No description available.

<p>PROBLEM DISCUSSION: Vaggeryd is a small municipality Småland. In addition to its</p><p>strategic position along the main traffic route E4, Vaggeryd is very interesting also because</p><p>of its advanced view on growing of the business sector, in both short and long-term per-</p><p>spective.</p><p>To meet that goal the municipality of Vaggeryd started to invest in “Egenföretagareutbildningen”</p><p>EFU in cooperation with Jönköping International Business School (JIBS). The</p><p>main idea is that students attend the courses that are held by JIBS and during their studies start their own business in a local business incubator called Fenix.</p><p>PURPOSE: To host such education requires a huge amount of energy and resources from</p><p>the municipality, which consequently would like to get answers to questions like “Is it worth investing in the education?” or “What are the results of such education?”</p><p>The aim of this paper is to give the answers to those crucial questions though I believe that</p><p>the time that has passed from the beginning of the education is too short and that the</p><p>number of the students was not large enough to get definitive answers.</p><p>This paper concentrates on a narrow part of the qualitative research methods – an inter-</p><p>view. It is divided into two parts, a theoretical part and the empirical findings.</p><p>FINDINGS: The research showed that six students out of a total of ten from generation 2005 started a new venture, three will take over a family business, and one has not decided</p><p>to start a business yet. Of six students in generation 2003 four have started a business and one of them finished in bankruptcy, one plans to start a business in the future and one does not have a good business idea.</p><p>RECOMMENDATIONS: Answers that the interviews returned gave interesting sugges-</p><p>tions to both the municipality of Vaggeryd and JIBS about how to improve EFU. I would</p><p>emphasise two, I believe, the most important recommendations. First municipality has to</p><p>attract neighbouring municipalities in the EFU project. In addition, a greater effort should be made to help students build a spider’s web of business contacts.</p>

PROBLEM DISCUSSION: Vaggeryd is a small municipality Småland. In addition to its strategic position along the main traffic route E4, Vaggeryd is very interesting also because of its advanced view on growing of the business sector, in both short and long-term per- spective. To meet that goal the municipality of Vaggeryd started to invest in “Egenföretagareutbildningen” EFU in cooperation with Jönköping International Business School (JIBS). The main idea is that students attend the courses that are held by JIBS and during their studies start their own business in a local business incubator called Fenix. PURPOSE: To host such education requires a huge amount of energy and resources from the municipality, which consequently would like to get answers to questions like “Is it worth investing in the education?” or “What are the results of such education?” The aim of this paper is to give the answers to those crucial questions though I believe that the time that has passed from the beginning of the education is too short and that the number of the students was not large enough to get definitive answers. This paper concentrates on a narrow part of the qualitative research methods – an inter- view. It is divided into two parts, a theoretical part and the empirical findings. FINDINGS: The research showed that six students out of a total of ten from generation 2005 started a new venture, three will take over a family business, and one has not decided to start a business yet. Of six students in generation 2003 four have started a business and one of them finished in bankruptcy, one plans to start a business in the future and one does not have a good business idea. RECOMMENDATIONS: Answers that the interviews returned gave interesting sugges- tions to both the municipality of Vaggeryd and JIBS about how to improve EFU. I would emphasise two, I believe, the most important recommendations. First municipality has to attract neighbouring municipalities in the EFU project. In addition, a greater effort should be made to help students build a spider’s web of business contacts.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar evidências da aplicabilidade da teoria de effectuation na criação de novos negócios. A teoria de effectuation tenta explicar como acontece o processo de tomada de decisão de empreendedores na criação de novos negócios ou produtos em ambientes de incerteza. Para tal foi utilizado um questionário estruturado aplicado ao fundador de uma empresa situada no município de Picada Café. A conclusão do trabalho é de que existem evidências de que esse empreendedor pesquisado utilizou a lógica effectual na criação desse empreendimento. / The objective of this work is to identify evidences of the applicability of the effectuation theory on new businesses creation. The effectuation theory explains how the decision making process on the creation of new business or products occurs on environments with great uncertainty. For that matter a structured survey was applied to the founder of a company located in Picada Café. The conclusion is that there are evidences that this entrepreneur used the effectual logic on this new venture creation.