O presente estudo trata do problema da corrosão de armaduras em estruturas de concreto armado submetidas à penetração de cloretos. É amplamente reconhecido nos meios técnico e científico que, dentre os diversos processos causadores de patologias nas estruturas de concreto armado, destacam-se aqueles que desencadeiam a corrosão das armaduras. O processo de corrosão é iniciado quando a concentração de cloretos na interface armadura/concreto atinge um valor limite, despassivando a camada química protetora ao redor da armadura. A utilização de uma abordagem probabilística é capaz de tratar o problema de forma mais consistente, uma vez que as variáveis envolvidas no fenômeno possuem um alto grau de aleatoriedade associado. A formulação utilizada para a análise não linear mecânica emprega o método dos elementos finitos, utilizando o modelo de dano de Mazars para descrever o comportamento do concreto e o modelo elastoplástico para descrever o comportamento do aço. A lei de Fick é empregada para descrever o mecanismo de difusão dos íons cloretos no interior dos elementos de concreto armado e leis empíricas são utilizadas para representar a penalização das áreas de aço das armaduras bem como a redução de sua tensão de escoamento. A formulação utilizada para a análise probabilística emprega o FORM (First Order Reliability Method), o método de superfície de resposta e a simulação de Monte Carlo. Enfoque especial é dado na análise de estruturas hiperestáticas, com o objetivo de determinar a probabilidade de falha do sistema, sendo esta uma das contribuições desse estudo. Os resultados obtidos indicam de que forma os efeitos corrosivos considerados contribuem para a redução da durabilidade estrutural. / This work deals with the problem of reinforcement corrosion of concrete structures subjected to chloride penetration. It is widely recognized in the technical and scientific communities that, among the different processes which cause pathologies in reinforced concrete structures, reinforcement corrosion is one of the most relevant. The corrosion process starts when chloride concentration at the reinforcement/concrete interface reaches a threshold value, causing depassivation of the protecting chemical layer surrounding the armor. A probabilistic approach is capable of dealing with the problem in a more consistent manner, since the variables involved in the phenomenon have a high degree of randomness. The formulation used in the mechanical non-linear analysis utilizes the finite element method, employing Mazars\' damage model to describe the concrete behavior and the elastoplastic model to describe the steel behavior. Fick\'s law is used to describe the diffusion mechanism of chloride ions inside the concrete elements and empirical laws are used to represent the steel area reduction as well as the reduction of steel yield stress. The formulation used for the probabilistic analysis employs the FORM (First Order Reliability Method), the response surface method and the Monte Carlo simulation. A contribution of this study concerns the analysis of hyper-static structures, in order to evaluate the failure probability of the system, giving special attention to this type of problem. The obtained results show how the considered corrosive effects influences the structural durability reduction.

Cette étude porte sur la simulation dynamique de structures présentant des interfaces non linéaires et plus particulièrement sur le développement de diverses extensions à la méthode de balance harmonique. Cette méthode, qui permet le calcul de réponses vibratoires stationnaires, est basée sur l’approximation en série de Fourier tronquée de la réponse. En fonction de caractère plus ou moins non linéaire de la réponse, le nombre d’harmoniques à retenir pour approcher de façon satisfaisante la réponse peut être important et varier fortement sur l’ensemble de la plage de fréquence de simulation. Un des objectifs principaux de cette recherche a été de proposer une stratégie de calcul qui permette d’adapter le nombre d’harmoniques à chaque fréquence. Dans l’optique d’approcher le mouvement global de la structure, la méthodologie proposée se base sur le suivi de l’énergie de déformation du système en fonction de la richesse du contenu fréquentiel. La formulation développée reste simple à calculer et compatible avec les étapes de condensation interne à la méthode de balance harmonique. L’extension de cette technique au calcul de réponses quasi-stationnaires est en outre possible en redéfinissant les stratégies de choix des harmoniques