The Thornton Biennial: The Kruszka Pavilion: The 29YR Apology document functions as a catalog for the art event of the same name that occurred in November 2004. The catalog features a director's statement detailing the organizational practices of the event as well as a curatorial statement highlighting motivations for the event. In addition the catalog features color plates and statements from the sole participant in the 2004 Thornton Biennial. Selected excerpts: -When writing, I tell myself that I will immediately delete the writing upon its completion. Not so much because I fear its contents or the repercussions of having written it but because it feels too permanent and polarizing if I leave it. A lack of commitment? Maybe. Thinking of it as a lack of commitment seems too easy though, as to say one that cannot decide between soup and salad at lunch in someway lacks dedication to either liquid or solid foods. In this instance "commitment" sounds out of context. Commitment involves significance and ideals. And even if we extend this example to the actual meal and one's decision to eat or not eat lunch it is still negligible as far as commitment is concerned even though we partake in it daily. I don't write daily. On second thought I do. I think there is a point here. Perhaps the question of commitment extends beyond the soup and the writing to the internal reasoning process that is required to actively pursue either of those endeavors. The point I am making here but not articulating very well is that my commitment is to perpetuating a state of neutrality/nullification through somewhat tangential and irrational logic. And again this is incorrect terminology. Another attempt at clarification via art historical means might invoke the erased De Kooning, Beuy's declaration that "the silence of Duchamp was overrated" or Bas Jan Ader's In Search of the Miraculous. The previous attempt at clarification is muddied with personalities, it is perhaps better to say that I am committed to the idea of the disappearing act, the entire act. The rabbit is on stage and then the rabbit disappears and then the not knowing whether or not the rabbit will reappear. And still this is flawed because it is reduced to illusion. Another difficult realization, I am committed to language but I do not trust language. - A final interpretation, a trusted colleague commented that the Thornton Biennial sounds akin to a movie about saving the orphanage. He referenced several Hollywood storylines that involve characters going to extraordinary and often bizarre measures to save their cherished institutions. I was sold. It fit too perfectly; the corn syrup and cheese reserved for stories about rural villages. At this point it is difficult to ascertain where the imitation occurs with art or with life. Nevertheless, the theory has substance. It is the most popular reasoning among the local population. In The Chit Chat Cafe or Dave's Bar and Grill there are frequent discussions of plans to "push a few breaths" into the body of the barely conscious town. The rational conversations commonly move back and forth from reinvigorating the farm economy to finding ways to import young professionals and families. Fairly regularly though, out of des- peration and/or great hope, residents make wild suggestions and proclamations. Thornton now has five times the water they need and a contemporary art fair. -Jordo. I'm sorry that fourteen and fifteen year old girls can be such cruel bitches. I'm sorry I can't destroy them for you. Instead, I will try provide you with devious plans for revenge as they become available to me. I miss you and regret being gone. I apologize for disappearing. Thanks for helping me out. Love, Ethan

