Inledning: Ospecifika behandlingskomponenter är marginellt studerade inom sjukvården. En kommunikationsmodell som påverkar behandlingseffekterpositivt, skulle kunna förbättra behandlade individers hälsa. Syfte: Att undersöka om kommunikationen(neutral/positiv) under en ”behandlingssession” med enbart vila påverkade personers behandlingstilltro, subjektiva (avslappning, muskelspänningar, stress) och objektiva (puls, blodtryck) grad av anspänning, samt om förändring i puls och grad av avslappning skiljde sig åt motpersoner från en tidigare nålbehandladreferenskohort. Metod: Randomiserad kontrollerad experimentell studie. Personer (>18 år) valdes med ett bekvämlighetsurval och randomiserades till positiv(n=60) eller neutral (n=60) kommunikation under en ”behandlingssession” av 30 min vila där behandlingstilltro, anspänningsnivå, puls och blodtryckmättes före och efter. Resultat: Positiva kommunikationsgruppen erhöll högre behandlingstilltro avseende avslappning, muskelspänningar och stress (md, 86, 83,84 mm på Visuell Analog Skala) än neutrala (md 75; p=0,023, 73; p=0,046,70; p=0,003), samt sänkte pulsen mer (m, -6,2 slag) än neutrala (m -3,2 slag; p=0,048). Båda grupperna minskade subjektiv anspänning (p<0,001), utan skillnader (ns) mellan grupperna. Sänkningen i puls, före jämfört med efter behandlingssessionen, var större än nålbehandlade kohortens, m -4,7 respektive m -2,8, (p=0,046). Konklusion: Studien belyser vikten av positiv kommunikation vad gäller tilltro till behandlingseffekter, för att öka dem. Tillsammans med tidigare forskning som visar att personers tilltro till behandlingseffekter gynnar dessa, indikerar det på att ospecifika behandlingskomponenter tycks vara en underutnyttjad potential inom vården som bör studeras vidare.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / In this paper we provide the motivation for a neutral instrumentation hardware abstraction language that is focused on the description and control of instrumentation systems and networks. We also describe the design approach and structure of such a language that meets the needs. The language design is described according to the three roles it must serve: (1) as a descriptive language for specifying and describing the components and configuration of an instrumentation system, (2) as a command language for issuing configuration and data commands to instrumentation hardware and (3) as a query language for requesting the current state of instrumentation hardware.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper presents the description of a new XML-based data display language called Data Display Markup Language (DDML) that can be used as an interlingua for different data display configuration formats. Translation of data display configuration between various vendor- formats can be accomplished by translating in and out of DDML. The DDML can also be used as a vendor-neutral format for archiving and retrieving display configurations in a test and evaluation (T&E) configuration repository.

I investigate the information content in the implied volatility spread, which is the spread in implied volatilities between a pair of call and put options with the same strike price and time-to-maturity. By constructing the implied volatility time series for each stock, I show that stocks with larger implied volatility spreads tend to have higher future returns during 2003-2013. I also find that even volatilities implied from untraded options contain such information about future stock performance. The trading strategy based on the information contained in the actively traded options does not necessarily outperform its counterpart derived from the untraded options. This is inconsistent with the previous research suggesting that the information contained in the implied volatility spread largely results from the price pressure induced by informed trading in option markets. Further analysis suggests that option illiquidity is associated with the implied volatility spread, and the magnitude of this spread contains information about the risk-neutral distribution of the underlying stock return. A larger spread is associated with smaller risk-neutral variance, more negative risk-neutral skewness, and seemingly larger risk-neutral kurtosis, and this association is primarily driven by the systematic components in risk-neutral higher moments. I design a calibration study which reveals that the non-normality of the underlying risk-neutral return distribution relative to the Brownian motion can give rise to the implied volatility spread through the channel of early exercise premium.