à retenir. Parallèlement à ce but principal, la présence de variables internes dans les modèles non linéaires d’interface (modèle de frottement par exemple) a été prise en compte dans la formulation des équations de la balance harmonique adaptative. Ces méthodes spécifiques ont ensuite été mises en oeuvre sur des modèles numériques de structures aéronautiques. Un isolateur d’équipement utilisant un matériau viscoélastique non linéaire a ainsi pu être simulé. Ensuite, la méthode de balance harmonique adaptative a pu être appliquée à l’étude des effets dynamiques non linéaires observée sur les structures boulonnées. Enfin, le calcul de réponses quasi périodiques s’est effectué sur un tronçon de lanceur intégrant des amortisseurs à frottement sec. / The study deals with the dynamic simulation of structures with non linear interfaces and particularly with the development of various extensions of the harmonic balance method. This method, applied for steady state vibrations, is based on the response approximation with a truncated Fourier series. Depending on the more or less pronounced non linear response behavior, the number of harmonics to retain to correctly approach the response may be important and may strongly vary over all the frequency band. One of the main objectives of this research work has been to propose a calculation strategy which allows adapting the number of harmonics for each frequency. In order to globally approach the structure vibration, the proposed methodology basics is to observe the strain energy evolution functions of frequency contents. The developed formulation is easy to calculate and may be employed with internal reduction steps of the harmonic balance method. Moreover, an extension of this technique for quasi-periodic vibrations is possible by redefining harmonic choice strategies. In conjunction with this main objective, internal variables in non linear interface models (friction models for example) have been considered in a specific adaptive harmonic balance method formulation. Then, these specific methods have been applied on numerical aeronautical structure models. An equipment isolator integrating a non linear viscoelastic material has been simulated. Secondly, adaptive harmonic balance method has been employed for the study of non linear dynamic effects of bolted structures. Finally, quasi periodic vibration calculation has been carried out on a launcher stage integrating dry friction dampers.

Le dimensionnement basé sur la performance (DBP), dans une approche déterministe, caractérise les objectifs de performance par rapport aux niveaux de performance souhaités. Les objectifs de performance sont alors associés à l'état d'endommagement et au niveau de risque sismique établis. Malgré cette approche rationnelle, son application est encore difficile. De ce fait, des outils fiables pour la capture de l'évolution, de la distribution et de la quantification de l'endommagement sont nécessaires. De plus, tous les phénomènes liés à la non-linéarité (matériaux et déformations) doivent également être pris en considération. Ainsi, cette recherche montre comment la mécanique de l'endommagement pourrait contribuer à résoudre cette problématique avec une adaptation de la théorie du champ de compression modifiée et d'autres théories complémentaires. La formulation proposée adaptée pour des charges monotones, cycliques et de type pushover permet de considérer les effets non linéaires liés au cisaillement couplé avec les mécanismes de flexion et de charge axiale. Cette formulation est spécialement appliquée à l'analyse non linéaire des éléments structuraux en béton soumis aux effets de cisaillement non égligeables. Cette nouvelle approche mise en œuvre dans EfiCoS (programme d'éléments finis basé sur la mécanique de l'endommagement), y compris les critères de modélisation, sont également présentés ici. Des calibrations de cette nouvelle approche en comparant les prédictions avec des données expérimentales ont été réalisées pour les murs de refend en béton armé ainsi que pour des poutres et des piliers de pont où les effets de cisaillement doivent être pris en considération. Cette nouvelle version améliorée du logiciel EFiCoS a démontrée être capable d'évaluer avec précision les paramètres associés à la performance globale tels que les déplacements, la résistance du système, les effets liés à la réponse cyclique et la quantification, l'évolution et la distribution de l'endommagement. Des résultats remarquables ont également été obtenus en référence à la détection appropriée