do volume das estruturas encefálicas que demonstrou a redução do volume do hipocampo do grupo HIS em relação ao Sham e uma prevenção desse efeito no grupo HIG10-Pré, mas não nos demais grupos. Análises bioquímicas foram feitas no hipocampo ipsilesional 24 horas após a lesão e revelaram: através da citometria de fluxo uma redução na sobrevivência de neurônios no grupo HIS em relação ao Sham que foi prevenida no grupo HIG10-Pré; através de ELISA uma hipertrofia dos astrócitos no grupo HIS que foi revertida no grupo HIG10-Pré e um aumento na atividade da enzima anti-oxidante catalase. O tratamento pré-hipóxia com galantamina foi capaz de prevenir os déficits histológicos, aumentar a sobrevivência celular, reduzir a reação astrocitária e aumentar a atividade anti-oxidante em ratos submetidos à HI. / Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) has a role in etiology of several neurological pathologies and causes severe sequelae. The pathophysiological mechanisms of this lesion start immediately after HI and last for days or weeks, with the secondary injury being a crucial part the process that culminates in the final damage. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system that seems to have an important neuroprotective action after HI. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) degradates ACh and inhibitors of this enzyme have been used to treat neurological damage. Its positive action on HI has been demonstrated in studies performed in our laboratory, where the administration of the alkaloid extract of Huperzia quadrifariata (An inhibitor of AChE) reduced the cognitive and histological deficits caused by this lesion. To evaluate the effects of the pre and post-hypoxia administrations of galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, in the model oh perinatal HI, Wistar rats in the post-natal day 7 (PND7) were subjected to a combination of unilateral occlusion of the right charotid artery and of exposure to a hypoxic exposure (8% O2) for 60 minutes. Intraperitoneal injections of saline in the groups Sham anf HI+Saline (HIS) and of galantamine in the groups HI+Galantamine 5 mg/kg pre-hypoxia (HIG5-Pre), HI+Galantamine 10 mg/kg pre-hypoxia (HIG10-Pre), HI+Galantamine 5 mg/kg post-hypoxia (HIG5-Post) and HI+Galantamine 10 mg/kg post-hypoxia (HIG5-Post). The Pre groups received galantamine immediately before hypoxia and the Post groups in the intervals of 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after HI. On PND45 the analysis of the volume of brain structures showed a reduction of the volume of the ipsilesional hippocampus in the HIS group when compared to the sham and a prevention of this effect in the HIG10-Pre, but not in any other group. Biochemical analysis was performed in the ipsilesional hippocampus 24 hours after the lesion and revealed: a reduction of the number of surviving neurons in the HIS group when compared to the Sham that was prevented in the HIG10-Pre; a hypertrophy of the astrocytes in the HIS group that was prevented in the HIG10-Pre group and an increase in the activity of the anti-oxidant enzyme catalase in the HIG10-Pre group. The treatment with galantamine was able to prevent the histological deficits, increase the survival of neurons, reduce astrocytic reaction and increase the anti-oxidant activity in rats submitted to HI.

A hipóxia-isquemia (HI) é a principal causa de mortalidade no período perinatal e, nos sobreviventes, a incidência de seqüelas neurológicas é elevada. O encéfalo imaturo, altamente susceptível ao insulto hipóxico-isquêmico, é vulnerável a estímulos ambientais tais como o enriquecimento ambiental (EA). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o desempenho comportamental no teste do campo-aberto, reconhecimento de objetos, esquiva-inibitória e no rota-rod, bem como a densidade de espinhos dendríticos no hipocampo, utilizando o método de Golgi, em ratos submetidos à HI e expostos ao EA (1h/dia, 6 dias/semana, 9 semanas). Ratos de 7 dias de idade foram submetidos ao procedimento de HI e divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: controle mantido em ambiente padrão (CTAP), controle em ambiente enriquecido (CTAE), HI em ambiente padrão (HIAP) e HI em ambiente enriquecido (HIAE). Parâmetros comportamentais e morfológicos foram avaliados após 9 semanas de estimulação ambiental. Os dados indicaram que a memória de reconhecimento de objetos foi prejudicada em ratos HI adultos e recuperada após a estimulação pelo ambiente enriquecido; no teste de esquiva-inibitória os animais apresentaramum prejuízo na memória aversiva em animais HI, independentemente do ambiente. Surpreendentemente, no teste do campo-aberto, um maior número de crossings foi identificado nos grupos HI no primeiro minuto quando comparados aos grupos controle. No teste de rota-rod não foram detectadas diferenças entre animais controle e animais HI. Resultados morfológicos demonstraram uma diminuição na densidade de espinhos dendríticos no hipocampo de animais HI, com recuperação pelo EA. A densidade de espinhos dendríticos do hemisfério esquerdo (contralateral à oclusão arterial) obteve os melhores resultados, indicando uma recuperação total do dano hipóxico-isquêmico pelo EA. Os dados dos espinhos dendríticos do hemisfério direito indicaram uma recuperação parcial pela estimulação ambiental nos animais HI. Concluindo, o enriquecimento ambiental foi efetivo na recuperação do déficit comportamental e da densidade de espinhos dendríticos nos neurônios hipocampais conseqüente à hipóxia-isquemia neonatal em