Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T19:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007-Rodrigo Grazinolli Garrido.pdf: 601974 bytes, checksum: 814bbefff5f3e886a2c729be5c43e178 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / About half of planet population depend on rice. In Brazil, this cereal crop is widely spread, and influenced by harsh climate conditions such as Humid Tropics one. In this region, certainly nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient. However, low insolation, acid and highly Al3+ satured soils still endangers the culture. In these soils, ammonium can be the single plant s Nitrogen source for plants. Its assimilatory pathway is economic and fast, although it presents strong integration with C metabolism. This work intended to recognize ammonium assimilation integrated with carbon metabolism. Two rice varieties were used: one adapted to Humid Tropics environment - Piau? - and an improved variety represented by IAC-47, selected under high N levels. Assays were carried on with 26 days after emergency plants, cultivated in Hoagland and Arnon (1950) modified solution with N-NH4 + 0.1 mM and 1.0 mM N-NH4 +. Plasmalem (P)-H+ATPases; vacuole (V)-H+ATPases; vacuole (V)-H+PPases activity as well as glutamine sinthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were analysed. Moreover, it was determined soluble sugars, amino-N, N-NH4 +, total-N, fresh and dry weight, and nutrition solution pH and N-NH4 + variation. Also, seminal root length was measured as well as glycolysis was analyzed through phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity at plants roots tissue. P-H+ATPases activity was higher in IAC-47 roots. On the other hand, at Piaui roots, enhances at microsomal protein were observed, and V-H+ATPases presented higher activity as well as root development was high. This allowed the adapted variety to absorb N like the improved one. However, both varieties accumulated fresh weight in shoots at treatment 1.0 mM N-NH4 + and showed roots/shoots decrease at the same treatment. Moreover, amino N and NH4 + concentration was higher at Piau? shoots under 1.0 mM N-NH4 +. Both Piau? shoots and roots cultivated under 1.0 mM NNH4 + accumulated less soluble sugars. Also, Piaui shoots had higher a+b chorophyl concentration. PFK activity was enhanced at every plant, what accompanied ammonium levels. Piau? plants always presented low sugar oxidation levels. It also seemed to concentrate its sugars. Probably it happened to later availability for grain fullfil. To ensure this, it has high ammonium and amino-N pools. Nitrogen absorbed by 1.0 mM N-NH4 + Piau? seemed to be substrate for GDH-amination, wich activity was superior. Despite this, GDH deamination was high. In this way, Piau? could have GDH activity as an anaplerotic pathway to regulate C skeletons need. Meanwhile, GS increases were observed at IAC-47, toghether with GOGAT increases at 1.0 mM N-NH4 + shoots. IAC-47 assimilated ammonium at GS/GOGAT pathway, wich was fed by glycolysis velocity. These plants would produce constitutive protein, what doesn t mean later grain stock. / Aproximadamente metade da popula??o do planeta depende do arroz. No Brasil, a cultura desse cereal ? largamente difundida, sofrendo a influ?ncia de severas condi??es clim?ticas como ocorre no Tr?pico ?mido. Nessa regi?o, certamente, o fator mais limitante para a cultura do arroz ? a disponibilidade de nitrog?nio. No entanto, ainda pesam sobre a cultura a baixa insola??o e os solos ?cidos com alta satura??o de Al+3. Nesses solos, o am?nio pode ser a ?nica fonte de nitrog?nio mineral para as plantas. Sua assimila??o ? econ?mica e r?pida, por?m, demanda estreita integra??o com o metabolismo de C. Pretendeu-se neste trabalho, reconhecer esta integra??o. Foi utilizada a variedade de arroz Piau?, adaptada ?s condi??es ambientais do Tr?pico ?mido, e a variedade melhorada IAC-47, selecionada sob altos teores de N. Os ensaios foram feitos em pl?ntulas com 26 dias ap?s a germina??o (DAG) cultivadas em solu??o de Hoagland e Arnon (1950) modificada com doses de 0,1 mM e 1,0 mM de NNH4 +. Avaliou-se a atividade de H+ATPases de plasmalema (P); H+ATPases de vac?olo (V); H+PPases de vac?olo (V) e das enzimas glutamina sintetase (GS), glutamato sintase (GOGAT) e glutamato desidrogenase (GDH) respons?veis pela assimila??o de nitrog?nio. Al?m disso, acompanharam-se os teores de a??cares livres, N-amino, N-NH4 +, N-total, massa fresca e massa seca e a varia??o do pH e do N-NH4 + da solu??o nutritiva. Foi ainda medido o comprimento da raiz seminal e o fluxo glicol?tico atrav?s da atividade da enzima fosfofrutocinase (PFK) do tecido radicular das plantas. A atividade das P-H+ATPases mostrouse maior nas plantas IAC-47. No entanto, a variedade Piau? mostrou maior teor de prote?na na fra??o microssomal, maior atividade V-H+ATPases e maior desenvolvimento de ra?zes, o que possibitou uma absor??o de am?nio semelhante ? da planta melhorada. Ambas as variedades apresentaram maior ac?mulo de massa fresca na parte a?rea e decaimento na rela??o raiz/parte a?rea no tratamento com 1,0 mM N-NH4 +. Observou-se ac?mulo de N-amino e NNH4 + na parte a?rea de plantas Piau? no tratamento 1,0 mM de N-NH4 +. Tanto a parte a?rea quanto a raiz da variedade Piau? cultivada a 1,0 mM N-NH4 + apresentaram menor ac?mulo de a??cares sol?veis e maiores teores de clorofila a+b. A atividade da PFK em todas as plantas foi aumentada com os n?veis de am?nio nutricionais. A variedade Piau? apresentou sempre menor oxida??o de a??cares. A variedade adaptada pareceu concentrar seus a??cares possivelmente para disponibilidade em est?dios posteriores de enchimento de gr?o. Para isso, manteve um maior pool de am?nio e N-amino. Houve ind?cios de que o am?nio absorvido por plantas Piau? cultivadas no tratamento 1,0 mM N-NH4 + teria sido drenado pela a??o aminativa da enzima GDH, que se mostrou exacerbada. No entanto, a fun??o desamina??o da GDH tamb?m se mostrou aumentada. Dessa forma, a Piau? poderia ter utilizado-se da GDH como via anapler?tica para regular a necessidade de esqueletos carb?nicos. A atividade de GS foi maior para a variedade IAC-47, acompanhada da atividade de GOGAT de parte a?rea no tratamento 1,0 mM N-NH4 +. As plantas IAC-47 assimilaram o am?nio prontamente a partir da via GS/GOGAT, a qual foi alimentada pela glic?lise acelerada. Essas plantas produziriam prote?na constitutiva n?o aplicando em reservas para o posterior enchimento do gr?o.

The crystal structures of (NH4)2TeBr6 and Ce2TeBr6 have been reinvestigated using X-ray diffraction from powders and single crystals. Three dimensional single crystal intensity data obtained photographically have been used to refine these structures, which are of the cubic K2PtCl6 type, by a full matrix least squares analysis. The Te-Br bond is found to be 2.70* in both crystals after correction for the thermal notion of the atoms. A phase transition in (NH4)2TeBr6 has been observed at about 183°K. Pros an examination of Weissenberg photographs taken at 163°K, the low temperature phase is found to be tetragonal, space group p4/mnc (D64h) with a « 7.501+/-0.005* and c =10.765*+/-0.005*. The transformation in this case is probably similar to that reported in other isomorphous crystals, e.g., K2snBr6. A review of other crystals with similar structure is included in this thesis and the theory of X-ray diffraction as applicable to the present problem is discussed briefly. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

[pt] Os ciclos termoquímicos de decomposição de água relacionados ao enxofre são uma importante classe de processos químicos considerados para a produção de hidrogênio. Recentemente, a decomposição térmica do sulfato de magnésio e sulfato de amônio tem sido relatada como uma potencial operação unitária em um desses ciclos. Portanto, algum interesse tem sido observado no uso de catalisadores para diminuir a energia de ativação de sulfatos que se decompõem em altas temperaturas, como o magnésio e a adição de um agente modificador para facilitar a separação dos produtos no caso de sulfatos que se decompõem em baixas temperaturas como amônio. Neste contexto, a presente tese relata os resultados da modelagem termodinâmica e cinética associada a este sistema de reação na presença de Pd suportado sobre gama-Al(2)O(3). Para o sistema Mg a presença de tais espécies é responsável por deslocar a temperatura de decomposição para valores mais baixos em pelo menos 100 graus C. Observou-se que o teor de magnésio ainda está orientado para a formação de MgO. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o catalisador Pd/Al(2)O(3) pode ser uma boa alternativa na redução da temperatura de decomposição térmica, pois sua presença foi responsável por diminuir a energia de ativação do processo de 368,2 para 258,8 kJ.mol(-1). Para o sistema NH4 pode-se observar que ocorre em quatro etapas e a formação de sulfato de alumínio, sendo a última espécie portadora de sulfato, proporciona a separação do óxido de enxofre liberando-o em uma etapa diferente dos demais produtos gasosos. A presença de paládio pode atuar como redutor da energia de ativação desta etapa, deslocando a temperatura de decomposição para valores inferiores em pelo menos 90 graus C e a reduzindo os valores de energia de ativação entre 12 – 30 por cento abaixo do encontrado na literatura oriundos de modelos gráficos. / [en] The sulfur related thermochemical water-splitting cycles are an important class of chemical processes considered for hydrogen production. Recently, the magnesium and the ammonium sulfate thermal decomposition have been reported as a potential unit operation in one of these cycles. Therefore, some interest has been observed in the use of catalysts to lower the activation energy for sulfates that decompose in high temperatures, as such magnesium and the addition of a modifying agent to facilitate