<p>Reading the daily financial news, it becomes quite obvious that hedge funds are receiving huge attention by financial analysts and politicians. Many people fear the influence of hedge funds on single companies as well as on the global economy.</p><p>This study does not judge the behavior of hedge funds. Instead, it focuses on the nature of hedge funds and their mystique image. Especially the common view of their market neutral performance is of interest, which is theoretically achieved through the use of derivatives and short positions. In this thesis the feature of market neutrality is investigated in depth, since it can improve the overall performance of investors’ portfolios in bull as well as in bear markets through diversification effects.</p><p>Therefore the hedge funds and their environment, the capital markets, are examined from an academically point of view by emphasizing on the following research questions:</p><p>1. Are hedge funds performing market neutral in bull and bear markets?</p><p>2. To what extent should they be included in optimal risky portfolios according to Modern Portfolio Theory and advanced performance measurement tools, considering their degree of market neutrality?</p><p>This study is based on extensive knowledge of financial and econometric theories. Capital market theories, modern portfolio theory, hedge fund data and econometric knowledge about time series analysis build the basis for further investigations and are necessary to understand the characteristics of hedge funds and hedge fund data.</p><p>In order to be able to deal with the shortcomings of hedge fund data, an analytical framework for the preparation of data is created that enables the authors to start with the analysis of these questions. The framework is applicable to all kinds of hedge funds presented in this thesis and enables the reader to test further hedge fund classes by himself.</p><p>In a quantitative study the created framework is applied to 2160 hedge funds of Barclays Hedge Fund Database, which builds the basis for analyzing market neutrality. Further input for the portfolio optimization consists of 19 hedge fund indices, which were provided by the Greenwich Alternative Investment Hedge Fund Database and 4 benchmark indices for the stock and bond market.</p><p>The analysis consists of two different parts. For the first research question various correlation and return matrices are constructed, which shall provide information about market neutrality of hedge funds. A correlation matrix also serves as important input for the portfolio analysis and therefore builds the basis for the analysis of the second research question. This shall provide some fundamental recommendations about the weighting of diverse hedge fund classes in optimal risky portfolios.</p><p>The conducted analysis demonstrated clearly the following findings:</p><p>1. Market neutrality has to be rejected for most hedge fund strategies. It is only attainable through strategies, which focus more on arbitrage and/or the bond market and therefore seems to be more a by-product than an actually provoked feature.</p><p>2. Only two strategies, equity short and convertible arbitrage, managed to beat the benchmark and to improve the overall performance of the portfolio when taking the specific return distribution of hedge funds into account.</p>

Reading the daily financial news, it becomes quite obvious that hedge funds are receiving huge attention by financial analysts and politicians. Many people fear the influence of hedge funds on single companies as well as on the global economy. This study does not judge the behavior of hedge funds. Instead, it focuses on the nature of hedge funds and their mystique image. Especially the common view of their market neutral performance is of interest, which is theoretically achieved through the use of derivatives and short positions. In this thesis the feature of market neutrality is investigated in depth, since it can improve the overall performance of investors’ portfolios in bull as well as in bear markets through diversification effects. Therefore the hedge funds and their environment, the capital markets, are examined from an academically point of view by emphasizing on the following research questions: 1. Are hedge funds performing market neutral in bull and bear markets? 2. To what extent should they be included in optimal risky portfolios according to Modern Portfolio Theory and advanced performance measurement tools, considering their degree of market neutrality? This study is based on extensive knowledge of financial and econometric theories. Capital market theories, modern portfolio theory, hedge fund data and econometric knowledge about time series analysis build the basis for further investigations and are necessary to understand the characteristics of hedge funds and hedge fund data. In order to be able to deal with the shortcomings of hedge fund data, an analytical framework for the preparation of data is created that enables the authors to start with the analysis of these questions. The framework is applicable to all kinds of hedge funds presented in this thesis and enables the reader to test further hedge fund classes by himself. In a quantitative study the created framework is applied to 2160 hedge funds of Barclays Hedge Fund Database, which builds the basis for analyzing market neutrality. Further input for the portfolio optimization consists of 19 hedge fund indices, which were provided by the Greenwich Alternative Investment Hedge Fund Database and 4 benchmark indices for the stock and bond market. The analysis consists of two different parts. For the first research question various correlation and return matrices are constructed, which shall provide information about market neutrality of hedge funds. A correlation matrix also serves as important input for the portfolio analysis and therefore builds the basis for the analysis of the second research question. This shall provide some fundamental recommendations about the weighting of diverse hedge fund classes in optimal risky portfolios. The conducted analysis demonstrated clearly the following findings: 1. Market neutrality has to be rejected for most hedge fund strategies. It is only attainable through strategies, which focus more on arbitrage and/or the bond market and therefore seems to be more a by-product than an actually provoked feature. 2. Only two strategies, equity short and convertible arbitrage, managed to beat the benchmark and to improve the overall performance of the portfolio when taking the specific return distribution of hedge funds into account.

