In several countries, the contributions of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in promoting the livelihood of the communities can clearly be identified. As a matter of fact, international development agencies increase their trust to NGOs in running development projects because they have proven capable of running these projects at a lower cost while reaching the huge number of poor communities. However, several factors have influenced the development of NGOs had little participation, contribution, and impact in undertaking the more structurally-entrenched causes and indicators of poverty. In addition, in most of the countries in Africa, local NGOs are weak with regards to the implementation of development projects. Consequently, there are ongoing questions towards these challenges faced by NGOs, especially at the local level. Most of the research focus on the external factors such as corruption, political instability, climatic unreliability, inadequate resources as the main reasons for less performance of the projects. Additionally, other researchers pinpoint the issue of upward accountability from sponsors and donors, but still they do not tell us the full story, therefore, realizing the gap of internal factors that have been overlooked by many researchers in the successful implementation of projects in Africa. This research seeks to explore the concept of leadership within local NGOs that conduct Economic Empowerment Projects, in East Africa. Through the qualitative study, our research findings would be analyzed to provide an insight to management team on how managerial and entrepreneurial thinking may influence the performance of the community development projects. In this study, the capacity development model will be identified and proposed as a guideline for organizational leaders in the capacity building interventions. This would support development practitioners of NGO sector in tackling the ongoing practical challenges in developing countries. In several countries, the contributions of Non-government Organizations (NGOs) in promoting the livelihood of the communities can clearly be identified. As a matter of fact, international development agencies increase their trust to NGOs in running development projects because they have proven capable of running these projects at a lower cost while reaching the huge number of poor communities. However, several factors have influenced the development of NGOs had little participation, contribution, and impact in undertaking the more structurally-entrenched causes and indicators of poverty. In addition, in most of the countries in Africa, local NGOs are weak with regards to the implementation of development projects. Consequently, there are ongoing questions towards these challenges faced by NGOs, especially at the local level. Most of the research focus on the external factors such as corruption, political instability, climatic unreliability, inadequate resources as the main reasons for less performance of the projects. Additionally, other researchers pinpoint the issue of upward accountability from sponsors and donors, but still they do not tell us the full story, therefore, realizing the gap of internal factors that have been overlooked by many researchers in the successful implementation of projects in Africa. This research seeks to explore the concept of leadership within local NGOs that conduct Economic Empowerment Projects, in East Africa. Through the qualitative study, our research findings would be analyzed to provide an insight to management team on how managerial and entrepreneurial thinking may influence the performance of the community development projects. In this study, the capacity development model will be identified and proposed as a guideline for organizational leaders in the capacity building interventions. This would support development practitioners of NGO sector in tackling the ongoing practical challenges in developing countries.

Organizations are living in a world today where reorganization is a prerequisite for their survival and adaption to the changes demand in the society. During this process, employees’ learning in the workplace is critical for the progress of both employees and organizations, thus organizations are required to create the proper learning opportunities that promote employees’ learning which is not as easy to implement as planning. The aim of this study is to contribute the knowledge increase about the insurance agents’ learning conditions in connection with the reorganization that caused the new tasks for the insurance agents in The Swedish Social Insurance Agency. Based on the purpose of this study, there are two questions which needs to be asked:1) What activities do managers employ to promote the insurance agents’ learning and what are the challenges that the managers may face during this process?, 2) What can promote and limit the insurance agents' learning? A qualitative case study was performed based on 12 semi-structured interviews with the managers, insurance specialists and insurance agents at Swedish Social Insurance Agency. The collected data has been analyzed through a thematic analysis base on the theoretical framework; adaptive- and developmental learning, performance-oriented and development-oriented leadership, which is built on productive- and developmental logic. The result of the study shows that managers apply activities such as planned and partially planned activities as well as spontaneous activities to promote insurance agents' learning. Depending on the perspective, the insurance agents’ learning is promoted or limited in different situations. This study demonstrates the following learning conditions for the insurance agents’ learning; 1) design of work tasks; 2) management’s support; 3) specify goals and plans; 4) supporting documents; 5) enough time and space to learn; 6) training and internal collaboration; and 7) insurance agents’ competence andcommitments. The conclusion shows that both an adaptive- and a developmental learning exists and there is a dominance of the logic of development and production. A further conclusion is that the implementation of reorganization creates an opportunity for developmental learning with focus on the development logic. Thus, the reorganization promotes the insurance agent’s developmental although the organization shows interest towards adaptive learning with the focus on the logic of production. The summary of this study shows that there is a need of balance between the both logics of leaning (development and production) along with maintaining the balance between the adaptive- and development learning in order to promote the insurance agents’ learning.