ratos. / Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is the main mortality cause in perinatal period and, in survivors, the incidence of neurological disabilities is elevated. The immature brain, highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic insult, is responsive to environmental stimuli, as environmental enrichment (EE). The aim of this study was to investigate behavioral performance in the open field apparatus, objects recognition, inhibitory avoidance and in the Rota-rod apparatus, and dendritic spines density in the hippocampus, using the Golgi technique, in rats submitted to the HI and exposed to EE (1h/day, 6 days/week, 9 weeks). Seven-days old rats were submitted to the HI procedure and divided in 4 groups: control in standard conditions (CTSE), control in enriched environment (CTEE), HI in standard conditions (HISE) and HI in enriched environment (HIEE). Behavioral and morphological parameters were evaluated after 9 weeks of environmental stimulation. Data indicated that object-recognition memory was impaired in HI adult rats and recovered after stimulation by the EE; in the inhibitory avoidance task was demonstrated aversive memory impairment in HI animals, independent of the environment. Interestingly, in the open field task, significant more crossing responses were identified in HI groups, in the first minute, comparing to control groups. No differences between control and HI adult animals were detected in the rota-rod test. Morphological results demonstrated a decreased spines density in the hippocampus of the HI animals, with recovery by the EE. Dendritic spines density from left hemisphere (contralateral to arterial occlusion) obtained the better results, indicating a total recovery effect of the EE on HI damage. Data of dendritic spines from right hemisphere indicated a partial recovery by the environmental stimulation on HI animals. Concluding, environmental enrichment was effective in recovery behavioral impairment and dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons, consequent to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sales_fp_me_rcla.pdf: 1496460 bytes, checksum: 3bb25fd31fee40da768dcbf5aafdb5b1 (MD5) / As neurotoxinas são excelentes ferramentas moleculares para ativar ou bloquear seletivamente diversos componentes do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de mamíferos, incluindo neuroreceptores, neurotransmissores e canais iônicos. O conhecimento das estruturas e dos mecanismos de ação de diferentes neurotoxinas pode direcionar o desenvolvimento de drogas mais eficazes no tratamento de doenças neurológicas. Durante as décadas de 80 e 90, os compostos de baixas massas moleculares oriundos das secreções tóxicas de aranhas e vespas foram alvos de intensa investigação, as toxinas de aranhas Nephilinae, como NSTX-3 e JSTX-3 são exemplos caracterizados estrutural e funcionalmente. Estudos sobre a função dessas toxinas foram realizados in vitro em junções neuromusculares de crustáceos e em preparações de porções encefálicas de mamíferos. Já os estudos realizados in vivo contemplaram a avaliação comportamental de camundongos, usados como modelo experimental, em detrimento dos aspectos bioquímicos da ação de toxinas. Considerando-se a importância da estrutura desses compostos para a ligação a receptores de membrana e a elevada similaridade das estruturas moleculares das acilpoliaminas NSTX-3 e JSTX-3 a proposta deste trabalho foi a caracterização funcional in vivo dessas duas toxinas. Essas toxinas possuem o mesmo grupo cromóforo e uma longa cadeia de poliaminas, que se diferenciam apenas pela presença de um grupo arginil na extremidade da cadeia da NSTX-3. As acilpoliaminotoxinas NSTX-3 e JSTX-3 foram administradas no ventrículo lateral do cérebro de ratos Wistar (icv), e tiveram suas ações mapeadas no SNC pela análise da proteína Fos. A administração icv da NSTX-3 resultou na ativação de regiões encefálicas relacionadas às vias de resposta ao estresse (hipotálamo), controle das emoções (amígdala e tálamo), resposta a estímulos aversivos... / The neurotoxins are excellent tools for the selective activation or blockage of different components of the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals, including neuroreceptors, neurotransmitters and ion channels. The understanding of different neurotoxins structures and mechanisms of action can direct the development of effective drugs for the therapy of neurological diseases. Since the 80 and 90’s, the compounds of low molecular masses from the toxic secretions of spiders and wasps have been one of the main targets of research in this field. The toxins of Nephilinae spiders such as NSTX-3 and JSTX-3 are examples of well known low molecular mass toxins. Studies developed to elucidate part of their actions were performed in vitro both in crustacean neuromuscular junctions and in portions of mammalian brains. Studies were performed in vivo, analyzing mice behaviors upon the effect toxin administration, as an experimental model, in detriment of the action of toxins. Considering the importance of the structure of these toxins for the binding to membrane receptors and the high structural similarity between these acylpolyamines, the goal of this study was to carry-out a comparative functional characterization in vivo of both toxins. They possess the same aromatic group and a long-chain of polyamines, which differ from each other only by the presence of an arginyl group at the end of polyamine chain of NSTX-3. The acylpolyaminetoxins NSTX-3 and JSTX- 3, were administered in lateral ventricle of