On ne peut combattre sérieusement les difficultés économiques que connaît le Mali sans une prise en compte des paramètres socioculturels des bénéficiaires des différents projets de développement car ceux-ci ont en eux des acquis qui peuvent être des facteurs déclencheurs ou des freins à tout processus de développement local. L’humanitaire est à la croisée de la générosité de ses membres et de l’insuffisance de l’action politique dans un pays. Le Mali ne saurait être à la marge et se trouver dans une situation socioéconomique et politique qui requiert des appuis extérieurs pour résoudre ses différents problèmes existentiels et conjoncturels. Dans ce contexte, les ONG sont devenues les opérateurs du développement, quasiment à la place de l’Etat au Mali. Les résultats de cette situation paraissent mitigés ; d’où le sentiment d’une grande dépense d'énergie pour des maigres résultats ? Pourquoi, nous Maliens avons du mal à nous approprier la notion de développement (économique et social) ?Dans la situation actuelle, nous sommes face à des difficultés pour comprendre les questions de développement, pendant que les ONG et leurs partenaires étrangers agissent, et définissent leurs actions à partir de points de vue stéréotypés. Le Mali a subi des influences extérieures depuis la colonisation (colonialisme sous influence française, socialisme sous influence chinoise, libéralisme sous influence de la Banque mondiale et des institutions internationales comme le FMI) qui l’ont empêché de concevoir un modèle de développement propre à lui, adapté à son cadre de références culturelles. Ces facteurs évoqués ci-dessus ajoutés à ceux environnemental et climatique entretiennent les populations dans un état de pauvreté et classe le Mali selon l’indice de développement humain des nations unies 2012 au 175ème rang sur 182, au niveau mondial, malgré les ressources dont il dispose. Les données de la banque mondiale indiquent que le revenu brut national par habitant est de 649 us $ soit 616 euros. La pauvreté se mesure par deux dimensions : pauvreté matérielle et pauvreté en termes de relations sociales. Autrefois comme aujourd’hui (cf. rapport du PNUD du 3 au 4 juin 1999) tous les observateurs extérieurs sont frappés par la richesse des relations sociales entre personnes au Mali. Cette situation favorise l’intervention des ONG et leur permet de réaliser des actions concrètes (infrastructures, appui conseil) qui manquent cruellement aux populations. Cependant, dans leur intervention, elles ne prennent pas assez en compte la complexité des schémas socioculturels, leur incidence et surtout la question de l’appropriation des réalisations par les habitants et de leur cadre social ; elles finissent souvent par être rejetées car étant en contradiction avec ce cadre. Ainsi, le processus de développement au Mali peut être freiné par le poids important de la culture. Au Mali, la socialisation des enfants se déroule en 3 étapes de 0 à 16 ans. Son contenu réfère à une vision de l’homme dans la culture malienne qui diffère en partie selon les spécificités des différents groupes d’appartenance. Elle tend à produire in fine un individu en partie libre, en partie inscrit dans un corps social où il doit jouer le rôle qui lui a été assigné. Devenir adulte, c’est prendre sa place dans la famille rapprochée, dans sa famille élargie, dans son village, son peuple d’appartenance, selon des critères culturels complexes et précis. Ces paramètres constituent des cadres qui s’imposent à l’individu malien lorsqu’il participe à des initiatives de développement. S’il tente d’élever son niveau scolaire, d’améliorer sa situation économique, c’est pour mieux jouer son rôle dans un cadre « traditionnel », entre contrainte et liberté. Or souvent, quand les ONG interviennent dans le champ de l’éducation ou du développement local, elles n’ont pas en tête les subtilités de la socialisation des enfants et ses interactions possibles avec le parcours scolaire.... / The economic difficulties faced by Mali can't be seriously combatted without taking into account socio-cultural parameters of beneficiaries of development projects because they have achievements that can be triggering factors or obstacles to any process of local development.Humanitarian aid is at the crossroads of the generosity of its members and the lack of political action in a country. Mali can't be at the margin and find itself in a socio-economic and political situation that requires outside support to resolve its various existential and economic issues.In this context, NGOs have become the operators of development, almost instead of the State in Mali.The results of this situation seem mixed; hence the feeling of a great deal of energy for poor results? Why do Malians have difficulties in taking over the concept of development (economic and social)?In the current situation, we are facing difficulties to understand development issues, while NGOs and their foreign partners act and define their actions from stereotyped views.Mali has been influenced externally since colonialism (colonialism under French influence, socialism under Chinese influence, liberalism under the influence of the World Bank and international institutions such as the IMF), which prevented it from conceiving a specific development model according to its cultural