des états limites d'ingénierie tels que la fissuration, les déformations unitaires, l'éclatement de l'enrobage, l'écrasement du noyau, la plastification locale des barres d'armature et la dégradation du système, entre autres. Comme un outil pratique d'application du DBP, des relations entre les indices d'endommagement prédits et les niveaux de performance ont été obtenus et exprimés sous forme de graphiques et de tableaux. Ces graphiques ont été développés en fonction du déplacement relatif et de la ductilité de déplacement. Un tableau particulier a été développé pour relier les états limites d'ingénierie, l'endommagement, le déplacement relatif et les niveaux de performance traditionnels. Les résultats ont démontré une excellente correspondance avec les données expérimentales, faisant de la formulation proposée et de la nouvelle version d'EfiCoS des outils puissants pour l'application de la méthodologie du DBP, dans une approche déterministe. / Abstract : Performance Based Design (PBD) methodology, in a deterministic approach, characterizes the performance objectives in relation to the desired performance levels. Performance objectives are associated with the stated damage condition and the seismic hazard level. Despite this rational approach, its application is still difficult and reliable tools for capturing the evolution, distribution and measuring the damage are indeed required. All phenomena related to nonlinearities (materials and deformations) must also be considered. This research shows how the Damage mechanic could contribute to solving this problematic jointly with an adaptation of the MCFT (Modified Compression Field Theory) formulation and other complementary theories. The proposed formulation, adapted for monotonic, pushover and cyclic loads, allows considering the nonlinear shear-related effects coupled with axial and flexural mechanisms. This formulation is specially addressed to nonlinear analysis of concrete structural elements subjected to non-negligible shear effects. This new approach implemented in EfiCoS (a layered damage mechanic based finite element program), including modeling criteria, is also presented here. Calibrations of this new approach comparing the predictions with experimental data were carried out for concrete shear walls as well as for concrete beams and bridge columns where shear effects have to be considered. This new improved version of software EFiCoS demonstrated to be capable of evaluating accurately the parameters associated with the overall performance, such as displacements, the system strength, the effects related to the cyclic response and the magnitude, evolution and distribution of the damage. Remarkable results were also obtained in reference to the appropriate detection of engineering limit states such as cracking, strains, spalling in cover, crushing, local yielding in bars and system strength degradation, among others. As a very useful application tool for PBD, relationships between the predicted damage indices and the performance levels were obtained and expressed as charts and tables. These charts were derived in terms of the drift and the displacement ductility. A particular table was developed to relate the engineering limit states, the damage, the drift and the traditional performance levels. Results have shown a very good agreement with the experimental data, making the proposed formulation and the new version of EfiCoS a powerful tool for the application of the PBD methodology, in a deterministic approach.

Ce travail est une contribution à l'étude du comportement des joints en translation. Un modèle numérique, basé sur la théorie inverse, est développé pour en prédire les performances. La principale contribution consiste dans le traitement des effets hydrodynamiques liés à la région d'entrée du contact. Les résultats numériques sont ensuite validés par comparaison avec lesmesures expérimentales. Ces dernières sont obtenues sur un dispositif original, conçu et réalisé au laboratoire INOE 2000 IHP de Bucarest. Ce banc reproduit les conditions réelles de fonctionnement d'un joint hydraulique et permet de mesurer la force de frottement à pression et vitesse constantes. La comparaison des résultats numériques et expérimentaux a été effectuéepour un joint de tige en forme de "U" à des pressions de service comprises entre 4 MPa et 20 MPa et pour deux vitesses de translation. Dans un premier temps, on a idéalisé le problème en considérant que les surfaces en contact tige-joint sont lisses. Si l'épaisseur du film est supérieure à la