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar evidências da aplicabilidade da teoria de effectuation na criação de novos negócios. A teoria de effectuation tenta explicar como acontece o processo de tomada de decisão de empreendedores na criação de novos negócios ou produtos em ambientes de incerteza. Para tal foi utilizado um questionário estruturado aplicado ao fundador de uma empresa situada no município de Picada Café. A conclusão do trabalho é de que existem evidências de que esse empreendedor pesquisado utilizou a lógica effectual na criação desse empreendimento. / The objective of this work is to identify evidences of the applicability of the effectuation theory on new businesses creation. The effectuation theory explains how the decision making process on the creation of new business or products occurs on environments with great uncertainty. For that matter a structured survey was applied to the founder of a company located in Picada Café. The conclusion is that there are evidences that this entrepreneur used the effectual logic on this new venture creation.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar evidências da aplicabilidade da teoria de effectuation na criação de novos negócios. A teoria de effectuation tenta explicar como acontece o processo de tomada de decisão de empreendedores na criação de novos negócios ou produtos em ambientes de incerteza. Para tal foi utilizado um questionário estruturado aplicado ao fundador de uma empresa situada no município de Picada Café. A conclusão do trabalho é de que existem evidências de que esse empreendedor pesquisado utilizou a lógica effectual na criação desse empreendimento. / The objective of this work is to identify evidences of the applicability of the effectuation theory on new businesses creation. The effectuation theory explains how the decision making process on the creation of new business or products occurs on environments with great uncertainty. For that matter a structured survey was applied to the founder of a company located in Picada Café. The conclusion is that there are evidences that this entrepreneur used the effectual logic on this new venture creation.

Jag har i denna uppsats studerat makroekonomiska faktorers påverkan på antal registrerade aktiebolag och enskilda näringsidkare i Sverige. Syftet har varit att bidra med variabler som ska kunna användas vid prognostisering av antal nyregistreringar av företag. Jag har valt ut de makroekonomiska faktorer som enligt tidigare forskning inom området, visat sig vara de vanligast förekommande. Studien har gjorts med multipel regressionsanalys med kontroll för multikollinearitet, autokorrelation och heteroskedasticitet. Resultatet tyder på att makroekonomiska faktorer som BNP, arbetslöshet och arbetslöshet inklusive fördröjd effekt samt inflation kan ha ett signifikant samband med antal registrerade aktiebolag. Analysen tyder även på att BNP har ett negativt samband med antal registrerade enskilda näringsidkare. Slutsatsen från detta är att det finns en skillnad mellan vad som påverkar antal registrerade aktiebolag och antal registrerade enskilda näringsidkare. Vidare studier behöver göras för att identifiera fler variabler som kan ha ett samband med antal nyregistreringar och då främst registreringar av enskilda näringsidkare. / This study investigates the influence of macroeconomic factors on the number of newly registered limited companies and sole traders in Sweden. The aim has been to contribute with variables that can be used in forecasting the number of new company registrations. I have chosen the macroeconomic factors which, according to previous research in this area, have proved to be the most common. The study has been done with multiple regression analysis and checked for multicollinearity, autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. The result suggests that macroeconomic factors such as GDP, unemployment, unemployment including delayed effects and inflation can have a significant effect on the number of new registrations for limited companies. The analysis also suggests that GDP has a negative effect on the number of new sole traders. The conclusion of the study is that the factors affecting the number of new limited companies differ from those affecting the number of new sole traders. Further studies are needed in order to establish other variables that can influence the number of new registrations and in particular new registrations for sole traders. / <p>Betyg 170115</p>

Nas décadas de 50 e 60, muitas empresas norte-americanas iniciaram um processo intensivo de diversificação de negócios, principalmente não relacionada, devido à disponibilidade de capital e forte regulação antitruste, atingindo seu ápice no final da década de 60 e gerando o surgimento de conglomerados corporativos gigantes. Nos anos 70, após muitas diversificações mal sucedidas e desinvestimentos, Rumelt (1974) creditou à diversificação relacionada melhores resultados que a não relacionada. Iniciou-se a tendência de retorno à especialização, no entanto se carecia de um modelo que descrevesse como otimizar as diversificações não relacionadas, muitas vezes importantes do ponto de vista estratégico, o que foi contemplado no modelo de Roberts e Berry (1985). Estes autores desenvolveram a caracterização das diferentes alternativas de crescimento bem como em que situações cada qual é recomendada, propondo a seleção de modalidades estratégicas ótimas de crescimento e entrada em novos negócios segundo o grau de novidade e familiaridade com tecnologias e