references.These factors, combined with environmental and climatic factors, keep populations in a state of poverty and classify Mali according to the United Nations Human Development Index 2012 to 175th out of 182 world levels, despite the available resources. According to the same source, data from the World Bank indicate that the national gross income per capita is US $ 649 or 616 euros. Poverty is defined by two dimensions: material poverty and poverty in terms of social relations. Formerly as today (see UNDP report from 3 to 4 June 1999), all external observers are struck by the rich social relationships between people in Mali.This fertile ground encourages the intervention of NGOs and allows them to carry out concrete actions (infrastructures, advisory support) badly needed by the populations. However, in their intervention, they do not often take into account the complexity of socio-cultural models, their impact and, above all, the appropriation of achievements by the inhabitants which are often rejected because they don't stick with their social context.Thus, the development process in Mali may be hampered by the heavy weight of the culture.The socialization of children takes place in 3 steps from 0 to 16 years. Its content refers to the vision of a human in the Malian culture, but differs in part according to the specificities of the group of belonging. It ultimately produces an individual who is partly free, partly enrolled in a social body in which he must play the role assigned to him. Becoming an adult means taking his place in the close family, in his extended family, in his village, his people of belonging, according to complex and precise cultural criteria.These are the parameters that make up the models imposed on the Malian individual while participating in development initiatives. If he tries to improve his educational level, to improve his economic situation, the goal is to play a better role in a "traditional" setting, between determinism and freedom.But often, when NGOs intervene in education or local development, they do not have in mind the subtleties of socialization of children and the possible interactions with the school course.In other words, when they promote economic projects, they remain unrelated to the questions regarding who is locally in charge of these projects (depending on the place of each other in the social and family order).The Malian individual himself is not in a position to overcome this context, to stand back to analyze it and modify it.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-11T11:15:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Pinheiro Bergenthal_.pdf: 1788975 bytes, checksum: f06c447960db4bfeaa9100261dedbd60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T11:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Pinheiro Bergenthal_.pdf: 1788975 bytes, checksum: f06c447960db4bfeaa9100261dedbd60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-06 / Nenhuma / A estratégia da globalização, em que pese ter contribuído para o avanço de diversos setores econômicos, acabou por exacerbar a perda de direitos, humanos e trabalhistas, agravando a exclusão social e as marcas de pobreza por todo o globo, sobretudo no segmento têxtil. Flagrantes de trabalhadores submetidos a situações análogas à escravidão, jornada exaustiva, trabalho forçado, condições degradantes, servidão por dívida, utilização de mão de obra infantil, hoje reconhecidos como práticas de escravidão moderna, são recorrentes na indústria da moda, não obstante a existência de esparsa legislação, no âmbito nacional e internacional, contrária a qualquer tipo de escravidão. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação aborda as respostas não estatais de combate à precarização do trabalho na indústria têxtil: o papel dos direitos humanos e da autorregulação. A pesquisa justifica-se em face da ineficiência dos Estados-Nações na proteção de garantias fundamentais dos trabalhadores que atuam no segmento têxtil. Logo, é mais do que nunca atual e merece destaque diante dos reiterados casos de precarização do trabalho. Lança-se uma proposta sistemática alicerçada no método dialético. / Although the globalization strategy has contributed for the advance of several economic sectors, it has ended up contributing to the loss of human and labour rights, and to the aggravation of social exclusions and signs of poverty around the globe, specially in the textile sector. Despite the existence of broad legislation in the national and international scope, contrary to any type of slavery, flagrant of workers under situations analog to slavery, international human traffic, sexual exploitation of women and use of child labour, practices nowadays recognized as modern slavery, are recurrent in the fashion industry. In this sense, the present paper addresses non-state responses to the precariousness of work in the textile industry: the role of human rights and self-regulation. The research is justified in the face of the inefficiency of the Nation States in the protection of fundamental guarantees of the workers who work in the textile segment. Therefore, it is more than ever current and deserves attention in the face of repeated cases of precarious work. A systematic proposal based on the dialectical method is launched.