rugosité de la tige, les résultats numériques qu'on a obtenus sont en bonne corrélation avecles résultats expérimentaux. Dans le cas contraire, le modèle doit être amélioré. Cette amélioration a été entreprise de manière originale. En effet, la théorie inverse est appliquée à la distribution de pression statique du contact obtenue à partir de la simulation par éléments finis de l'assemblage d'un joint rugueux et d'un arbre lisse. La rugosité moyenne (Ra) de la surface dujoint en contact avec la tige a été choisie égale à la rugosité moyenne mesurée du joint étudié. Les résultats ainsi obtenus améliorent sensiblement la corrélation avec les mesures e / This work is a contribution to the study of reciprocating seals behavior. A numerical model, based on the inverse hydrodynamic lubrication theory, is developed to predict their performances. The main contribution consists in the treatment of the hydrodynamic effects in the entry region of contact. The numerical results are validated by comparison with experimentalones, obtained on an original experimental device, design and conceived in the laboratory INOE 2000 IHP of Bucharest. This bench reproduces actual operating conditions of a hydraulic seal and measures the friction force at constant pressure and speed. The comparison of experimental and numerical results was carried out for a "U" type rod seal at different operating pressuresvarying from 4 MPa up to 20 MPa and for two reciprocating speeds. Initially, we idealized the problem by assuming that the surfaces in contact are smooth. The numerical results obtained are in good correlation with experimental ones if the film thickness is greater than the rod roughness. Otherwise, the model must be improved. This improvement was undertaken in an original way. The inverse lubrication theory is applied to the dry frictionless contact pressure distribution, obtained from a FEM simulation of a rough seal and a smooth rod assembly. The average roughness (Ra) of the seal surface in contact with the rod is chosen equal to the measured average roughness of the studied seal. The results obtained significantly improve the correlationwith experimental measurements. The roughness distribution on the entry region of contact appears to have an important influence on the numerical results.

La syncope est une perte brusque de conscience. Bien qu'elle ne soit pas généralement mortelle, elle présente un impact économique sur le système de soins et sur la vie personnelle de personnes en souffrant. L'objet de la présente étude est de réduire la durée du test clinique (environ 1 heure) et d'éviter aux patients de développer une syncope en la prédisant. L'ensemble de travail s'inscrit dans une démarche de datamining associant l'extraction de paramètres, la sélection des variables et la classification. Trois approches complémentaires sont proposées, la première exploite des méthodes d'analyse non-linéaires de séries temporelles extraites de signaux acquises pendant le test, la seconde s'intéresse aux relations cardiovasculaires en proposant des indices dans le plan temps-fréquence et la troisième, plus originale, prendre en compte leurs dynamiques temporelles. / Syncope is a sudden loss of consciousness. Although it is not usually fatal, it has an economic impact on the health care system and the personal lives of people suffering. The purpose of this study is to reduce the duration of the clinical test (approximately 1 hour) and to avoid patients to develop syncope by early predicting the occurrence of syncope. The entire work fits into a data mining approach involving the feature extraction, feature selection and classification. 3 complementary approaches are proposed, the first one exploits nonlinear analysis methods of time series extracted from signals acquired during the test, the second one focuses on time- frequency (TF) relation between signals and suggests new indexes and the third one, the most original, takes into account their temporal dynamics.

Tato diplomová práce uvádí dynamiku klikového mechanismu šestiválcového řadového motoru za účelem návrhu klikového hřídele v CAD programu Pro/Engineer. Následuje popis vibrací klikového mechanismu a analytický výpočet jeho torzních vibrací. Hlavní část diplomové práce se pak zabývá konverzí hřídele do konečno-prvkového modelu v programu ANSYS a jeho importem do prostředí Adams/Engine. V tom je provedena modální analýza klikového ústrojí pro získání vlastních frekvencí a tvarů. Na konec práce je porovnán výstup z analytického řešení a výsledky z multi-body systému.

Hymnus Paradisi (1938), a large-scale choral and orchestral work, is well-known as an elegiac masterpiece written by Herbert Howells in response to the sudden loss of his young son in 1935. The composition of this work, as noted by the composer himself and those close to him, successfully served as a means of working through his grief during the difficult years that followed Michael's death. In this dissertation, I provide linear analyses for Howells' Hymnus Paradisi as well as its predecessor, Howells' Requiem (1932), which was adapted and greatly expanded in the creation of Hymnus Paradisi. These analyses and accompanying explanations are intended to provide insight into the intricate contrapuntal style in which Howells writes, showing that an often complex musical surface is underpinned by traditional linear and harmonic patterns on the deeper structural levels. In addition to examining the middleground and background structural levels within each movement, I also demonstrate how Howells creates large-scale musical continuity and shapes the overall composition through the use of large-scale linear connections, shown through the meta-Ursatz (an Ursatz which extends across multiple movements creating multi-movement unity). Finally, in my interpretation of these analyses, I discuss specific motives in Hymnus Paradisi which, I hypothesize, musically represent the crisis of Michael's death. These motives are initially introduced in the "Preludio," composed out on multiple structural levels as Hymnus Paradisi unfolds, and, finally, I argue, are transformed as a representation of the process of healing, and ultimately, catharsis.

This diploma thesis investigates the design of concrete structures reinforced with non-metallic FRP reinforcement with a focus on solving the bearing capacity in extrusion. The work is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part begins with an introduction to FRP reinforcement and a description of shear stress. The following is an introduction to current approaches dealing with this issue. In the practical part, in connection with these regulations, parametric studies are developed to compare the influence of individual input parameters and selected regulations. The last part is dedicated to the design and nonlinear analysis performed in the ATENA software.

Reinforced concrete deep beams are known for applications in tall buildings, foundations and offshore structures. Deep beams are structural elements with length and height within the same magnitude and have significantly smaller thickness compared to a conventional concrete beam. Deep beams in bending have non-linear strain distribution compared to conventional beams where Bernoulli’s hypothesis is valid. Crack formation is a common problem in reinforced concrete structures, which reduce the durability of the structure. Once the concrete cracks the tension reinforcement carry the tensile forces instead of the concrete. Therefore, the design of tension reinforcement is important since the serviceability should be retained even after the structure cracks. The crack widths can be limited by using proper reinforcement and one alternative is to combine tensile reinforcement with crack reinforcement.  The function of the reinforcement is to distribute the cracks over the cross section which leads to that many smaller cracks occur instead of fewer, wider cracks. Small cracks are seen as less of a problem compared to large cracks since larger cracks reduce the durability significantly. For deep beams, there is at the present no well-substantiated analysis model for how crack widths shall be calculated when having reinforcement in multiple layers with different diameters. The use of crack reinforcement in the outer bottom layer has by tradition been considered as a cost efficient way to achieve small crack widths. In this work the crack width in deep beams have been analysed using the finite element program Atena 2D. The numerical results have been verified by analytical calculations based on Eurocode 2. The aim is to achieve reduced crack widths  by analysing the combination of crack- and tensile reinforcement compared to the case with tensile reinforcement only. Tensile reinforcement has a larger diameter, for example ø25 mm, and crack reinforcement has smaller diameters, often between ø10 and ø16 mm. The result from the calculations with Atena showed that there was an improvement regarding the reduction of crack widths when using crack reinforcement in combination with tensile reinforcement compared to using tensile reinforcement only. However, this improvement decreased by using reinforcement in multiple layers since a tensile reinforcement bar 1ø25 mm needed to be replaced by approximately six crack reinforcement bars 6ø10 mm in order to achieve the same total reinforcement area. The main disadvantage was that more space was required to place all reinforcement bars in the cross section, which reduced the lever arm. The reduction