El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio de distintos problemas económicos en los que el diseño de las instituciones afectan de forma significativa los resultados obtenidos. Es un enfoque teórico motivado por problemas económicos relacionados con el diseño de políticas educativas o industriales. El objetivo es comprender los incentivos de los individuos o las empresas al tomar decisiones y la forma en que la regulación puede influenciar tales decisiones. La tesis consta de tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se estudia el papel que las reglas internas a las universidades tienen en la producción de la ciencia y en la formación de nuevas generaciones de investigadores. La calidad de los futuros investigadores afecta el valor de proyectos científicos. En este capítulo se considera que científicos con más experiencia (seniors) influyen en la formación de los científicos con menos experiencia (los juniors). El modelo teórico describe las decisiones de los seniors en dedicar su tiempo a la investigación directa o a la formación de juniors, en el entorno de un proyecto de investigación. La inclusión de un junior en el proyecto mejora los resultados de éste, y la contribución del junior crece con su calidad. Los resultados de asignación del tiempo entre la investigación directa y la formación dependen de las características del proyecto, la preocupación del senior para la formación y la capacidad innata del junior. El modelo realiza un análisis sobre el papel que un regulador puede jugar en la definición del valor de los proyectos y la población futura de científicos independientes. El segundo capítulo analiza el papel que los acuerdos “pay-for-delay” pueden jugar en la estrategia de obtención de patentes de las empresas farmacéuticas de marca. Se considera que las farmacéuticas de marca se enfrentan a la competencia potencial de las empresas de genéricos antes del vencimiento de su patente. El análisis se encuadra dentro en un debate importante: el efecto de la amenaza de los genéricos en las estrategias de innovación, ya que estas conforman el trayecto de mejoras sobre medicamentos de la industria. Para realizar el análisis, se propone un modelo que explicita la decisión de patentar ante la posible entrada de genéricos y teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de litigio como reacción a esa entrada. Una empresa farmacéutica de marca debe decidir bien desarrollar un nuevo medicamento, bien mejorar la protección de un medicamento ya existente. Se muestra que permitir los acuerdos “pay-for-delay” fomenta una mayor entrada de empresas de genéricos y, en algunos casos, llevan a que las decisiones de la marca se desvíen hacia la protección de los medicamentos existentes, en detrimento del desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos. En el tercer capítulo, se desarrolla un modelo de competencia de servicios en línea y contenido. Internet es un mercado donde los proveedores de servicios de Internet (ISP) sirven de plataforma que conecta los usuarios y los contenidos. Se analizan los incentivos de ISP para invertir en la capacidad de la red, bajo un régimen de red neutral y bajo un régimen discriminatorio. Se considera que los ISP tienen diferentes capacidades de red y los proveedores de contenidos (CP) distribuyen contenidos asimétricos. En el modelo los usuarios deciden a qué proveedor conectarse y navegar por uno de los contenidos. Cuando los ISP discriminan los contenidos, los usuarios migran desde el ISP más grande al más pequeño. El resultado que se obtiene del análisis es que cuando los ISP pueden discriminar y cobran una cuota suficientemente alta por el servicio de prioridad, estos tienen menos incentivos para aumentar la capacidad de la red, en comparación con el régimen de neutralidad de la red. / The objective of this thesis is the theoretical study, under different approaches, of topics in political economy and in industrial organization. The purpose is to understand the incentives of individuals or firms to make certain strategic decisions and how regulatory institutions can deal with such decisions. It is composed of three chapters. In the first chapter, it is studied the role that universities have in producing science and in training the new generations of researchers. The quality of future researchers is very important, since this quality affects the value of future scientific projects. It is considered the case where senior scientists influence the quality of juniors. The theoretical model approaches the incentives of senior scientists to either perform direct research or to training juniors, while working in a project as a team, by focusing on the senior’s decision of how much time to allocate to each task. Juniors’ contribution to projects is increasing in their quality. The results of this decision depend upon the characteristics of the research project, the senior scientist’s concern for training and the expected innate ability of the junior scientist involved. Additionally, an analysis is made on the role of a regulator in defining both the value of scientific projects and the future population of independent scientists. The second chapter analyzes the effect that pay-for-delay settlements may be playing on the patent strategy of brand pharmaceutical firms, when these face potential competition from generic firms before brand drug patent expiration. This is part of an important debate since patent strategy shapes the innovation path of the pharmaceutical industry. To perform the analysis, the framework is a model of patent decision under the prospect of generic entry and litigation as a reaction to entry. A brand pharmaceutical firm must decide to either develop a new drug or to improve the protection of an existing drug, when faced with possible entry of a generic. It is shown at allowing pay-for-delay settlements induce more entry of generic drug firms in brand drug markets and, in some cases, direct brand firms' decisions towards protection of existing drugs, in detriment of new drug development. In the third chapter, it is developed a model of competition in online and content services. It is known that Internet works as a two-sided market, where Internet Service Providers (ISPs) serve as a platform that connects users and contents. The analysis evaluates the incentives of ISPs to invest in network capacity under a network neutral regime and a network discriminatory regime, where a tiered service is offered. ISPs have different network capacities and Content Providers (CPs) distribute asymmetric contents. Users decide which provider to connect to and which content to browse. When ISPs prioritize one of the contents, users migrate from the larger ISP to the smaller. The main result is that when ISPs are allowed to discriminate and charge a sufficiently high fee for the priority service, both ISPs have lower incentives to increase the network capacity, in comparison to the network neutrality regime.