separation of the products in the case of sulfates that decompose into low temperatures as ammonium. In this context, the present thesis reports the thermodynamics and kinetics modeling results associated with this reactions systems in the presence of a Pd supported over gamma-Al(2)O(3). For Mg system the presence of such species is responsible for shifting the decomposition temperature to lower values in at least 100 degrees C. It was observed that the magnesium content is still oriented towards MgO formation. The obtained results indicate that the Pd/Al(2)O(3) catalyst could be a good alternative in reducing the thermal decomposition temperature as its presence was responsible for diminishing the process activation energy from 368.2 to 258.8 kJ.mol(-1). For NH(4) system it can be observed four steps for reactions and formation of aluminum sulfate, as the last sulfate bearing species, provided the separation of the sulfur oxide releasing it in a different step from the other gaseous products. The presence of palladium can act as an activation energy reducer, shifting the decomposition temperature to lower values in at least 90 degrees C and decreasing the activation energy by 12 – 30 percent than that found in the literature.

The aim of the thesis was to prove the efficiency of aquatic plants in removing of water biogens, to produce a list of aquatic plants suitable for this purpose and laboratory verification of the selected plants which were monitored for pH, conductivity, total N, total P, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, plant growth capes and light intensity. Data obtained in experiments by laboratory measurements are processed into a graphic form and there are also available tables of measured values. Experiments were carried out in the classroom and anjanced laboratory building of the M Mendel University in the period from 17.6.2015 to 31.3. 2016. The selected plants for tests became duckweed (Lemna minor) and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Tests were carried out in the length of 7 to 14 days for the duckweed and 7.5 months for the canary. Measured results confirmed the information obtained from other works and verified the results.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the last decades, with progress of the researches and of the knowledge in the area of aqueous effluent treatment, the adsorption became used as an important unitary operation, coming as an alternative important and economically viable in many cases. Before the exposed, the main objective of this work is to study the potential use of the NH4Y zeolite as adsorbent of originating from barium the produced water, through a kinetic and thermodynamic study. The obtained results evidenced that the produced water of the fields of Siririzinho/SE onshore, it is saline and it contains high concentrations of the ions: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate. The pH was close of the neutrality. It was also observed to the presence of the cations barium and strontium in concentrations reasonably high. In a general way, it was observed in the infrared spectra of the incrustation samples, bands compatible with the presence of a mixture of oil residues and of mineral components. The X-ray diffractograms patterns of incrustation samples suggest the presence of montmorillonite, quartz, calcite and barite. In the infrared spectra of NH4Y zeolite, the most predominant bands happened in the range of 1250 to 950 cm-1 and 790 to 650 cm-1, indicating asymmetrical stretching mode (←OTO←) and symmetrical stretching mode (←OTO←), respectively. Through the diffraction patterns of the NH4Y zeolite can observe that the sample consists of material with a faujasite-type structure with high purity. Thermogravimetric curve of NH4Y zeolite presented three main stages of decomposition, and the percentage of residual material zeolite was 72.5%. The obtained curve from the experiment for determining the pH of zero point of charge (pHPCZ) showed that the experimental pHPCZ was 6.07. To study the mass effect on barium adsorption by NH4Y zeolite was observed that the percentage removal increases significantly with increasing mass. Through the results of ion competition, we can see that the presence of other ions (different of barium) in produced water considerably affects its adsorption capacity. The kinetic curves showed that the adsorption capacity increases with contact time and these values were higher with increasing initial concentration. Kinetic models used in this work through the methodologies linear and nonlinear can be noted that the kinetic data best fit to the exponential kinetic model of Avrami. It was observed that the intraparticle diffusion is not the determining factor in the barium adsorption process by NH4Y zeolite. Among the equilibrium isotherms tested the data was best fitted to Sips. The thermodynamic parameters of barium adsorption by zeolite NH4Y calculated