Observations of neutral hydrogen (HI) absorption in the central regions of eight active galaxies are reported. These observations represent the most detailed studies of the neutral hydrogen component so far made of these sources, providing information on the HI gas distribution and kinematics on scales of 0.2 arcsec, corresponding to linear scales of tens of parsecs in the nearest galaxies observed. The sample of active galaxies presented here consists of the radio galaxy 3C293, two Seyfert galaxies NGC7674 and NGC7469, and five luminous infrared galaxies; NGC6240, IIIZw35, UGC2369, IR0335+1523 and Zw049.0. In each of these galaxies MERLIN has been used to provide the highest angular resolution observations of the neutral hydrogen content in these sources made to date. In addition to these high resolution HI studies the newly operational Giant Meterwavelength Radio Telescope has also been used to provide arcsecond resolution observations of the HI gas content in two of the MERLIN sources, 3C293 and NGC7674.Against the central few kiloparsecs of the radio galaxy 3C293 both the neutral hydrogen distribution and the radio continuum emission is imaged on linear scales of 150pc. The distribution and velocity structure of the HI gas against this radio galaxy is attributed to two gas structures. One of these gas structures is indicative of quiescent gas lying 10kpc from the galaxy centre and is physically associated with both ionised gas and dust lanes in the galaxy. The second HI velocity structure is situated within 600pc of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) and is observed to form a circumnuclear disc with a velocity gradient of 179km/s/arcsec. This circumnuclear disc of gas is shown to enclose a mass of M_dyn<600pc)leq3.9*10^9(sin^{-2}i) Msolar, where i represents the inclination of the disc. Extremely localised HI absorption is observed against the unresolved nuclei of the Seyfert galaxies NGC7674 and NGC7469. In the case of the Seyfert-2 galaxy NGC7674, it is shown that the HI is distributed within a 100pc of the AGN. Against the unresolved Seyfert-1 nucleus of NGC7469 the HI absorption is thought to either result from quiescent gas in the outer parts of this galaxy or from gas close to the nucleus. The HI absorption distribution in both of these sources is consistent with the absorption arising in circumnuclear dusty tori. Of the five luminous infrared galaxies observed, HI absorption is detected in four cases. The observations of IIIZw35, IR0335+015 and Zw49.0 all revealed unresolved 1.4GHz radio continuum structure against which HI absorption is detected. However, against the prototypical luminous infrared merger NGC6240 extensive radio continuum is resolved and imaged. It is concluded that the radio continuum structure of NGC6240 is consistent with the radio emission arising from both a starburst region and one or two AGN existing in the remnant nuclei of the merging galaxies. Extremely broad HI absorption is detected against the two dominant radio continuum components. The HI gas structure is consistent with a neutral gas disc forming between the two merging nuclei as they orbit around each other.

This essay outlines the problems associated with the history and current absence of a gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronoun in the English language. The combination of the social and grammatical consequences of this language gap results in pronoun choices that are either politically incorrect or verbose. Experts’ attempts to fill this language gap have failed to take root on any widespread basis; but, interestingly, middle school children in Baltimore, Maryland created and started using “yo” as their own gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronoun. Stotko and Troyer’s (2007) study on this development sheds some light on exactly how students use “yo” as a third-person pronoun and proposes some theories regarding the origin of this change in language. This spontaneously produced gender-neutral pronoun has gained as much recognition as many gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronouns proposed by linguistic experts, perhaps as a result of children’s unique understanding of and ability to create language. This recent development indicates that common English speakers will likely spontaneously generate a solution to the current pronoun gap, although this will probably take some time to occur.

We studied the global climatology of mid- and low-latitude F region daytime neutral winds using extensive measurements by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) instrument on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Quiet-time winds are mostly poleward and westward during the day, and are generally 5-20 m/s smaller in the longitudinal sector closest to the magnetic pole, compared to longitudinally averaged winds. The pre-noon zonal winds are less westward with increasing solar flux, while the post-noon meridional winds are less poleward . Our quiet-time results are in good agreement with the NCAR ThermosphereIonosphere- Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). We computed residual winds by subtracting quiet-time values calculated along the satellite orbit, which effectively removes average measurement bias. Using these residuals, we studied the average change in the winds under disturbed conditions. The zonal disturbance winds are mostly westward, increase with latitude, and have largest values in the late afternoon sector. In general, the meridional perturbation winds are equatorward, increase linearly with latitude, and decrease from morning to afternoon hours. The zonal and meridional perturbations increase roughly linearly with Kp. We developed empirical analytical models for the disturbance winds from 60° to the equator; these model winds are in poor agreement with results from the empirical Horizontal Wind Model. There are also important discrepancies between the average perturbations winds from WINDII and TIEGCM. We studied the average time-dependent development of disturbance winds during geomagnetic storms. The onset of a storm is characterized by equatorward surges, mostly in the morning sector, that reach the equator in about 2 h. These surges lessen 5-6 h after the onset of a storm, but subsequently increase, reaching their largest values about 15 h after the start of the storm before leveling off or diminishing. Following the end of typical storms, the disturbance winds decrease quickly but oscillate for at least one 8-9 h cycle. We developed time-dependent analytical models of the disturbance winds as a function of the polar cap index at key storm time lags. Our results are consistent with predictions from theoretical models. (146 pages)

