Abstract Dark tourism has been recognised as a distinctive tourism phenomenon of the twenty-first century, with increasingly significant numbers of visitors and tourists going to dark tourism attractions and sites, new dark tourism products and attractions emerging, and modern global communication media generating interest in dark tourism attractions, while at the same time affecting the image of destinations. The phenomenon of dark tourism has been examined in academia from the mid-1990s; however, it remains one of the less developed areas of tourism and leisure research. Not surprisingly, knowledge of the experiences of visitors and tourists at dark tourism attractions and sites is both theoretically fragile and limited. In redressing this omission in tourism and leisure research, this study examines the effect of enduring involvement and socio-demographic variables on visitor experiences and benefits gained at a contemporary dark tourism site. The focus of the study is the April 3rd Peace Park on Jeju Island, South Korea, a site commemorating and memorialising one of the most destructive episodes in modern Korean history. In doing so, the study developed a theoretical framework for understanding visitor experiences at dark tourism sites, using a benefits-based approach along with the concept of enduring involvement. This approach provides a framework for comprehending visitors’ dark tourism experiences by identifying reasons for visit, on-site experiences, and benefits gained from these experiences. Enduring involvement is applied to investigate the effect of a visitor’s ‘personal connection’ to the tragic event when it comes to their experiences at the site. The April 3rd Peace Park on Jeju Island commemorates a violent political conflict, which began on April 3rd in 1948, and resulted in 30,000 of the inhabitants dead or missing. The park was inaugurated in 2008 for the purposes of education, commemoration, and reconciliation within the Jeju community, in which the family and relatives of both victims and perpetrators still live. The research employs qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore visitor experiences. In its qualitative component, 46 semi-structured interviews were conducted between September and October 2008 in order to identify reasons for visit, the cognitive and affective on-site experiences of visitors and the benefits gained from their visit. This data was utilised in the construction of a site-specific questionnaire. In the quantitative component, self-administered questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were conducted from June 23 to July 31, 2009. A total of 407 valid questionnaires, out of 450 distributed, were utilised to test 16 hypotheses derived from the theoretical framework. The results indicate that a benefits-based approach was effective in exploring visitors’ dark tourism experiences. With this approach, a sense of obligation or personal duty was identified as one of the key reasons for visiting the site. Emotional experiences were also found to be important, and likely to lead to the visitors’ benefits gained. However, results also indicate a benefits-based approach was not effective for segmentation of visitors. In relation to enduring involvement, visitor experiences and benefits gained from experiencing the site and its history were found to differ significantly based on visitors’ level of enduring involvement. High involvement visitors were more likely to recall actual memories of the April 3rd incident, as opposed to acquiring knowledge of it or related issues at the site itself, in stark contrast with low involvement visitors. These differences in visitor experiences and benefits gained were due therefore to visitors’ prior knowledge of and familiarity with the incident. The results of the study also indicate that high involvement visitors are more likely to be elderly, to reside locally, to be connected to the incident, or to have higher levels of education. Low involvement visitors on the other hand are more likely to be young, non-local, and with generally lower levels of education. The study concludes that an effective way of understanding dark tourism experiences from a theoretical perspective is to apply both a benefits-based approach and the concept of enduring involvement.

<p>Känslan av att man alltid ska vara produktiv är medfödd hos oss människor. Att få de anställda att vara motiverade och därmed prestera bra på arbetet är något som blivit en utmaning för arbetsgivarna, eftersom många arbetstagare numera söker arbetstillfredsställelse på andra sätt än bara genom det faktum att man får lön för mödan. För att undersöka huruvida arbetsmotivationen skiljer sig beroende på kön, tjänst och arbetslivserfarenhet genomfördes en enkätundersökning på ett medelstort svenskt företag. Enkäten innehöll fem frågeområden som tillsammans mäter arbetsmotivation. Deltagare var 64 anställda, varav 48 män och 16 kvinnor. Resultaten visade att män värderade engagemang högre än kvinnor gällande arbetsmotivation. I övrigt visade resultaten inga signifikanta skillnader i arbetsmotivation mellan grupperna vilket kan tolkas som att de anställda på det aktuella företaget utgjorde en homogen grupp med likvärdig arbetsmotivation.</p>