rats brain (icv), and their sites of action were mapped through the detection of Fos protein. The icv administration of NSTX-3 resulted in activation of brain regions related to response to stress (hypothalamus), emotions control (amygdala and thalamus), respond to aversive stimuli (piriform cortex). Meanwhile, JSTX-3 increased Fos protein in regions of CNS related to memory and learning (hippocampus)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A hipóxia-isquemia neonatal (HI) faz parte da etiologia de diversas patologias neurológicas e é causa de graves sequelas. Os mecanismos patofisiológicos dessa lesão começam com o insulto imediato após a HI e se estendem por dias ou semanas, pelo aumento da liberação de espécies reativas de oxigênio associada a redução da defesas anti-oxidantes e reação glial, sendo a lesão secundária parte crucial no processo que culmina no dano final. A acetilcolina (ACh) é um neurotransmissor do sistema nervoso central (SNC) que parece ter uma importante ação neuroprotetora após a HI. A acetilcolinaesterase (AChE) é responsável pela degradação da ACh, inibidores dessa enzima vêm sendo utilizados para o tratamento de danos neurológicos. Sua ação positiva sobre a HI foi demonstrada em estudos realizados em nosso laboratório, onde a administração do extrato de Huperzia quadrifariata (inibidor de AChE) reduziu os déficits cognitivos e histológicos causados por essa lesão Para avaliar os efeitos das administrações pré e pós-hipóxia de galantamina, inibidor da AChE, no modelo de HI perinatal, ratos Wistar no 7º dia de vida pós-natal (DPN7) foram submetidos à combinação da oclusão unilateral da artéria carótida direita e exposição a uma atmosfera hipóxica (8% de O2) durante 60 minutos. Foram aplicadas injeções intraperitoniais de salina para os grupos Sham e HI+Salina (HIS) e de galantamina nos grupos HI+Galantamina 5 mg/kg pré-hipóxia (HIG5-Pré), HI+Galantamina 10 mg/kg pré-hipóxia (HIG10-Pré), HI+Galantamina 5 mg/kg pós-hipóxia (HIG5-Pós) e HI+Galantamina 10 mg/kg pós-hipóxia (HIG10-Pós). Os grupos Pré receberam galantamina imediatamente antes da hipóxia e os grupos Pós nos intervalos de 1, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia. No DPN45 foi feita a análise do volume das estruturas encefálicas que demonstrou a redução do volume do hipocampo do grupo HIS em relação ao Sham e uma prevenção desse efeito no grupo HIG10-Pré, mas não nos demais grupos. Análises bioquímicas foram feitas no hipocampo ipsilesional 24 horas após a lesão e revelaram: através da citometria de fluxo uma redução na sobrevivência de neurônios no grupo HIS em relação ao Sham que foi prevenida no grupo HIG10-Pré; através de ELISA uma hipertrofia dos astrócitos no grupo HIS que foi revertida no grupo HIG10-Pré e um aumento na atividade da enzima anti-oxidante catalase. O tratamento pré-hipóxia com galantamina foi capaz de prevenir os déficits histológicos, aumentar a sobrevivência celular, reduzir a reação astrocitária e aumentar a atividade anti-oxidante em ratos submetidos à HI. / Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) has a role in etiology of several neurological pathologies and causes severe sequelae. The pathophysiological mechanisms of this lesion start immediately after HI and last for days or weeks, with the secondary injury being a crucial part the process that culminates in the final damage. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system that seems to have an important neuroprotective action after HI. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) degradates ACh and inhibitors of this enzyme have been used to treat neurological damage. Its positive action on HI has been demonstrated in studies performed in our laboratory, where the administration of the alkaloid extract of Huperzia quadrifariata (An inhibitor of AChE) reduced the cognitive and histological deficits caused by this lesion. To evaluate the effects of the pre and post-hypoxia administrations of galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, in the model oh perinatal HI, Wistar rats in the post-natal day 7 (PND7) were subjected to a combination of unilateral occlusion of the right charotid artery and of exposure to a hypoxic exposure (8% O2) for 60 minutes. Intraperitoneal injections of saline in the groups Sham anf HI+Saline (HIS) and of galantamine in the groups HI+Galantamine 5 mg/kg pre-hypoxia (HIG5-Pre), HI+Galantamine 10 mg/kg pre-hypoxia (HIG10-Pre), HI+Galantamine 5 mg/kg post-hypoxia (HIG5-Post) and HI+Galantamine 10 mg/kg post-hypoxia (HIG5-Post). The Pre groups received galantamine immediately before hypoxia and the Post groups in the intervals of 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after HI. On PND45 the analysis of the volume of brain structures showed a reduction of the volume of the ipsilesional hippocampus in the HIS group when compared to the sham and a prevention of this effect in the HIG10-Pre, but not in any other group. Biochemical analysis was performed in the ipsilesional hippocampus 24 hours after the lesion and revealed: a reduction of the number of surviving neurons in the HIS group when compared to the Sham that was prevented in the HIG10-Pre; a hypertrophy of the astrocytes in the HIS group that was prevented in the HIG10-Pre group and an increase in the activity of the anti-oxidant enzyme catalase in the HIG10-Pre group. The treatment with galantamine was able to prevent the histological deficits, increase the survival of neurons, reduce astrocytic reaction and increase the anti-oxidant activity in rats submitted to HI.