by the indirect method of van't Hoff and isosteric data, showed that the process is favored for higher temperatures. We obtained negative values of ΔG indicating that the interactions are spontaneous, entropy values of adsorption (ΔS) tendency to positive values with increasing temperature obtained by the van't Hoff equation, and positive for those obtained by isosteric data, indicating that the process tends to greater disorganization, and finally values of enthalpy ΔH tendency towards positive values with increasing temperature by the van't Hoff equation, and positive for the isosteric data, indicating that in general the barium adsorption by NH4Y zeolite is an endothermic process in nature. Initial tests using real water samples produced showed that the adsorption of barium effluent is less real than those realized in synthetic systems. The adsorption tests were presented as promising for the application of zeolite NH4Y in the oil industry as a secondary method for the treatment of produced water. / Nas últimas décadas, com avanço das pesquisas e do conhecimento na área de tratamento de efluentes aquosos, a adsorção passou a ser utilizada como uma operação unitária importante, apresentando-se como uma alternativa importante e economicamente viável em muitos casos. Diante do exposto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é estudar o potencial da utilização de zeólita NH4-Y como adsorvente de bário proveniente da água produzida, através de um estudo cinético e termodinâmico. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a água produzida dos campos onshore de siririzinho/SE, é salina e contém elevadas concentrações de íons potássio, sódio, cálcio e magnésio, sulfato. O seu pH esteve próximo da neutralidade. Foi observado também à presença dos cátions bário e estrôncio em concentrações razoavelmente elevadas. De forma geral, observou-se nos espectros de infravermelho das incrustações bandas compatíveis com a presença de uma mistura de resíduos de óleo e de componentes minerais. Os difratogramas das amostras de incrustações sugerem a presença de montmorillonita, quartzo, calcita e barita. Nos espectros de infravermelho da zeólita NH4 Y as bandas mais predominantes ocorreram nas faixas de 1250 a 950 cm-1 e 790 a 650 cm-1, indicando o modo de estiramento assimétrico (←OTO←) e o modo de estiramento simétrico (←OTO←), respectivamente. Através dos difratogramas da zeólita NH4 Y pode-se observar que a amostra é formada por um material com estrutura do tipo faujasita com alto grau de pureza. A curva termogravimétrica da zeólita NH4 Y apresentou três principais etapas de decomposição, sendo que a porcentagem residual do material zeólitico foi de 72,5%. A curva obtida da experiência de determinação do pH do ponto de carga zero(pHPCZ) demonstrou que o pHPCZ experimental foi de 6,07. No estudo do efeito da massa na adsorção de bário pela zeólita NH4 Y observou-se que a porcentagem de remoção aumenta significantemente com o acréscimo da massa. Através dos resultados de competição iônica, pode-se perceber que a presença de outros íons diferentes do bário na água produzida afeta consideravelmente sua capacidade de adsorção. As curvas cinéticas evidenciaram que a capacidade de adsorção aumenta com o tempo de contato e esses valores foram maiores com o aumento da concentração inicial. Dos modelos cinéticas utilizados neste trabalho através das metodologias linear e não-linear pode-se notar que os dados cinéticos se ajustam melhor ao modelo cinético exponencial de Avrami. Observou-se que a difusão intraparticula não é o fator determinante no processo de adsorção de bário pela zeólita NH4 Y. Dentre as isotermas de adsorção testadas neste trabalho aquela que os dados se ajustaram melhor foi o de Sips. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos do processo de adsorção de bário pela zeólita NH4 Y calculados pelo método indireto de van´t Hoff e dos dados isotérico, evidenciaram que o processo é favorecido para temperaturas mais elevadas. Foram obtidos valores negativos de ΔG indicando que as interações são espontâneas, valores de entropia de adsorção (ΔS) tendenciado para valores positivos com o aumento da temperatura obtidos pela equação de van´t Hoff, e positivos para aqueles obtidos pelos dados isostérico, indicando que o processo tende a uma maior desorganização, e por fim valores de entalpia ΔH tendenciado para valores positivos com o aumento da temperatura pela equação de van´t Hoff, e positivo pelos dados isostérico, indicando que de modo geral a adsorção de bário pela zeólita NH4 Y é um processo de natureza endotérmica. Testes iniciais utilizando amostra de água produzida real evidenciaram que a capacidade de adsorção de bário de efluentes reais é menor do que aquelas realizadas em sistemas sintéticos. Os ensaios de adsorção apresentaram-se como promissores para aplicação da zeólita NH4 Y na indústria do petróleo como método secundário no tratamento de água produzida.

