Model-based development is one of the most significant areas in recent research and development activities in the field of automotive industry. As the field of software engineering is evolving, model based development is gaining more and more importance in academia and industry. Therefore, it is desirable to have techniques that are able to identify anomalies in system models during the analysis and design phase instead of identifying them in development phase where it is difficult to detect them and a lot of time, effort and resources are required to fix them. Model checking is a formal verification technique that facilitates the identification of defects in system models during early stages of system development. There are a lot of tools in academia and industry that provide the automated support for model checking.  In this master thesis a vehicle control system of Scania the Fuel Level Display System is modeled in two different model checking tools; Simulink Design Verifier and UPPAAL. The requirements that are to be satisfied by the system model are verified by both tools. After verifying the requirements against the system model and checking the model against general design errors, it is established that the model checking can be effectively used for detecting the design errors in early development phases and can help developing better systems. Both the tools are analyzed depending upon the features supported. Moreover, relevance of model checking is studied with respect to ISO 26262 standard.

There has been no commonsense on how to identify problem domain concerns in architectural modeling of software systems. Even, there is no commonly accepted method for modeling the Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) effectively associated with the architectural aspects in the solution domain. This thesis introduces the use of a Machine Learning (ML) method based on Support Vector Machines to relate NFRs to classified &quot / architectural concerns&quot / in an automated way. This method uses Natural Language Processing techniques to fragment the plain NFR texts under the supervision of domain experts. The contribution of this approach lies in continuously applying ML techniques against previously discovered &ldquo / NFR - architectural concerns&rdquo / associations to improve the intelligence of repositories for requirements engineering. The study illustrates a charted roadmap and demonstrates the automated requirements engineering toolset for this roadmap. It also validates the approach and effectiveness of the toolset on the snapshot of a real-life project.

Software product lines provide the opportunity to improve productivity, quality and time-to-market of software-based systems by means of systematic reuse. So as to accomplish systematic software reuse, elicitation of commonality knowledge is to be upheld by the analysis and management of variability knowledge inherent in domain requirements. Considerable effort is devoted to the management of functional variability, often neglecting the impact of quality concerns originating from non-functional requirements. In this thesis, a hybrid approach concentrating on the modeling of quantitative as well as qualitative concerns on quality has been proposed. This approach basically aims to support the domain design process by modeling non-functional variability. It further aims to support application design process by providing trade-off selection ability among quality concerns to control functional features that belong to the same domain. This approach is implemented and evaluated on an example domain to reveal its benefits on non-functional variability.

Während Formal- und Sacherschließung in der angloamerikanischen Tradition als etwas Zusammengehöriges betrachtet werden, besteht im deutschen Bibliothekswesen eine klare, zumeist auch personelle Trennung zwischen den beiden Bereichen. Jüngere Entwicklungen der internationalen Standardisierung könnten hier zu einem Umdenken führen: Das theoretische Modell "Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records" (FRBR) hat eine neue Sicht auf das so genannte "bibliographische Universum" eingeläutet, das auch die Sacherschließung mit einbezieht. Auch "Resource Description and Access" (RDA), der Nachfolger von AACR2, versteht sich nicht mehr nur als ein Regelwerk für die Formalerschließung. Ganz konkrete Schritte für ein stärkeres Miteinander bringt das Projekt "Gemeinsame Normdatei" (GND) mit der Zusammenführung der Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD), der Personennamendatei (PND) und der Gemeinsamen Körperschaftsdate (GKD). Im Vortrag werden diese Entwicklungen näher beleuchtet und Überlegungen zu den damit verbundenen Chancen und Problemen angestellt.