<p>This essay is a case study carried out at Flow Systems Ltd that foremost aims to treat the internal marketing at the company. The aim with the essay is to analyze and evaluate Flows internal marketing in connection with a process of change and how this reflects the external marketing in relation to customers.</p><p>The method that has been used is qualitative in the form of depth interviews carried out with management, employees and customers. This type of data was chosen since it is a good way of gathering more specific information regarding the informants preferences about the company. Among other things the results of the interviews showed internal marketing deficiencies, but that has not influenced the customers in a negative way. The conclusion was that the inferior internal marketing does not affect the cooperation and the communication between the company and its customers, however it has a big effect on the employees.</p>

<p>Tjänstesektorn utgör idag över 70 % av BNP i Sverige (the world bank group.org, 2005), vilket innebär att tjänster är en viktig del i Sveriges ekonomi. Dock är misslyckandegraden hög när nya tjänster skall introduceras. En tänkbar orsak till detta är att företagen inte lyckas hitta de latenta behoven deras kunder har. Det finns tankar inom forskarvärlden att dessa skulle kunna hittas genom att involvera kunden i tjänsteutvecklingsprocessen (se till exempel Sandén 2007). I dagsläget är forskningen inom kundinvolvering vid tjänsteutveckling dock begränsad.</p><p>Denna uppsats kommer att behandla kundinvolvering i tjänsteutvecklingen. Syftet med uppsatsen består av två delar, varav det första är att beskriva hur AB Storstockholms lokaltrafik (SL) ser på, tillämpar och definierar kundinvolvering vid tjänsteutveckling. Den andra delen av syftet består i att undersöka om SL använt sig av någon annan kundinvolveringsmetod än de som finns representerade i teorin rörande kundinvolvering vid tjänsteutveckling.</p><p>Vi har i denna uppsats valt att genomföra en kvalitativ undersökning baserad på delvis strukturerade intervjuer.</p><p>Vi anser oss kunna se att SL:s syn på kunders medverkan vid utveckling av tjänster överlag är positiv, men att de inte klart definierat vad kundinvolvering innebär. De metoder de använt sig av för att involvera sina kunder i projekt Vagn 2000 kan, i kombination med varandra, ses som en kundinvolveringsmetod, men inte som någon ny sådan. Vi kan också se att kunderna i huvudsak varit involverade i de senare faserna av utvecklingsprocessen samtidigt som det i teorin finns bäring för att kunderna kan involveras i samtliga faser. Vi anser att involveringen skall ske i så många steg som möjligt. Om företagen kan stämma av sina tankar om nya tjänster mot vad kunderna vill ha, så kan de troligtvis snabbare styra om resurser från projekt som kunderna inte tror påtill de som kunderna vill ha.</p> / <p>Today in Sweden the service sector consists of more than 70% of GDP, hence services have become an important part of the Swedish economy. However, when new services are introduced they are often accompanied with a high degree of failure. One cause to this may be that the company does not find the latent need the customer have. There are</p><p>ideas in the research community that these could be found by involving the customer in the service development (see e.g. Sandén 2007). Today the research in customer involvement in service development is limited.</p><p>This thesis concerns costumer involvement in service development. The purpose of the thesis consists of two separate parts; the first describes how AB Storstockholms lokaltrafik (SL) view, applies and define costumer involvement in service development, the second, is to investigate if SL has used any other method than the ones represented in theory concerning customer involvement in service development.</p><p>We have in this thesis chosen to perform a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews.</p><p>We conclude that SL´s overall view on customer involvement in service development is positive, however they have not clearly defined what customer involvement means. The methods they have used to involve their customer in a project called Vagn 2000 can combined together be viewed as a costumer involvement method, even though not a new one. We can also see that the customer mainly have been involved in the late phases of the service development process, whereas in theory the costumers is recommended to be involved in all phases. Our opinion is that the customer should be involved in as many phases as possible. If the companies could adapt their objectives to the customer need,</p><p>they could probably direct their resources from projects that are not supported by the customer into projects supported by them.</p>

Bulk food exist in various kind of food, can be purchased by individual needs and quantities required, customer in Taiwan still stick to bulk food and the way sales. Recent year, many problems have revealed the bulk food safety issue. Therefore, Department of Health enacted bulk food labeling regulation in 2009 to clarify what information to be revealed, and has advocating the information to consumer about how to choose bulk food. The government hopes to increase the consumer knowledge and avoid food hazard. We can tell that knowledge must be an important part in decision procedure of food purchasing, but a few of research concern this issue. Hence, in this research product knowledge and other variables are discussed and selected to form research model. This research also discovered the bulk food safety situation unprecedentedly, gives an overview to readers. The goals of this research are find the mediator effect within involvement, perceived quality and repurchase intention and the moderator effect of product knowledge between the relationships of perceived quality and repurchase intention. Samples of 973 collected through questionnaire survey, tested the hypotheses by regression analysis. The result showed the three variables did have partial mediator effect. And the moderator effect was confirmed, product knowledge will weakened the relationship, implied the bulk food safety information advocacy would help to change the customer decision. Based on the result, suggestions are as followed: government should keep on educating consumer to establish proper food decision criteria; bulk food producer and distributor should improve the information reveal and food quality control spontaneously, to win customers¡¦ perceived quality and increase purchase.

This qualitative study investigated the urgent need for business and public schools to design a comprehensive system for preparing all students for a technological workplace, while giving them the necessary academic foundation for functioning effectively in a work environment. Businesses and communities need to participate with schools, regardless of where the schools are located. Schools, businesses and communities must explore and work together to create new methods for supporting technology in schools and in the workplace. The interviewees who participated in the study consisted of 21 teachers and administrators from four high schools located within four districts in San Antonio, Texas. Two of the high schools were located in southern San Antonio and were classified as lower socioeconomic institutions. The other two high schools were located in northern San Antonio and were classified as upper socioeconomic institutions. Also, seven business leaders were interviewed from (1) grocery, (2) San Antonio city government, (3) military, (4) large retail chain, (5) technology organization and business, (6) telecommunications, and (7) a youth-oriented organization. The major conclusions of the study were that businesses believe that a skill-deficient workplace hampers economic growth and productivity, and a knowledge-deficient high school graduate limits his or her opportunities for an extended academic experience. Few businesses in San Antonio supported or contributed to technology competencies in the selected schools in San Antonio by participating in curriculum development or as partnerships within the schools. All teachers had a high level of understanding about the importance of technology competencies for students. Furthermore, they believed that teachers and administrators must have a well-organized and fluid technology training program that will help integration of technology into the curriculum. Schools within the lower socioeconomic classification did not have many opportunities for training or access to technology; therefore, the teachers did not have the opportunity for building their competencies. In comparison, the schools located in northern San Antonio had more than adequate opportunities for training and access to technology. Educational, business, and community organizations must be concerned with all aspects of student learning and their ability to utilize technology. It is not enough to supply hardware and software to schools.

Previous studies in the area of parental involvement in the education system were based on inconsistent parameters or definitions of the construct (Baker and Soden, 1997). The present study seeks to more clearly define and quantify parental involvement and examine the reduction of academic risk factors for economically disadvantaged students through a program of parental involvement in the educational setting. This study compares the academic achievement (ITBS scores) of 70 students enrolled in 1st thru 5th grades at an elementary public charter school in relation to the level of documented parental involvement (PI). Data indicate that in comparison to students enrolled at two neighborhood traditional public elementary schools, students at the charter school are 1.2 to 1.7 times more likely to pass the state mandated TAKS test in grades three through five. However, statistical analyses did not support the hypothesis that level of parental involvement was associated with academic achievement.

This essay is a case study carried out at Flow Systems Ltd that foremost aims to treat the internal marketing at the company. The aim with the essay is to analyze and evaluate Flows internal marketing in connection with a process of change and how this reflects the external marketing in relation to customers. The method that has been used is qualitative in the form of depth interviews carried out with management, employees and customers. This type of data was chosen since it is a good way of gathering more specific information regarding the informants preferences about the company. Among other things the results of the interviews showed internal marketing deficiencies, but that has not influenced the customers in a negative way. The conclusion was that the inferior internal marketing does not affect the cooperation and the communication between the company and its customers, however it has a big effect on the employees.