Denna studie har haft som syfte att ta reda på vilka effekter samverkan mellan Polisen ochfrivilligorganisationen Missing people i Västra Götaland leder till och hur respektiveorganisation hanterar effekterna. Vi har intervjuat totalt åtta personer, vid sex olikaintervjutillfällen. Intervjumetoderna har varierat mellan en telefonintervju, en gruppintervjuoch enskilda intervjuer. I både gruppintervjun och de enskilda intervjuerna har vi träffatintervjurespondenterna personligen.Utifrån vår studie kan vi se att samverkan mellan polismyndigheten ochfrivilligorganisationen Missing People genererar samma effekter som samverkan förväntasgöra mellan två myndigheter. Samverkan mellan två olika organisationskulturer resulterar intenödvändigtvis i en organisatorisk krock utan kan generera positiva effekter.För en fungerande samverkan är det viktigt att tänja på de organisatoriska gränserna,acceptera och anpassa organisationen till de aktörer man samverkar med. Det är relevant attklargöra det gemensamma målet/målen som de involverade aktörerna bör sträva efter iprocessen. Anledningen till att aktörer väljer att samverka är bland annat att samverkan ledertill kostnadseffektivitet, man vill stötta utsatta gruppers behov samt att påverka inflytandetsom medborgare och andra externa aktörer har.Studien har visat på att samverkan mellan en byråkratisk organisation som Polisen ochfrivilligorganisationen Missing People genererar likvärdiga effekter som en samverkan mellantvå myndigheter.

Since the mid-1980¡¦s, the delivery of social welfare services in developed countries has follwed a diversification trend. The method of ¡§government-institued, privately operated¡¨ social welfare services represnets one that has received higher approval and been used more widly. The ¡§government-instituted, privately operated¡¨method combines government and private resources to create social welfare service institutions that are otherwise less likely accomplished by either the government or the private sector alone. This should be a good policy of social welfare services, but in the wake of the differences in the position and role perspective of the two cooperating parties, division of labor between the government sector and the private sector and expectation and collateral interactions between the two parties show differences. Moreover, previous studies focused on the investigation into the interactions between the government and the private sector; they rarely dealt with how the service receivers in the ¡§government-instituted, privately operated¡¨ policy feel about the services. Third, previous studies also paid more attention to the discussion of the interactions between central government and nonprofit organizations at the national level. This study focueses on the interactions between local governments that are disadvantaged as far as resources available to them are concerned and regional small nonprofit organizations. This artcle is an explorative case research on ¡§A Family Workshop,¡¨ a ¡§government-instituted, privately operated¡¨ institution. The reseatcher conducted in-depth interviews on the Labor Bureau of Kaohsiung County government, Fire Phoenix Cultural and Educational Foundation, and the physically, mentally handicapped students in the workshop, and conducted related literature review so as to obtain depth discovery of the conducted related literature review so as to obtain depth discovery of the interactions between the three parties. Finally, the researcher put forth policy suggestions related with three aspects: government policy, assisting interactions, and support.

The aim of this study was to examine women shelters conditions as an organization and how these conditions affect their work with children who have experienced family violence and live in their shelters. In order to achieve a more profound and comprehensive view of the women shelters and their work with these children we selected to execute a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews with collaborators from nine different shelters in Sweden. We found that the women shelter as a non-governmental organization was bicameral and complex where their work with children distinguishes on several areas. We discovered that the women shelters were an organization, affected and formed by its environment. From our empiricism we could distinguish differences on a municipality level where collaborations with schools and social services occur in a resource guided hierarchy which influences the women shelters work with children. The women shelters work also showed to have a focus on the mother, even when they worked with the children. We also found that the shelters work varied in ways of including ideological foundations of moral to its work and therefore where directed and adapting their work with children from different approaches to its working procedures. As a conclusion, women shelters work with children can appear as a lottery of support and help due to its variations in what help the children are offered on their shelters.

Participatory communication through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been identified to enhance self-dependency and equality for local communities in development projects. As well, ICTs served as an accelerator for citizen participation in social movements, such as in Egypt. However, it is still questionable how participation and ICTs are understood on a global scale where structural inequalities between developing and developed countries might influence communication processes. Similarly, international organizations often address a global network of stakeholders with various economic and social backgrounds. However, it is unclear how participatory communication and ICTs are used in global organizations aiming to foster sustainable development. Hence, this thesis investigates the understanding and practices of participatory communication and the role of ICTs in a global network organization, the Global Water Partnership (GWP) based in Stockholm. The GWPs network consists of 2964 institutional partners in 172 countries worldwide. It can be seen that the GWP aims to achieve dialogic communication with local partners, but that they do not have a mechanism that ensures continuous participation in all working processes, although the local partners demand more possibilities to contribute and participate. As well, ICTs play a minor role in addressing the GWP network. In fact, most of the partner organizations do not have reliable internet access and insufficient English literacy, which makes communication through ICTs especially challenging.This suggests that globally operating organizations should be careful not to reproduce existing power relationship between developed and developing countries through the use of ICTs. As well, more mechanisms need to be established which ensure more participation in organization’s processes.