One of the intriguing features of the F-region ionosphere are anomalous evening enhancements of the electron density over certain mid-latitude sites. The most prominent example of this enhancement is the Weddell Sea Anomaly. Although the evening anomalies have been known for several decades, their generation mechanisms are still under debate and their accurate modeling remains a challenge. In this dissertation, the role of thermospheric neutral winds in the generation of these anomalies is investigated. Thermospheric winds play an important role in the dynamics of the F-region ionosphere, and, as it will be shown, in the generation of the evening anomalies. However, to date, their reliable estimation remains a challenge. To mitigate this shortcoming, data assimilation models were employed. First, seasonal global maps of F-region peak parameters (NmF2 and hmF2) from COSMIC radio occultation measurements were assimilated into the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements Full Physics (GAIM-FP) model. The model estimates magnetic meridional winds at low and mid-latitudes. GAIM-FP estimated winds were shown to be in good agreement with independent ground-based wind observations. Next, in order to address the role of neutral wind components in the generation of anomalies, a separate, 3-D physics-based Thermosphere Wind Assimilation Model (TWAM) was developed. TWAM is based on an implicit Kalman filter technique, and combines GAIM-FP magnetic meridional wind data with the equation of motion of the neutral gas to provide the climatology of the thermospheric wind components. The neutral wind components estimated by TWAM were also found to be in close quantitative agreement with independent ground-based wind observations, and were shown to accurately reproduce NmF2 and hmF2 over the anomalies. To understand the physical mechanism behind the anomalies, the plasma production, loss, and transport processes were analyzed. It was found that, due to the action of the equatorward wind, the evening density maximum forms at altitudes where the recombination rate is relatively small. It was revealed that at this time and altitude, plasma loss due to transport also weakens. As a consequence, the relative role of solar production increases over the net loss process and the electron density enhancement occurs.

Photoproduction has been used at colliders for decades in order to study hadronic properties of matter. The energy and luminosity of recent and future colliders allow probing also the electroweak sector through photon-photon and photon-proton interactions. At the HERA electron-proton collider, studies of the W boson production provide a stringent test of the Standard Model. At the LHC, photoproduction has to be separated from the overwhelming background of partonic interactions. A powerful ‘tagging’ technique can be introduced by adding special detectors placed far from the interaction point to detect forward scattered protons, usually present in photon-mediated processes. The HECTOR software package was written in order to provide accurate simulation of forward protons trajectories in the LHC beam-lines. These tools have been used in order to study the photoproduction of top quarks via flavor-changing neutral currents. This process is practically absent in the Standard Model, while it appears in some of its extensions. Detection of such a process would thus be an evidence for the existence of physics beyond the Standard Model.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur förskolepersonal uppfattar en användning av det könsneutrala pronomenet hen inom förskolan. Våra frågeställningar är: ”Hur uppfattar förskolepersonalen möjligheten att använda hen som könsneutralt pronomen inom förskolan?” samt ”Anser förskolepersonalen att det finns några användningsområden där det könsneutrala pronomenet hen kan ingå?”. I denna undersökning användes en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod där vi utförde 11 kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med förskolepersonal från fem förskolor. Den inspelade empirin dokumenterades med hjälp av diktafon som sedan transkriberades och analyserades. I studien framkom hur informanterna uppfattade genus och kön på förskolan. Vi tolkade att den uppfattningen speglade informanternas inställning till ordet hen. Undersökningen visade på i hur stor utsträckning förskolepersonalen använde sig av pronomen som hon/han. Vi tolkade att informanterna har utgått ifrån ett biologiskt och heteronormativt perspektiv när de talat om kön och könsidentitet. De uttryckte att de inte gjorde skillnad på "flickor" och "pojkar" och ansåg att de arbetade utifrån ett individperspektiv men istället påvisades motsatsen. Vår slutsats är att informanterna hade svårt att se användningsområden med ett könsneutralt pronomen. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how preschool employees perceive a usage of the gender-neutral pronoun hen within Swedish preschools. Our questions are: ”How do the preschool employees in this study perceive the possibility of using hen as a gender-neutral pronoun within the preschool environment?” and ”Do they think that there are any fields of usage of hen that can be applied in this environment?” This study was carried out with a qualitative method of investigation and 11 qualitative research interviews with preschool employees from five different preschools. The recorded empirical information was documented with a dictaphone whereupon the data was transcribed and analyzed. The study revealed how the informants perceived gender and sex in the preschool environment. We interpreted this perception as a reflection of the attitudes to the word hen among the informants. The results showed to what extent the preschool employees used pronouns like hon/han. We interpreted that the perspective among the informants when discussing gender and gender identity was biological and heteronormative. The informants claimed that they did not make any difference between girls and boys and they felt that they were working from an individual perspective. However, on the contrary, we proved the opposite. Our conclusion is that the informants found it difficult to see the range of application of the gender-neutral pronoun.