Tjänstesektorn utgör idag över 70 % av BNP i Sverige (the world bank group.org, 2005), vilket innebär att tjänster är en viktig del i Sveriges ekonomi. Dock är misslyckandegraden hög när nya tjänster skall introduceras. En tänkbar orsak till detta är att företagen inte lyckas hitta de latenta behoven deras kunder har. Det finns tankar inom forskarvärlden att dessa skulle kunna hittas genom att involvera kunden i tjänsteutvecklingsprocessen (se till exempel Sandén 2007). I dagsläget är forskningen inom kundinvolvering vid tjänsteutveckling dock begränsad. Denna uppsats kommer att behandla kundinvolvering i tjänsteutvecklingen. Syftet med uppsatsen består av två delar, varav det första är att beskriva hur AB Storstockholms lokaltrafik (SL) ser på, tillämpar och definierar kundinvolvering vid tjänsteutveckling. Den andra delen av syftet består i att undersöka om SL använt sig av någon annan kundinvolveringsmetod än de som finns representerade i teorin rörande kundinvolvering vid tjänsteutveckling. Vi har i denna uppsats valt att genomföra en kvalitativ undersökning baserad på delvis strukturerade intervjuer. Vi anser oss kunna se att SL:s syn på kunders medverkan vid utveckling av tjänster överlag är positiv, men att de inte klart definierat vad kundinvolvering innebär. De metoder de använt sig av för att involvera sina kunder i projekt Vagn 2000 kan, i kombination med varandra, ses som en kundinvolveringsmetod, men inte som någon ny sådan. Vi kan också se att kunderna i huvudsak varit involverade i de senare faserna av utvecklingsprocessen samtidigt som det i teorin finns bäring för att kunderna kan involveras i samtliga faser. Vi anser att involveringen skall ske i så många steg som möjligt. Om företagen kan stämma av sina tankar om nya tjänster mot vad kunderna vill ha, så kan de troligtvis snabbare styra om resurser från projekt som kunderna inte tror påtill de som kunderna vill ha. / Today in Sweden the service sector consists of more than 70% of GDP, hence services have become an important part of the Swedish economy. However, when new services are introduced they are often accompanied with a high degree of failure. One cause to this may be that the company does not find the latent need the customer have. There are ideas in the research community that these could be found by involving the customer in the service development (see e.g. Sandén 2007). Today the research in customer involvement in service development is limited. This thesis concerns costumer involvement in service development. The purpose of the thesis consists of two separate parts; the first describes how AB Storstockholms lokaltrafik (SL) view, applies and define costumer involvement in service development, the second, is to investigate if SL has used any other method than the ones represented in theory concerning customer involvement in service development. We have in this thesis chosen to perform a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews. We conclude that SL´s overall view on customer involvement in service development is positive, however they have not clearly defined what customer involvement means. The methods they have used to involve their customer in a project called Vagn 2000 can combined together be viewed as a costumer involvement method, even though not a new one. We can also see that the customer mainly have been involved in the late phases of the service development process, whereas in theory the costumers is recommended to be involved in all phases. Our opinion is that the customer should be involved in as many phases as possible. If the companies could adapt their objectives to the customer need, they could probably direct their resources from projects that are not supported by the customer into projects supported by them.

This paper is the compared analysis of on the young and old generations. It is focused on the achievement motivations and job characteristics of which influenced on job involvement. As the times changed, people were born on different backgrounds that cause a discrepancy in values and specialities of each generation. This paper is hypothesized the worker¡¦s hard-working level is different when with different achievement motivation and different job characteristics. The sample consisted of the workers in business or government organizations. All data collected and tested by the statistical methods with factor analysis, independent-sample t test, analysis of variance, regression analysis, and hierarchical regression. Conclusions and suggestion are based with the analysis results. Firstly, some significant differences had been found among different personal variables analysis. Secondly, the independent variable and dependent variable were found a significant difference that they to be interrelated. Finally, the interference effects of achievement motivation and job characteristics on job promise among the young and the old generations. Parts of all hypotheses were found, but there are only partially effects upon interference analysis. This paper aimed at workers of the young and the old generations compared analysis for an integrated conclusion of which offers the best practice reference.