of the lever arm resulted in a reduced capacity for the reinforcement and the cracks might unintentionally become wider than expected. Furthermore, significant reduction of both crack widths and reinforcement stresses were obtained when the total area for a case with 7ø25 mm was increased to 9ø25 mm. The increased total area of only tensile reinforcement ø25 mm reduced the crack width more compared to using a combination of crack- and tensile reinforcement, which could simplify the construction work at building sites and minimize time consumption. / Armerade höga betongbalkar är kända för tillämpningar i höga byggnader, grundsulor och offshore konstruktioner. Höga balkar är konstruktionselement med längd och höjd i samma storleksordning och har betydligt mindre tjocklek jämfört med en konventionell betongbalk. Höga balkar i böjning har en icke-linjär töjningsfördelning jämfört med konventionella balkar där Bernoullis hypotes gäller. Sprickbildning är ett vanligt problem i armerade betongkonstruktioner, vilket minskar beständigheten hos konstruktionen. När betongbalken spricker kommer armeringen att ta upp dragkraften istället för betongen därför är utformningen av böjarmering viktig eftersom bruksgränstillståndet bör behållas även efter att konstruktionen spricker. Sprickvidderna kan begränsas genom att använda korrekt armering och ett alternativ är att kombinera kraftarmering med sprickarmering. Armeringens funktion är att sprida ut sprickorna över tvärsnittet vilket leder till att många små sprickor uppkommer i stället för färre, bredare sprickor. Små sprickor ses som ett mindre problem jämfört med stora sprickor eftersom större sprickor minskar beständigheten avsevärt. För höga balkar finns det för närvarande ingen välunderbyggd analysmodell för hur sprickvidder ska beräknas när de har armering i flera lager och med olika diametrar. Användningen av sprickarmering har traditionellt ansetts vara ett kostnadseffektivt sätt att uppnå små sprickvidder. I detta arbete har sprickvidden i höga balkar analyserats med hjälp av finita elementprogrammet Atena 2D. De numeriska resultaten har verifierats med analytiska beräkningar baserade på Eurokod 2. Syftet är att uppnå reducerade sprickvidder genom att analysera kombinationen av sprick- och kraftarmering jämfört med fallet med endast kraftarmering. Kraftarmeringen har en större diameter, till exempel ø25 mm och sprickarmering har mindre diametrar, ofta mellan ø10 och ø16 mm. Resultaten från beräkningarna i Atena visade att sprickvidderna minskade vid användning av sprickarmering i kombination med kraftarmering jämfört med användning av endast kraftarmering. Denna förbättring minskade emellertid i och med användning av armering i flera lager. En kraftarmeringsstång 1ø25 mm behöver ersättas med ungefär sex sprickarmeringsstänger, 6ø10 mm, för att uppnå samma totala armeringsarea. Den största nackdelen var att det krävdes mer utrymme för att placera alla sprickarmeringsstänger i tvärsnittet, vilket minskade hävarmen. Minskningen av hävarmen medförde en reducerad kapacitet i armeringen och sprickorna blev bredare än förväntat. Vidare erhölls signifikant reduktion av både sprickvidder och armeringsspänningar när den totala arean för ett fall med 7ø25 mm ökades till 9ø25 mm. Den ökade totalarean av endast kraftarmeringsstänger ø25 mm minskade sprickvidden mer jämfört med att använda en kombination av sprick- och kraftarmering vilket skulle kunna förenkla byggarbetet på byggarbetsplatser och minimera tidsförbrukningen.

For the stability assessment of members and structures according to EN 1993-1-1, the equivalent member method, the geometrical non-linear calculation with equivalent geometrical imperfections or the GMNIA analysis with geometrical imperfections and residual stresses can be used alternatively. The second possibility requires a corresponding model for the cross-section resistance. For the verification of lateral torsional buckling, bow imperfections e0 out-of-plane are defined, which lead in combination with the given loading in-plane and the geometrical non-linear analysis to bending moments Mz and torsion of the members. The amplitudes of the imperfections are highly dependent on the nature of the approach (e.g., scaling of the buckling shape, assumption of bow imperfections) and the verification method for the members. Within the framework of the scientific work supervised by the TU Dresden and TU Darmstadt, extensive parametric studies were conducted to calibrate imperfections for lateral torsional buckling based on the GMNIA. After determining the nature of imperfections and the design models for section resistance, this article presents results of these parametric studies and shows the calibration of imperfections for a standardisation proposal based on EN1993-1-1. The evaluation of the data in combination with the necessary simplifications for the design practice leads to appropriate definitions of imperfection values e0,LT and the necessary differentiations.