Los requerimientos no funcionales de los sistemas software no son un todo homogéneo, hay una falta de consenso para responder preguntas tales como: ¿qué son? ¿cómo se clasifican dentro del contexto de desarrollo de software?, y ¿cómo se clasifican en el desarrollo de aplicaciones Web? Este trabajo presenta el estado de arte del concepto de Requerimientos No Funcionales dentro de la literatura existente en la Ingeniería de Requerimientos y establece como bases conceptuales que los Requerimientos No Funcionales son requerimientos de calidad y son restricciones. Sobre esta base se realiza un estudio comparativo de seis enfoques de desarrollo de aplicaciones Web. Se estudian los procesos de desarrollo que cada una de ellas utiliza para determinar los requerimientos no funcionales; las técnicas de la ingeniería de requerimientos que proponen para su elicitación, especificación, validación y gestión; y se establece en qué fase del ciclo de vida de desarrollo de software identifican y tratan a los requerimientos no funcionales. / Non-functional requirements of software systems are not a homogeneous whole; there is a lack of consensus to answer questions such as: what are they? How are classified within the context of software development? And how classify it in Web Applications developing? This text presents the state of art of the concept of non-functional requirements in the existing literature on the Requirements Engineering and establishes the conceptual foundations of non-functional requirements as quality requirements and restrictions. On this basis, we made a comparative study of six approaches of Web applications development. We studied the development processes that each approach uses to determine of non-functional requirements, the engineering techniques proposed for requirements elicitation, specification, validation and management, and established at what stage of software development life cycle they identify and address Non-functional requirements.

O desenvolvimento de aplicações móveis é guiado por uma especial atenção aos requisitos não funcionais (do inglês, NFR - Non Functional Requirements), sendo o principal objetivo proporcionar uma boa experiência ao usuário final. Entretanto, a avaliação de NFRs é ainda uma tarefa manual, não estruturada e que consome muito tempo. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de várias abordagens relacionadas à avaliação de desempenho (por exemplo, o uso de aplicações de benchmark) e de NFRs no âmbito de sistemas móveis. No entanto, os benchmarks atuais são genéricos, geralmente, voltados para a plataforma de execução e nem sempre instituem um consenso na classificação de dispositivos. Visando uma melhor avaliação de NFRs e uma classificação de dispositivos com base nas necessidades de aplicações reais, este trabalho propõe um framework para gerar benchmarks orientados às necessidades de cada aplicação e, assim, fornecer uma forma eficiente e eficaz para estimar requisitos não funcionais em sistemas móveis. Essa ferramenta é composta por uma biblioteca de testes parametrizáveis, métricas e uma estrutura para geração rápida de benchmarks orientados à aplicação. O framework foi construído utilizando o paradigma de programação orientada a aspectos para coleta das métricas por fornecer uma maior modularidade e separação de interesses, de modo que a sua evolução, através da adição de outras métricas ou testes, seja facilitada. Para validação da proposta, foram realizados experimentos com cinco aplicações Android reais disponíveis na Play Store, sendo que para cada aplicação foi gerado um benchmark específico cujos resultados foram comparados com os obtidos para as aplicações móveis reais. Os resultados são promissores, mostrando que é possível criar aplicações de teste com comportamento semelhante ao de aplicações reais e, assim, classificar dispositivos com base nas necessidades das aplicações, através da análise das métricas presentes no framework. Essas métricas podem, ainda, orientar o desenvolvedor na otimização de suas aplicações ou ainda na escolha de dispositivos com melhor custo benefício para executar seus aplicativos. / The mobile application development is guided by a special attention to non-functional requirements (NFRs), where a good experience for the end user is the primary goal. However, NFRs evaluation is still a manual, unstructured and time-consuming task. This thesis presents a study of several approaches related to performance and NFR evaluation within mobile systems. Among these approaches is the use of benchmark applications. Currently available benchmarks are generic, usually focused on the execution platform and do not always establish a consensus on the classification of devices. For a better NFRs assessment and classification of devices based on real application needs, this work proposes a framework for generating application-oriented benchmarks for the early estimation of non-functional requirements in mobile systems. This framework is composed of a configurable test library, a set of metrics and an engine the assembling of the test program. The framework uses aspect-oriented programming to collect the metrics of interest. This approach provides increased modularity and separation of concerns, thus facilitating the improvement of the framework itself, by adding other metrics or testing operations. In order to validate the proposed framework we used five application from the Android Play store. For each application, a specific benchmark is generated and executed in different devices. The results are compared to those of the execution of the actual applications in the same devices. Experimental results are promising, showing that it is possible to create test applications with similar behavior to that of real applications and thus classify devices based on the actual application needs, by analyzing the metrics present in the framework. These metrics can also guide the developer in optimizing her applications or in choosing devices with the best trade-off between cost and performance to run a given application.

O desenvolvimento de aplicações móveis é guiado por uma especial atenção aos requisitos não funcionais (do inglês, NFR - Non Functional Requirements), sendo o principal objetivo proporcionar uma boa experiência ao usuário final. Entretanto, a avaliação de NFRs é ainda uma tarefa manual, não estruturada e que consome muito tempo. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de várias abordagens relacionadas à avaliação de desempenho (por exemplo, o uso de aplicações de benchmark) e de NFRs no âmbito de sistemas móveis. No entanto, os benchmarks atuais são genéricos, geralmente, voltados para a plataforma de execução e nem sempre instituem um consenso na classificação de dispositivos. Visando uma melhor avaliação de NFRs e uma classificação de dispositivos com base nas necessidades de aplicações reais, este trabalho propõe um framework para gerar benchmarks orientados às necessidades de cada aplicação e, assim, fornecer uma forma eficiente e eficaz para estimar requisitos não funcionais em sistemas móveis. Essa ferramenta é composta por uma biblioteca de testes parametrizáveis, métricas e uma estrutura para geração rápida de benchmarks orientados à aplicação. O framework foi construído utilizando o paradigma de programação orientada a aspectos para coleta das métricas por fornecer uma maior modularidade e separação de interesses, de modo que a sua evolução, através da adição de outras métricas ou testes, seja facilitada. Para validação da proposta, foram realizados experimentos com cinco aplicações Android reais disponíveis na Play Store, sendo que para cada aplicação foi gerado um benchmark específico cujos resultados foram comparados com os obtidos para as aplicações móveis reais. Os resultados são promissores, mostrando que é possível criar aplicações de teste com comportamento semelhante ao de aplicações reais e, assim, classificar dispositivos com base nas necessidades das aplicações, através da análise das métricas presentes no framework. Essas métricas podem, ainda, orientar o desenvolvedor na otimização de suas aplicações ou ainda na escolha de dispositivos com melhor custo benefício para executar seus aplicativos. / The mobile application development is guided by a special attention to non-functional requirements (NFRs), where a good experience for the end user is the primary goal. However, NFRs evaluation is still a manual, unstructured and time-consuming task. This thesis presents a study of several approaches related to performance and NFR evaluation within mobile systems. Among these approaches is the use of benchmark applications. Currently available benchmarks are generic, usually focused on the execution platform and do not always establish a consensus on the classification of devices. For a better NFRs assessment and classification of devices based on real application needs, this work proposes a framework for generating application-oriented benchmarks for the early estimation of non-functional requirements in mobile systems. This framework is composed of a configurable test library, a set of metrics and an engine the assembling of the test program. The framework uses aspect-oriented programming to collect the metrics of interest. This approach provides increased modularity and separation of concerns, thus facilitating the improvement of the framework itself, by adding other metrics or testing operations. In order to validate the proposed framework we used five application from the Android Play store. For each application, a specific benchmark is generated and executed in different devices. The results are compared to those of the execution of the actual applications in the same devices. Experimental results are promising, showing that it is possible to create test applications with similar behavior to that of real applications and thus classify devices based on the actual application needs, by analyzing the metrics present in the framework. These metrics can also guide the developer in optimizing her applications or in choosing devices with the best trade-off between cost and performance to run a given application.

An important issue during architectural design is that besides functional requirements, software architecture is influenced greatly by quality requirements [9][2][7], which often are neglected. The earlier quality requirements are considered, the less effort is needed later in the software lifecycle to ensure a sufficient software quality levels. Errors due to lack of their fulfilment are the most expensive and difficult to correct. Therefore, attention to quality requirements is crucial during an architectural design. The problem is not only to gather the system’s quality requirements, but to establish a methodology that helps to deal with them during the software development. Literature has paid some attention to software architecture in the context of quality requirements, but there is still lack of effective solutions in this area. To alleviate the problem, this paper lays out important concepts and notions of quality requirements in a way they can be used to drive design decisions and evaluate the architecture to estimate whether these requirements are fulfilled. Important concepts of software architecture area are presented to indicate how important quality requirements are during the design and what are the consequences of their lack in a software system. Moreover, a quality requirement-oriented design method is proposed as an outcome of the literature survey. This method is a model taking quality requirements into account at first, before the core functionality is placed. Besides the conceptual solution to the identified problems, this paper also suggests a practical method of handling quality requirements during a design. A recommendation framework for choosing the most suitable architectural pattern from a set of quality attributes is also proposed. Since the literature provides insufficient qualitative information about quality requirement issues in terms of software architectures, an empirical research is conducted as means for gathering the required data. Therefore, a systematic approach to support and analyze architectural designs in terms of quality requirements is prepared. Finally, quality requirement-oriented and pattern-based design method is further proposed as a result of investigating patterns as a tool for addressing quality requirements at different abstraction levels of a design. The research is concerned with the analysis of software architectures against one or more desired software qualities that ought to be achieved at the architectural level. / http://wnukiewicz.pl kareel@gmail.com