This study was conducted by using a qualitative textual analysis on UNICEF Sweden’s website with the purpose of problematizing the role of UNICEF Sweden in today’s globalised society. This was done in the context of how organisations of civil society have gained influence. Following questions were answered: How does UNICEF Sweden legitimise its operation? Which strategies does UNICEF Sweden use to encourage involvement and donations? The study shows how UNICEF Sweden legitimises its work by promoting a unique influence, their unique methods of work and by showing how the organisation helps the most disadvantaged children. This is interpreted as strategies to establish donor trust. UNICEF Sweden encourages involvement and donations by packaging relief efforts into products that conveys a sensation of helping others, which can be understood in relation to the consumer society. UNICEF Sweden’s role in society appears to be significant. It is problematic though that the donor phenomenon tends to simplify the social problems and reduces aid efforts into commercialised products. / Denna studie genomfördes med kvalitativ textanalys av UNICEF Sveriges hemsida i syfte att problematisera den roll som UNICEF Sverige spelar i dagens globaliserade samhälle. Detta inom kontexten av att civilsamhällets organisationers inflytande har ökat. Följande frågeställningar besvarades: Hur legitimerar UNICEF Sverige sin verksamhet? Vilka strategier använder sig UNICEF Sverige av för att uppmana till engagemang och stöd? Studien visar att UNICEF Sverige legitimerar sin verksamhet genom att hävda sitt unika inflytandet, sin unika arbetsmetod samt genom att påvisa att organisationen hjälper de barn som är mest utsatta. Detta tolkas som strategier för att etablera givartillit. UNICEF Sverige uppmanar till engagemang och stöd genom att förpacka hjälpinsatser till produkter som förmedlar en upplevelse av att hjälpa, vilket kan förstås i relation till konsumtionssamhället. UNICEF Sveriges roll i samhället framstår som mycket betydelsefull. Emellertid är det problematiskt att givandefenomenet tenderar att förenkla sociala problem samt reducerar hjälpinsatserna till kommersialiserade produkter.

Même si le rôle des ONG locales de la lutte contre le VIH/Sida est bien apprécié en Afrique, il existe une perception d’inefficacité de leurs actions liée à leur manque de capacité dans le suivi-évaluation des programmes. Par ailleurs, leur implication en évaluation peut être utilisée comme moyen d’amélioration continue de l’efficacité de leurs interventions. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser l’influence de l’implication de ces ONG dans les évaluations sur l’efficacité de ces interventions. Il combine les méthodes qualitative et quantitative d’analyse de données recueillies auprès de responsables, de financeurs et clients des ONG du Bénin. Il est rédigé sous la forme d’articles et est subdivisé en quatre parties :- analyse descriptive de la façon dont les ONG s’impliquent dans les évaluations de leurs activités ainsi que des facteurs l’influençant;- analyse par une méthode quantitative de l’influence qu’une telle implication peut avoir sur l’efficacité des interventions;- examen de façon qualitative des perceptions des acteurs sur cette implication ainsi que des mécanismes par lesquels elle peut conduire à l’efficacité des interventions;- examen des dimensions et facteurs explicatifs de la satisfaction des clients de ces ONG. Des recommandations sont adressées aux acteurs en vue d’optimiser l’utilisation des méthodes d’évaluation par ces organisations pour une amélioration de l’efficacité de leurs actions. / While the role of HIV/AIDS' local NGOs is appreciated in Africa, their actions are perceived as inefficient because of a lack of monitoring and evaluation capacity. Moreover, NGOs’ involvement in evaluation can be useful for continuously improving programs. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the influence of local NGOs’ involvement in evaluation on the effectiveness of their interventions. It used mixed (quantitative and qualitative) methods of analysis of data gathered from Benin NGOs' clients, officers and financiers. It is written as four articles format. The first's goal is to analyze descriptively the local HIV/AIDS NGOs’ involvement in evaluation and the characteristics influencing this involvement. The second aims to analyze by a quantitative method the influence this involvement in evaluation can have on the effectiveness of their interventions. The third's goal is to explore with qualitative method, actors’ perceptions and problems related to the involvement of NGOs in evaluations and to explain mechanisms by which that involvement can lead to increase interventions effectiveness. The last aims to analyze dimensions and the explanatory factors of NGOs' clients’ satisfaction. Recommendations are formulated in order to optimize the use of evaluations' methods by these organizations to improve the effectiveness of their actions.