This master's thesis deals with the modeling of biochemical processes in saturated vertical filter (which is often part of constructed treatment wetland) using software HYDRUS 2D and the module Constructed Wetland CW2D. The introductory part of this thesis is the literature research of expertise that are introduce with the theme constructed treatment wetlands and should also provide a basic overview of the mathematical or numerical modeling issue. The last chapter describes the theoretical introduction of software HYDRUS 2D and CW2D module, it is the practical part used to create a numerical l model. The practical part is based on theoretical knowledge and demonstrates the creating process of mathematical model in program HYDRUS 2D, simulating the real biochemical processes on the vertical saturated filter. The model is created in the program HYDRUS 2D CW2D and based on real operated constructed wetland. The thesis describes the calibration and followed verification of this model. The final model can well simulate the real filter behavior and allows user to get information about the output concentrations of waste water emission, such as ammonia nitrogen (N-NH4+) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results should in the future contribute to create software intended to draft and layout constructed wetlands.

The thesis deals with the issue of simulation of treated wastewater irrigation by the HYDRUS 2D software. The first part of the thesis is designed as a literary research of academic information and knowledge. It aims at introducing the issue of treated wastewater utilization for the purpose of the irrigation with an emphasis on the Czech Republic. The following is an overview of important hydropedological characteristics of soils, the theoretical basis of numerical modeling of movement and transport of solutes in soil and the use of HYDRUS 2D software. The practical part is based on theoretical knowledge and demonstrates the creating process of mathematical model in program HYDRUS 2D, simulating the transport of input pollution in the soil profile. Wastewater used for irrigation was treated using a system of mechanical pretreatment and horizontal filters planted with macrophytes situated on a CW Drazovce. This work describes the calibration and subsequent application of calibrated models for monitored pollution parameters NH4+-N, P-PO4-3 and COD.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 105 pages. / Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has been implicated in the destruction of seagrass beds and in the decline of water quality of Tampa Bay, Florida. The objective of this research was to determine the tendency for air masses of different origins to wet-deposit nitrate and ammonium species to the bay. Precipitation chemistry data was obtained via the NADP AIRMoN Gandy Bridge monitoring site for the period of 1 August 1996 through 31 December 2000. Rainfall events were classified by using the NOAA HYSPLIT trajectory model, precipitation chemistry data, and tropical storm history data. Average nitrate and ammonium concentrations and nitrogen fluxes were calculated based upon the chosen categories. The average annual nitrogen flux for nitrate and ammonium were 2.1 kg/ha/yr and 1.4 kg/ha/yr, respectively. For trajectory-classified data, the lowest nitrate and ammonium nitrogen fluxes were observed with air masses from the west and south, over the Gulf of Mexico. / ABSTRACT: The highest ammonium nitrogen flux was seen from trajectories from the east, while local trajectories demonstrated the highest average nitrate nitrogen flux. For chemically-classified data, the highest nitrate and ammonium fluxes were associated with the local combustion classification. Rainfall from tropical weather systems deposited lower average nitrate nitrogen fluxes than non-tropical events, but ammonium nitrogen fluxes were the same between tropical and non-tropical precipitation. Even the events representing the cleanest air masses contributing precipitation to Tampa Bay had nitrate and ammonium concentrations more than two times the background concentrations associated with the northern hemisphere. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22654号 / 工博第4738号 / 新制||工||1740(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 清水 芳久, 教授 高岡 昌輝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM