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Nos travaux de recherche se proposent d’apporter de nouveaux éléments conceptuels dans la littérature du « leadership » des CdP. L’existence, la position et le rôle de « leader » seront mis en perspective par rapport aux théories existantes sur le « leadership » dans d’autres domaines (science de l’éducation notamment) et le concept de communautés de pratique. Nous proposons donc le concept de “leadership distribué” et évaluons différentes approches, notamment les routines organisationnelles susceptibles de répondre à notre question de recherche. Enfin nous discutons des implications du “leadership distribué” au travers d’une étude empirique. En conclusion, l’application du modèle de leadership distribué que nous avons proposé (et en considérant ses multiples facteurs), a mis en lumière l’importante influence des routines dans la pratique quotidienne des apprentissages en tant que levier principal dans la distribution du leadership. / This research claims that the current, literature of “Communities of Practice” is deficient concerning its key feature: leadership. We seek to expand the focus by underlining the key elements that influence the leadership practice in CoPs, and recommending a promising path for further investigation, which involves the “distributed leadership” theory. Drawing from an extended literature review on the subject of leadership in CoPs, the study proposes that predominant descriptive and conceptual perceptions of the topic should be supplemented by more field observation studies – evidence-based research - to support and validate the theoretical literature. During past three decades, several scholars have extensively studied this concept (CoPs) in a variety of disciplines. However, there have been very few studies of the influence of routines in these communities. The aim of this study is to analyze the notion of routines in CoPs, in light of the literature on distributed leadership theory. We focused on one particular feature of distributed form of leadership – the routines – and applied this element on the knowledge-based learning environment: the CoPs.

The need to save energy, cut costs, and increase profit margin in process manufactureincreases continually. There is also a global drive to reduce energy use and cut down co2 emission and combat climate change. These in turn have led to more stringent requirements on process control performance. Hence, the requirements for modern systems are often not achievable using classical control techniques. Therefore, advanced control strategies are often required to ensure optimal process performance. Despite these challenges, PID has continued to be the dominant industrial control scheme. However, for systems with complex dynamics and/or high performance requirements, PID control may not be sufficient. Therefore, a significant number of industrial control loops are not performing optimally and more advanced control than PID may be required in order to achieve optimal performance. MPC is one of the advanced control schemes that has had a significant impact in the industry. Despite the benefits associated with the implementation of MPC, the technology has remained a niche application in process manufacture. This thesis seeks to address these issues by developing ways that could lead to widespread application of MPC. In the first part of this thesis, a study was carried out to understand the characteristics of processes that would benefit from the application of MPC at the regulatory control level even in the single-input single-output (SISO) case. This is a departure from the common practice in which MPC is applied at the supervisory control layer delivering set points to PID controllers at the regulatory control layer. Both numerical simulation and industrial studies were used to show and quantify benefits of MPC for SISO applications at the regulatory control layer. Some issues that have led to the limited application of MPC include the cost and human efforts associated with modelling and controller design. And to achieve high process performance, accurate models are required. To address this issue, in the second part of this thesis, a novel technique for designing MPC from routine plant data – routine data MPC (RMPC) is proposed. The proposed technique was successfully implemented on process models. This technique would reduce the high human cost associated with MPC deployment, which could make it a widespread rather than niche application in the process manufacturing industry.

Background: An ever-changing environment requires organizations such as universities to rapidly adaptto any new circumstances imposed by internal or external shocks. The role of rapid adaptation in virtualitybecomes crucial in times of crisis when organizations have to either adapt or risk collapse. Universities arethreatened by abrupt changes in their teaching routines due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and more that maycome. The process of transitioning to new teaching routines, short of social interaction, requires a multi-pronged response. Understanding routines, their rapid adaptation, the role of virtual tools and agencypresents a window of opportunity for responding to uncertainty. Aim: The aim of this study is to gain insights on how rapid adaptation occurs through the processes of routine re-adjustment, regeneration facilitated by the intellective processes of sense-making, collaboration,and knowledge transfer and sharing within organizations. Methodology: By conducting a qualitative case study, we investigated two universities in Sweden and Zimbabwe. The qualitative study is based on 15 interviews with teaching staff at Linköping University andthe University of Zimbabwe, conducted through semi-structured interviews. This study followed a processstudy approach to investigate how routines are adapted and the effect of artifacts in the adaptation processof teaching staff at universities. Findings: We posit that teaching staff from the two case universities contributed significantly to the rapid adaptation process. This was achieved through sense-making involving heuristic processes whenresponding to adjustment in online virtual teaching routines. This prevented the routine from collapsingand, instead, led to its adjustment. Some old teaching routines remained unchanged, thereby enabling theadjustment process. Artifacts (virtual tools) have also contributed to both constraining and enabling thetransition to new routines. The virtual tools used during the transition were few in number, with simplefunctionalities. Moreover, teaching staff committed themselves to quickly adapt and use the new virtualtools, even without prior knowledge, effectively making adaptation more rapid.

Doctor Educationis / The weak routine immunization activities in Nigeria have led to an upsurge of vaccine preventable diseases such as poliomyelitis in the northern parts of the country. This made the federal government to intensify efforts to improve routine immunization activities with various intervention programmes over the years. This commitment of the federal government towards improving routine immunization as a way to promote infant and child survival led to the partnership between the UK Department for International Development (DFID) to support the launching of Partnership for Reviving Routine Immunization in Northern Nigeria (PRRINN) programme in 2006. The programme, implemented in the northern states of Jigawa, Katsina, Yobe, and Zamfara was intended to augment other federal government immunization intervention efforts in improving routine immunizations services. After five years of programme implementation, assessment of the effectiveness of PRRINN had not be undertaken using a survey based immunization coverage to establish how well the primary objectives of the programme are being met in terms of improving routine immunization. This study was designed to evaluate the performance of the PRRINN programme in improving routine immunization coverage in Jigawa State using coverage data from the National Immunization Coverage Survey (NICS) of 2010.

Today, some kind of laboratory results is required for around 70% of the diagnostics and follow-ups for diseases. In many of the cases the time from sampling to a result is very critical. Therefore the discussion of how to improve this situation has begun. For many analyses serum has been the routine choice for a long time but now it is disputed. After blood collection in a serum tube it is essential to wait 30-60 minutes before centrifugation and analysis of the sample, a long time for someone in an acute state. Other problems like post centrifugation clots of fibrin causing false results or time-consuming reruns of the sample have also been reported. These problems have initiated the laboratory in Hudiksvall’s hospital to find out an alternative to the common serum sampling.In this report, the differences between serum and lithium heparin plasma for 31 analyses has been evaluated. Paired blood samples, one serum and one plasma, were collected for routine, hormonal and for tumor markers analyses and analyzed in a Cobas c501, e411 or e601 (ROCHE). The results of the analyzed samples were compared to each other by statistical analysis.The results prove that serum and lithium heparin plasma is equal for ALT, GGT, NT-proBNP, FT3, FT4, cobalamin, LH, prolactin, TSH, CA19-9, CEA and PSA. The results also prove that serum and lithium heparin plasma is not equal for 19 other analyses. Therefore, a shift between different types of sampling is not to be recommended without further evaluations.

The effects of short duration exercise routines on the development of physical fitness.

As causas e conseqüências da obesidade têm sido amplamente discutidas, por ser um grave problema de saúde pública, sendo responsável por vários graus de incapacidades na vida cotidiana, tratamentos de custo elevado e com pouco sucesso a longo prazo e por estar associada a altas taxas de morbidade e de mortalidade. Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar a influência da obesidade na percepção da saúde e do desempenho ocupacional de mulheres. A população estudada foi composta por 45 mulheres, com idade variando entre 18 a 60 anos e escolaridade entre a 4ª e 8ª série do ensino fundamental, estratificadas em três grupos de mesmo tamanho: o grupo A, por mulheres com obesidade grau I ou leve (IMC:30 34,9 kg/m2), o grupo B por mulheres com obesidade grau III ou mórbida (IMC: ³ 40 kg/m2) e o grupo C por mulheres não obesas (IMC: 20-24,9 kg/m2). As mulheres dos grupos A e C se originaram do Núcleo de Saúde da Família 1 e as do grupo B, do Ambulatório de Distúrbio da Conduta Alimentar do Hospital das Clínicas, ambos da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados no período de 04 de fevereiro a 24 de julho de 2003, através da auto-aplicação de três questionários: um estruturado para caracterização de dados sócio-demográficos, outro foi a versão em português do instrumento de avaliação de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-100) e o terceiro foi o denominado Auto Avaliação do Funcionamento Ocupacional (SAOF). Os instrumento utilizados, o WHOQOL e o SAOF, mostraram-se úteis e apropriados para a investigação da influência da obesidade na percepção da saúde e do desempenho ocupacional de mulheres Os resultados indicaram que mesmo as mulheres com obesidade leve já apresentam dificuldades no trabalho, insatisfação com sua aparência, problemas nas relações sociais, dificuldades na realização e participação nas atividades da vida cotidiana. Em se tratando de mulheres com obesidade mórbida, a ausência ou desorganização nas atividades que sustentam o cotidiano, mostraram-se fortemente acentuadas, caracterizando-as como excluídas das atividades sociais. Este fato pode ser atribuído às limitações físicas, emocionais e nas relações pessoais, observadas neste estudo e ressaltadas na literatura. Considerando que o fazer do sujeito sustenta a construção de seu cotidiano, pode-se pensar que a assistência em terapia ocupacional, pode contribuir para o resgate das capacidades e habilidades perdidas com o ganho de peso ou não desenvolvidas ao longo da vida, para a aquisição de uma postura ativa, criativa e independente, para a ampliação das relações sociais e para a possibilidade de vivenciar outras satisfações além da comida. / The causes and consequences of obesity are largely debated, because it is a serious public health problem, being responsible by several degrees of disabilities in daily life, high cost treatments and with poor success in the long range and due to be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. This survey was designed to investigate the influence of obesity in the health perception and occupational functioning of women. The study population was composed by 45 women aged 18 to 60 years, and with educational level between the 4th and 8th year of the elementary school. They were stratified in three equal sized groups: the group A, by women with obesity class I (BMI: 30-34.9 kg/m2), the group B, by women with obesity class III or morbid (BMI: ³ 40 kg/m2), and the group C, by non-obese women (BMI: 20-24.9 kg/m2). Women from groups A and C came from the Núcleo de Saúde da Familia 1; those for group B, from the Ambulatório de Distúrbio da Conduta Alimentar of the University Hospital, both from the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo. Data were collected from February 4 to July 24, 2003 through the application of three self responded questionnaires: one structured to characterize socio-demographic conditions, other was the Portuguese version of the instrument developed by the World Health Organization to evaluate the quality of life (WHOQOL-100) , and the third was the Self Assessment of Occupational Functioning (SAOF). The employed instruments (WHOQOL-100 and SAOF) showed to be useful and appropriated to investigate the influence of obesity in the health perception and occupational functioning of women. Results indicated that even women with obesity class I already have difficulties in their work, are not satisfied with their appearance, have problems in their personal relationships and difficulties in performing and in the participation of daily activities. Among women with morbid obesity, the absence or disarrangement of the activities supporting daily life are strongly marked. This fact could be due to physical, emotional and social limitations observed in this study and emphasized in the literature. The results pointed out that the occupational therapy, which an has area of knowledge and techniques that could help in decreasing the stress from the restrictive treatment; in the rescue of capacities and abilities lost with the weight gain or not developed during the life, in the acquisition of an active, creative and independent attitude and in the possibility to live other satisfactions besides eating, can be useful in the treatment of persons with obesity.