Même si le rôle des ONG locales de la lutte contre le VIH/Sida est bien apprécié en Afrique, il existe une perception d’inefficacité de leurs actions liée à leur manque de capacité dans le suivi-évaluation des programmes. Par ailleurs, leur implication en évaluation peut être utilisée comme moyen d’amélioration continue de l’efficacité de leurs interventions. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser l’influence de l’implication de ces ONG dans les évaluations sur l’efficacité de ces interventions. Il combine les méthodes qualitative et quantitative d’analyse de données recueillies auprès de responsables, de financeurs et clients des ONG du Bénin. Il est rédigé sous la forme d’articles et est subdivisé en quatre parties :- analyse descriptive de la façon dont les ONG s’impliquent dans les évaluations de leurs activités ainsi que des facteurs l’influençant;- analyse par une méthode quantitative de l’influence qu’une telle implication peut avoir sur l’efficacité des interventions;- examen de façon qualitative des perceptions des acteurs sur cette implication ainsi que des mécanismes par lesquels elle peut conduire à l’efficacité des interventions;- examen des dimensions et facteurs explicatifs de la satisfaction des clients de ces ONG. Des recommandations sont adressées aux acteurs en vue d’optimiser l’utilisation des méthodes d’évaluation par ces organisations pour une amélioration de l’efficacité de leurs actions. / While the role of HIV/AIDS' local NGOs is appreciated in Africa, their actions are perceived as inefficient because of a lack of monitoring and evaluation capacity. Moreover, NGOs’ involvement in evaluation can be useful for continuously improving programs. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the influence of local NGOs’ involvement in evaluation on the effectiveness of their interventions. It used mixed (quantitative and qualitative) methods of analysis of data gathered from Benin NGOs' clients, officers and financiers. It is written as four articles format. The first's goal is to analyze descriptively the local HIV/AIDS NGOs’ involvement in evaluation and the characteristics influencing this involvement. The second aims to analyze by a quantitative method the influence this involvement in evaluation can have on the effectiveness of their interventions. The third's goal is to explore with qualitative method, actors’ perceptions and problems related to the involvement of NGOs in evaluations and to explain mechanisms by which that involvement can lead to increase interventions effectiveness. The last aims to analyze dimensions and the explanatory factors of NGOs' clients’ satisfaction. Recommendations are formulated in order to optimize the use of evaluations' methods by these organizations to improve the effectiveness of their actions.

中國大陸自1978年改革開放之後，伴隨著經濟繁榮與社會開放，使得經濟、政治、文化等社會生活各方面都受到前所未有的衝擊，同時也為中國大陸的非營利組織帶來發展的契機，之後非營利組織也如雨後春筍般地迅速發展，雖然目前其發展仍處於初期階段，但其民間性正在不斷地強化；同時，非營利組織在社會福利、慈善救助、助學培訓、醫療保健、文化教育、生態環境等各方面的努力與社會影響，在中國大陸顯然地已成為一股重要的社會力量，而相關的研究與探討也在近幾年來大量地發表。 本文在於探討中國大陸非營利組織發展的產生背景、歷史發展、規模情形、法規制度、與市民社會發展的關係、目前所面臨的問題與困境，以及其未來發展的趨勢。並以中國青少年發展基金會為個案分析，希望透過文獻的分析與實地的訪談，以更加瞭解目前中國大陸非營利組織的發展情形。 而在近年來非營利組織迅速發展的同時，也面臨到一些問題與瓶頸，包括：政社不分、經費不足、人才缺乏、法律不健全等問題。總之，目前中國大陸的非營利組織仍處於轉型之中，且改革開放以來，中國大陸非營利組織發展雖然面臨到前所未有的機遇，但於此同時，也面臨到諸多的問題與挑戰。 / After reform and opening up in 1978, all aspects of mainland China, such as the economy, politics and culture affairs, were in an unprecedented state of shock. Meanwhile, the opportunity was given for the development of the non-profit organizations (NPO) which were growing rapidly in recent years. Though the development is still at the primary stage, the participation of citizens in NPOs is increasing gradually. NPOs have become an important force with their growing influence on the social welfare, kindly supports, healthcare, cultural and education affairs, and environmental protections. Much related research was published in recent years. The current study uses China Youth Development Foundation as an example to understand the development of NPOs in mainland China. The study focuses on its background, history, current situation, relevant regulations, relationship with the civil society, and future developments. The purpose of this study is to know more about the present development of NPOs in mainland China by methods of interviews and analyses. As NPOs develop rapidly in recent years, they are also facing some problems, such as their connections with politics, shortage of financial support and personnel, and insufficient regulation establishments. In general, the NPOs of mainland China are still in a period of transition. Since the reform and open market, NPOs have had a great opportunity for their development, but they are also experiencing many problems and challenges.