À travers l’analyse du travail gouvernemental de 1993 à 2015 dans l’optique de la stabilité constitutionnelle et politique, il s’est révélé que la transposition au Cambodge des grands principes de l’État de droit, de la démocratie libérale et pluraliste sur le modèle occidental, par la mise en œuvre des Accords de Paris de 1991 ne s'est pas effectuée de façon satisfaisante. L’objectif consistant à faire de la société cambodgienne, une société démocratique où chacun s’incline devant la loi, où la justice est indépendante du pouvoir exécutif, où les forces armées comme les forces économiques sont soumises à l'autorité publique gardienne de l’intérêt général, où à tout pouvoir se voit opposé un contre-pouvoir, n’a pas été atteint. Les obstacles à cette transposition effective résident dans le grand écart qui existe entre les principes du modèle importé, voire imposé, et les pesanteurs de l’histoire tragique que les Cambodgiens ont vécue entre les années 1970 et 1980, d’une part et les fondements traditionnels de la société cambodgienne encore très présents à ce jour d’autre part. / Through the analysis of governmental work from 1993 to 2015 within the perspective of the constitutional and political stability, it is obvious clear that the implementation in Cambodia of the main principles of the Western model of the rule of law, liberal and pluralistic democracy, with the implementation of the 1991 Paris Agreements did not take place satisfactorily. The goal to make the Cambodian society, a democratic one where everyone obeys to the law, where justice is independent from the Executive where the armed forces as economic forces are subject to the public authority which is of the guardian general interest, where every power can be balanced by a counter-power, has not been reached. The obstacles to this actual transposition reside in the gap between the principles of an imported or imposed model and the burdens of the tragic history that Cambodians have lived between the years 1970 and 1980, on the one hand and the traditional foundations of Cambodian society still very present to nowadays on the other hand.

This master thesis is dedicated to strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to the concept of creating shared value (CSV). It analyses the difference between CSV and common business philanthropy which is based on allocation of some part of their profit. It shows the connection between business and civic society. Currently the companies realise that their success is related to the well-being of the society in which they work. Therefore - when adopting the concept of CSV companies focus on the field in which they are active in their core business. The thesis concentrates on partnering business companies with civic society organisations. This is based on the belief that social and economic aims coincide. This partnership is a challenge to find a solution to common social issues. It should gain profit to both sides. The theory of this thesis is complemented by a research and analysis of interviews with respondents from both business and civic companies.

In my theses I focus on analysis of three international private market companies. Company GEFCO ČESKÁ REPUBLIKA s.r.o. , Dalkia a.s. a ABB a.s. With this companies I'm interested in the way how they practice corporate social responsibility (CSR). When I was choosing this companies I considered facts as: Company has to have head quarter in Western Europe Company has to have experience with corporate social responsibility and has to practice CSR and has to organize social responsible activities. All chosen companies are leaders in its business sector. In my theses I will focus on overview about CSR activities of companies, mainly on corporate philanthropy. I will focus on cooperation of these companies and non government organization, I'm interested in concrete activities done by NGOs in cooperation with through CSR and how NGOs perceived activities that are done through CSR. I'm interested in the way how companies involve their employees into CSR. I 'm going to aim if subsidiaries and head quarters practice same CSR activities and using same CSR tools. I'm also interested in the role of CSR in marketing strategy of these companies. Key words Non government organization, corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate philanthropy, corporate volunteering, volunteer, civil society, organization,...