This thesis is an attempt to understand the accomplishment and restrictions of present liberalism from the viewpoint of communitarianism. Liberalism (or constitutional democracy) is the representation of the long-term history of mutual influences among political, cultural and economic structures in western civil society. It is not an abstract noun; on the contrary, it represents the result of dialogues among numerous individuals and communities under specific contexts of time and space. Civil society emerges at the same time when individuals depart from the traditional community. Accordingly, there is a qualitative change in the citizenship from active republicanism to passive liberalism. In other words, citizens are no longer interested in political participation, and turn to self-realization in personal matters. On the one hand, it results in a diverse and prosperous society; on the other hand, the positive citizen participation gradually collapses during this process. The phenomenon mentioned above requires us to find an institution or procedure to balance the common goods and private interests. Meanwhile, certain virtues of the citizenry are requisite to maintain the system. If not, no matter how perfect the institution is, it will be threatened by failure. Therefore, in order to promote the virtues of the citizens and to respond to the vigorous individuality and a diverse and prosperous society, constitutional democracy should be taken as the core of our civil education.

This dissertation is mainly anchored in police administrative neutrality. First of all, according to political literature, it analyzes the role of the police when they execute the governance power in a state. Secondly, from police science literature, it explores the reasons the police involve with politics. Thirdly, based on legislative procedure, it analyzes the different opinions a government and legislature have regarding to ¡§civil service administrative neutrality.¡¨ This dissertation also, according to the study of administrative neutrality from foreign administrative law and professors, seeks the criterion of police administrative neutrality. Finally, throughout the previous media reports, it sorts out the police administrative bias and turns it into study material and judgmental source for this thesis. The author discovers three steps to examine police administrative neutrality, and delivers a case study: mass media expose police administrative bias during the police enforcement tasks of the 11th presidential election. 1. Rule of law: to analyze if the police achieves tasks based on law, and due process of law or standard operating procedures. 2. Execution Neutrality: to analyze if administrative discretion is proper and impartial according to administrative principles. 3. Administration Neutrality: to analyze if politics interferes with police duties. If this occurs, it may result in a partial administration. The police symbolize the governance power of a state, and play different roles as government changes. In an authoritarian state, the police are a tool to suppress people against the ruler; in a democratic state, police authority is restricted to a certain level. Lately, political environment and political party change has become normal. The police ought to acknowledge a truth; governments change but administrations remain. To strengthen democratic functions as the police performs duties, they should prioritize public interest, follow rule of law, adopt political policies, assure legality of human rights, maintain equality of political parties, and present the appropriate assistance to people in the specialization area of public order maintenance.

Thesis--Stockholm. / Summary in German. Bibliography: p. 514-517.

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala universitet, 1992. / Abstract and summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 214-220).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1950. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 339-354).

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala universitet, 1992. / Abstract and summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 214-220).