mercados, contemplando assim as escolhas mais indicadas para as diversificações com diferentes graus de relacionamento, incluindo Desenvolvimentos Internos de Produtos e Mercados, Aquisições, Licenciamentos, Internal Ventures, Joint-Ventures, Venture Capital e Educational acquisitions, cada qual mais indicada em função dos fatores críticos da seleção, ou seja, o nível de recursos disponíveis, competências e conhecimento disponíveis nas dimensões de tecnologia e mercado, retorno e prazo de retorno, risco envolvido, aderência estratégica, grau de diversificação almejado e envolvimento gerencial da empresa mãe. No entanto, embora desde então venha sendo recomendado na literatura, os próprios autores recomendaram que o modelo fosse validado em pesquisas de maior abrangência de episódios e em diferentes contextos industriais, já que realizaram o estudo acessando 14 episódios em uma empresa americana com diversificação de negócios. Assim, o objetivo principal do estudo é analisar a validade do modelo proposto por Roberts&Berry, em um universo mais abrangente de pesquisa, para isso realiza-se uma pesquisa utilizando o estudo de casos da Odebrecht Química, com histórico de grande crescimento e diversificação e pertencente à indústria petroquímica brasileira, que representa 8,0 % do PIB industrial do Brasil. São analisados 30 episódios de crescimento e diversificação em profundidade. Identificam-se e caracterizam-se as modalidades de crescimento e entrada em novos negócios da empresa-caso nos últimos vinte anos; verifica-se a adequação destas ao modelo; identificam-se os fatores determinantes da seleção, e identificam-se os fatores críticos determinantes do desempenho destas escolhas. Foram utilizadas entrevistas em profundidade e questionários semiestruturados para a coleta de dados primários e análise documental para a obtenção de dados secundários. Como resultados da pesquisa, verifica-se que os episódios analisados apresentaram forte aderência à matriz de familiaridade de Roberts & Berry, sendo que 87 % dos bem sucedidos se encontravam na modalidade sugerida pela matriz e 100 % dos mal sucedidos se constituíam em modalidades não recomendáveis em face da familiaridade apresentada no momento da seleção. De forma a validar o modelo, acessaram-se os constructos teóricos implícitos na matriz - fatores motivadores da seleção e fatores determinantes do desempenho - com os dados empíricos dos episódios, com o que se conclui pela validade do modelo no setor industrial. Adicionalmente, como refinamento do modelo, propôs-se o enquadramento de novas modalidades não contempladas no modelo original, como fusões e aquisições com integração vertical para trás. Finalmente, analisa-se o caso de parcerias tecnológicas, sugerindo-se o provável enquadramento no modelo, a ser verificado em pesquisas subsequentes. Contribui-se tanto do ponto de vista teórico, trazendo novas evidências sobre a decisão estratégica em empresas de enfoque tecnológico, como do ponto de vista prático, através da avaliação de um modelo de grande interesse empresarial. / In the fifties and the sixties, several American companies started an intensive business diversification process, mainly of the unrelated diversification, in order to face the new environment characterized by capital abundance and strengthen of antitrust regulation issues. This has generated the emerging of giant corporate conglomerates. In the seventies, after a lot of non-profitable diversifications and consequents divestitures episodes, Rumelt (1974) noticed that the companies which had adopted related diversification showed better profit results than those which had adopted the unrelated diversification, and these facts generated a new trend towards the specialization. However, there was a lack of a prescriptive model dealing with the unrelated diversification very important many times for reaching the strategic and long term goals- the one that could describe the best conditions necessary to adopt and optimize the results of these kinds of growth strategies. It was contemplated in the Roberts and Berry (1985) model. These authors presented the characterization of the alternative growth strategies including Internal Product Developments, Internal Market Developments, Acquisitions, Licensings, Internal Ventures, Joint Ventures, Venture Capital and Educational Acquisitions. as well as the optimum situations for selecting each one, according to the relative degree of existing newness and familiarity with technologies and markets, and also depending on the critical selection factors, such as the level of available resources, the abilities and knowledge available in the technology and market dimensions, financial returns over invested capital and break-even time, involved risks, strategic fit, degree of diversification and corporate involvement of the parent company. Although this model has been recommended in the literature since then, its own authors had suggested that it was validated in different industrial contexts and by assessing a wider array of episodes they studied 14 episodes in a diversified American company. Thus, the main aim of the study is to analyze the validity of the Roberts and Berry model in a wider research extension, assessing the empirical data obtained through a case study of a big and diversified Brazilian company, Odebrecht Química, leader in the petrochemical sector, which represents 8% of Brazilian industrial GDP. It analyzes in depth 30 growth and diversification