Design of real-time embedded systems is a complex and challenging task. Part of this complexity originates from their limited resources which incurs handling a big range of Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs). Therefore, satisfaction of NFRs plays an important role in the correctness of the design of these systems. Model-driven development has the potential to reduce the design complexity of real-time embedded systems by increasing the abstraction level, enabling analysis at earlier phases of development and code generation. In this thesis, we identify some of the challenges that exist in model-driven development of real-time embedded systems with respect to NFRs, and provide techniques and solutions that aim to help with the satisfaction of NFRs. Our end goal is to ensure that the set of NFRs defined for a system is not violated at runtime. First, we identify and highlight the challenges of modeling NFRs in telecommunication systems and discuss the application of a UML-based approach for modeling them. Since NFRs have dependencies, and the design decisions to satisfy them cannot be considered in isolation, we propose a model-based approach for trade-off analysis of NFRs to help with the comparison of different design models with respect to the satisfaction level of their NFRs. Following the issue of evaluating the interdependencies of NFRs, we also propose solutions for establishing and maintaining balance between different NFRs. In this regard, we categorize our suggested solutions into static and dynamic. The former refers to a static design and set of features which ensures and guarantees the balance of NFRs, while the latter means establishing balance at runtime by reconfiguring the system and runtime adaptation. Finally, we discuss the role of the execution platform in preservation and monitoring of timing properties in real-time embedded systems and propose an approach to enrich the platform with necessary mechanisms for monitoring them. / CHESS

Agile software development methodologies, such as Scrum, have gained tremendous popularity and proven successful in quickly delivering quality Functional Requirements (FRs). However, agile methodologies have not adequately identified, modeled, and linked Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) with FRs in early development phases. Researchers agree that NFRs have been generally ignored in conventional methodologies, especially ignored in agile environments. This dissertation develops a conceptual framework for NFR modeling in agile processes. The proposed Non-functional Requirements Modeling for Agile Processes (NORMAP) Methodology investigated the feasibility of identifying, linking, and modeling Agile Loose Cases (ALCs) with Agile Use Cases (AUCs) and Agile Choose Cases (ACCs). AUCs are newly proposed hybrid of use cases and agile user stories. ALCs are proposed—loosely—defined agile NFRs. ACCs are proposed potential solutions (operationalizations) for ALCs. A lightweight adapted version of the NFR Framework was developed including 25 important NFRs selected out of 161 for this study. Further, an enhanced risk-driven agile requirements implementation sequence (NORPLAN) was developed and visualized as a tree-like view (NORVIEW). The NORMAP Methodology was validated through developing NORMATIC--a Java-based agile visual modeling simulation tool and two case studies. NORMATIC utilized Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools to parse requirement sentences and identify potential ALCs. The first case study utilized the Predictor Models in Software Engineering (PROMISE) dataset used in NFRs classification. NORMAP successfully parsed and classified ALCs for 529 out of 607 (87.15%) independent user requirements. The second case study utilized the European Union eProcurement System’s 26 functional requirements. NORMAP successfully parsed and classified ALCs for 50 out of 57 sentences that included possible ALCs (87.71%). Furthermore, requirements quality and project management metrics were used to calculate a risk-driven requirements implementation sequence using three priority schemes. Results showed that Riskiest-Requirements-First priority scheme planned requirements in 17 sprints--two months earlier than the Highest-Business-Value-First scheme (21 sprints) and one month earlier than the Riskiest-Requirements-Last scheme (19 sprints). Agile communities can potentially benefit from the NORMAP Methodology by utilizing a systematic and risk-driven lightweight engineering process to visually model and plan NFRs as first-class artifacts in agile environments.