As causas e conseqüências da obesidade têm sido amplamente discutidas, por ser um grave problema de saúde pública, sendo responsável por vários graus de incapacidades na vida cotidiana, tratamentos de custo elevado e com pouco sucesso a longo prazo e por estar associada a altas taxas de morbidade e de mortalidade. Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar a influência da obesidade na percepção da saúde e do desempenho ocupacional de mulheres. A população estudada foi composta por 45 mulheres, com idade variando entre 18 a 60 anos e escolaridade entre a 4ª e 8ª série do ensino fundamental, estratificadas em três grupos de mesmo tamanho: o grupo A, por mulheres com obesidade grau I ou leve (IMC:30 34,9 kg/m2), o grupo B por mulheres com obesidade grau III ou mórbida (IMC: ³ 40 kg/m2) e o grupo C por mulheres não obesas (IMC: 20-24,9 kg/m2). As mulheres dos grupos A e C se originaram do Núcleo de Saúde da Família 1 e as do grupo B, do Ambulatório de Distúrbio da Conduta Alimentar do Hospital das Clínicas, ambos da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados no período de 04 de fevereiro a 24 de julho de 2003, através da auto-aplicação de três questionários: um estruturado para caracterização de dados sócio-demográficos, outro foi a versão em português do instrumento de avaliação de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-100) e o terceiro foi o denominado Auto Avaliação do Funcionamento Ocupacional (SAOF). Os instrumento utilizados, o WHOQOL e o SAOF, mostraram-se úteis e apropriados para a investigação da influência da obesidade na percepção da saúde e do desempenho ocupacional de mulheres Os resultados indicaram que mesmo as mulheres com obesidade leve já apresentam dificuldades no trabalho, insatisfação com sua aparência, problemas nas relações sociais, dificuldades na realização e participação nas atividades da vida cotidiana. Em se tratando de mulheres com obesidade mórbida, a ausência ou desorganização nas atividades que sustentam o cotidiano, mostraram-se fortemente acentuadas, caracterizando-as como excluídas das atividades sociais. Este fato pode ser atribuído às limitações físicas, emocionais e nas relações pessoais, observadas neste estudo e ressaltadas na literatura. Considerando que o fazer do sujeito sustenta a construção de seu cotidiano, pode-se pensar que a assistência em terapia ocupacional, pode contribuir para o resgate das capacidades e habilidades perdidas com o ganho de peso ou não desenvolvidas ao longo da vida, para a aquisição de uma postura ativa, criativa e independente, para a ampliação das relações sociais e para a possibilidade de vivenciar outras satisfações além da comida. / The causes and consequences of obesity are largely debated, because it is a serious public health problem, being responsible by several degrees of disabilities in daily life, high cost treatments and with poor success in the long range and due to be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. This survey was designed to investigate the influence of obesity in the health perception and occupational functioning of women. The study population was composed by 45 women aged 18 to 60 years, and with educational level between the 4th and 8th year of the elementary school. They were stratified in three equal sized groups: the group A, by women with obesity class I (BMI: 30-34.9 kg/m2), the group B, by women with obesity class III or morbid (BMI: ³ 40 kg/m2), and the group C, by non-obese women (BMI: 20-24.9 kg/m2). Women from groups A and C came from the Núcleo de Saúde da Familia 1; those for group B, from the Ambulatório de Distúrbio da Conduta Alimentar of the University Hospital, both from the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo. Data were collected from February 4 to July 24, 2003 through the application of three self responded questionnaires: one structured to characterize socio-demographic conditions, other was the Portuguese version of the instrument developed by the World Health Organization to evaluate the quality of life (WHOQOL-100) , and the third was the Self Assessment of Occupational Functioning (SAOF). The employed instruments (WHOQOL-100 and SAOF) showed to be useful and appropriated to investigate the influence of obesity in the health perception and occupational functioning of women. Results indicated that even women with obesity class I already have difficulties in their work, are not satisfied with their appearance, have problems in their personal relationships and difficulties in performing and in the participation of daily activities. Among women with morbid obesity, the absence or disarrangement of the activities supporting daily life are strongly marked. This fact could be due to physical, emotional and social limitations observed in this study and emphasized in the literature. The results pointed out that the occupational therapy, which an has area of knowledge and techniques that could help in decreasing the stress from the restrictive treatment; in the rescue of capacities and abilities lost with the weight gain or not developed during the life, in the acquisition of an active, creative and independent attitude and in the possibility to live other satisfactions besides eating, can be useful in the treatment of persons with obesity.

Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka olika rutiner vid hantering av skeppsapotek ur säkerhetssynpunkt och hur sjukvårdarsansvariga upplever rutiner kring hantering av skeppsapotek. Undersökningen bygger på intervjuer och enkätundersökningar från sjukvårdsansvarigbefäl. 19 enkäter delades ut till en klass med sjukvårdare i Kalmars sjöfartshögskola via en kontaktperson, av dessa intervjuades fyra personer. Enkäter av samma slag skickades även ut via internet. Undersökningens resultat visar på att det saknas tydliga riktlinjer för hur rutiner vid hantering av skeppsapotek ska skötas. Dock ur säkerhetssynpunkt upplevde sjukvårdarna inte detta som något problematiskt. Dessutom kunde man identifiera tre olika rutiner som användes ute till sjöss, nämligen rutiner med hjälp av Excell dokument, journalföring med papper och penna och rutiner med hjälp av underhållsprogrammet AMOS. När det gäller samarbete mellan fartyg och läkemedelsleverantörer upplever respondenterna att det genomgående fungerar bra. Dock att det förekomma problem, t.ex. fel beställningar eller att läkemedelsleverantörer skickar läkemedel med kort utgångsdatum. / The purpose of this study was to investigate different routine for handling ship´s pharmacy from a safety point of view and how the paramedics experience the routine procedures regarding the handling of ship's pharmacy. The survey was based on interviews and surveys from medical responsible officers. 19 questionnaires were distributed to a class of paramedics in Kalmar Maritime Academy via a contact person, of those 19 four people were interviewed. Surveys of the same nature were also sent out via the internet. The survey results show that there are no clear guidelines on how procedures for handling ship’s pharmacy must be maintained. However, from safety point of view paramedics did not see this as somewhat problematic. In addition, the study could identify three different routine procedures that were used at sea, namely routines using Excell documents, keeping a journal and routines with the help of the maintenance program AMOS. In terms of cooperation between the ship and drug suppliers are experiencing respondents that consistently works well. However, there exist problems such as wrong orders or drug suppliers send drugs with short expiry dates.