episodes occured in the last 20 years, carrying out the episodes descriptions and characterizations, verifying the adequacy to the model, describing the critical factors for selecting the entry strategies and finally considering the influence of these factors in the performance levels reached. In-depth interviews and a semi-structured questionnaire were used for collecting primary data and document analysis was used for obtaining secondary data. The findings show that empirical data fitted very well to the familiarity matrix, reaching 87 % adherence to the model in the succesful episodes located in regions recommended by the matrix, and 100 % adherence in the incompatible episodes - located in diverse regions recomended by the matrix. In order to validate the theoretical model, the constructs were accessed, as the determinant factors for selecting the strategy and the critical factors of performance. The results allow the conclusion by the validity of the model in the sector analyzed. Additionally, as possible refinements suggested for the model, the inclusion and positioning in the model of the merger strategies and acquisitions with up-stream vertical integration strategies are provided. Finally, a framework to technological partnership strategies is proposed, to be verified in subsequent researches. This study aims to contribute on one hand, from the theoretical point of view, bringing new evidences in the theory of strategic management of technology, as well as from the practical point of view, through the evaluation of a tool for supporting better strategic decisions.

While the introduction of the Internet in the past 20 years has revolutionized the way people manage established firms, little is known about the effects of the Internet on the rate of new firm entry. Since government regulations have been identified to be one of the primary determinants of firm entry rates, this paper uses recent World Bank data on Internet usage to examine whether the Internet has had any effect on the relationship between government regulations and firm entry rates across 78 countries. The primary results show that Internet usage does not appear to have a significant effect on this relationship, but the results from a robustness check between high and low income countries suggest that in high-income countries, the Internet actually increases the burden of one of the main regulations; the cost to register a business.

Atualmente uma empresa não pode contar simplesmente com um bom produto ou serviço, pois a grande concorrência existente no mercado possui bons produtos e bons serviços, todos relativamente equivalentes em tecnologia e preço. Este fato possibilita aos consumidores mudarem de fornecedor pela simples questão de preço, não se opondo em desfazer um relacionamento a qualquer momento, ou manter fidelidade com uma determinada marca ou serviço. Desta forma a conquista de novos clientes poderia ser uma boa opção, se não fosse o alto custo que uma empresa precisa empregar para estas novas conquistas. O cenário atual leva as empresas a focarem suas estratégias na retenção de clientes para poderem obter lucro em suas operações comerciais. O fato é que a retenção de clientes torna-se mais importante que a atração de novos clientes. O Marketing de Relacionamento surge desta nova visão que passa a olhar muito mais para a satisfação das necessidades e desejos dos clientes e não somente a trabalhar com a preocupação da venda de algum produto. Este trabalho tem como finalidade analisar o relacionamento da empresa Casa das Copiadoras com seus clientes, para que através deste estudo possa-se perceber a existência, ou não, de um relacionamento consistente entre as partes e os motivos que levam a sustentação deste relacionamento. Para alcançar os objetivos esperados optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa que tem como característica principal prover a compreensão do problema em questão com maior precisão, identificar cursos relevantes de ação e obter dados adicionais para que se possa desenvolver uma abordagem definitiva da situação-problema. / Nowadays a company can not only count with a good product or service, for competition existing in the market holds good products and good services, all equivalent in technology and price. This fact makes possible to consumers change from suppliers because of prices not opposing themselves to break connections any moment or maintain fidelity with some mark or service. This way conquer new clients could be a good option if it wouldn’t be the high cost that company needs to invest to this new conquests. The present scenery leads companies to focus their strategies to retain clients and obtain profit in their commercial operations. Retain clients is more important than attract new ones. This is a fact. Relation marketing emerges from this new vision that sticks to client’s satisfactions and necessities and desires and not only works the preoccupation to sell some products. This work wants to analyze the relation between Casa das Copiadoras company and its clients for through this study could understand the existence, or not, of a consistent relation between both parts and the reasons that leads to this relation. To reach the wanted objectives a qualitative approach was chosen. Its principal characteristic is to provide the comprehension of the problem identify important directions of actions and get additional data to develop a definitive boarding of the situation problem.