<p>The appearance and design of a package are key properties to attract and to focus the attention of a customer. Print quality contributes to a great degree to achieve these requirements. Most critical perceived in terms of quality are print defects like mottling, gloss and stripiness, which all appear in the printing of corrugated board. Stripiness is especially critical because it is a defect directly caused by the corrugated board construction. A further cause can be generated by the production process of corrugated board. Pre-studies by Odeberg Glasenapp (2004) revealed a difference in surface micro-roughness between the regions on the peak line of the liner and the regions in the valley between two peaks of the corrugation. This knowledge was the basis for the work described in this thesis.</p><p>In a first stage, laboratory trials were conducted with sets of coated and uncoated samples of various grammages. The trial was set-up in order to simulate the conditions in the corrugator as closely as possible. In the evaluations, it was found out that the settings were too high. For that reason, the coated samples were influenced to a too high degree and needed to be excluded from further evaluations. With the uncoated samples, on the other hand, a change in micro surface roughness was detectable. The roughness is decreased on the peaks and the gloss appearance was the conclusion. The analysis of the printed samples focused on shifts in colour and print density. It is unclear if both are affected only surface roughness changes and/or by the typical corrugated board effect of washboarding.</p><p>A full-scale test was performed in order to confirm the results of the laboratory test. A test series was chosen with coated and uncoated outer liners. Contrary to the lab-test results, the uncoated grades showed no surface roughness changes. Instead, the coated samples were affected to a great extent. The changes in surface roughness and gloss appearance were similar to the lab-test. This confirms that the lab-test samples were exposed to heat, pressure and shear to a too high degree. The print analysis of the full-scale test did not agree with the laboratory test. Gloss lines were visually detectable, but they were difficult to measure. A reason could be that the ink is capable on forming an ink film layer on top of the surface of the paper. This would cover the micro roughness of the matt parts thereby creating an almost homogeneous glossy appearance.</p>

The use of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) as (i) covers for arsenic-rich gold mine tailings and landfills, (ii) subsurface barrier for migration of hydrocarbons in the Arctic, and (iii) basal liner for sewage treatment lagoons were examined. After 4 years in field and laboratory experiments, it was found that best cover configuration above gold mine tailings might include a layer of GCL product with polymer-enhanced bentonite and a geofilm-coated carrier geotextile serving above the tailings under ≥ 0.7 m overburden. However, acceptable performance could be achieved with using a standard GCL with untreated bentonite provided that there is a minimum of 0.7 m of cover soil above the GCL. When GCL samples were exhumed from experimental landfill test cover with complete replacement of sodium in the bentonite with divalent cations in the adjacent soil, it was observed that the (i) hydraulic head across the GCLs, (ii) size of the needle-punched bundles, and (iii) structure of the bentonite can all significantly affect the value of the inferred in-situ hydraulic conductivity measured at the laboratory. The higher the hydraulic head and the larger the size of the needle-punched bundles, the higher the likelihood of internal erosion/structural change of bentonite at bundles that will cause a preferential flow for liquids to occur. A key practical implication was that GCLs can perform effectively as a single hydraulic barrier in covers provided that the water head above the GCL kept low. The hydraulic performance of a GCL in the Arctic was most affected by the location within the soil profile relative to the typical groundwater level with the highest increase in the hydraulic conductivity (by 1-4 orders of magnitude) for GCL below the water table. However, because the head required for jet fuel to pass through the GCL was higher than that present under field conditions, there was no evidence of jet fuel leakage through the barrier system. The leakage through GCLs below concrete lined sewage treatment lagoons was within acceptable limits, in large part, due to the low interface transmissivity between GCLs and the overlying poured concrete. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-02-28 08:53:29.171

High density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes are normally used as part of a composite liner for waste containment facilities such as municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and heap leach pads. Field conditions, which include physical stresses on the geomembrane, elevated operating temperatures, and contact with leachate constituents, have the potential to affect the service life of the HDPE geomembranes. This thesis examined the long-term performance of different HDPE geomembranes based on both conventional laboratory accelerated immersion tests and simulated landfill liner tests. A 1.5mm HDPE geomembrane was immersed in different synthetic leachates at different temperatures in order to evaluate the effects of leachate chemical constituents on the depletion of antioxidants. The results showed that a basic leachate with trace metals, surfactant, and a reducing agent was the most appropriate for evaluating the potential degradation of HDPE geomembranes. A similar immersion test was performed to evaluate the effects of thickness on the ageing of HDPE geomembranes. Three commercially available HDPE geomembranes having nominal thicknesses of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5mm were immersed in a synthetic leachate at four different temperatures in this experiment. The results showed that a thicker geomembrane may have a longer service life if other things are similar. The depletion of antioxidants from a 1.5mm thick HDPE geomembrane was examined by conducting accelerated ageing tests at 55, 70, and 85oC under simulated landfill liner conditions. The results showed that the antioxidant depletion rate was consistently lower for the simulated landfill liner tests compared to the leachate immersion tests. The effectiveness of the aged HDPE geomembrane on the migration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was examined by conducting diffusion and partitioning tests using both unaged and aged HDPE geomembranes. The results showed that the ageing of HDPE geomembranes did not increase diffusive migration of organic contaminants, provided that the geomembrane remained intact. A new method was developed to estimate the service life of the HDPE geomembrane based on the landfill liner temperature history. The service lives of the HDPE geomembranes were calculated to be between 20 and 4700 years, depending on the geomembrane type, exposure conditions, and the time-temperature history examined. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-01-30 09:30:49.135

Das Wechselspiel Boden-Pflanze und die damit verbundenen Wassergehaltsänderungen im Boden bestimmen die Funktionalität einer Wasserhaushaltsschicht. Untersuchungen an der Lysimeterstation Bautzen/Nadelwitz machen deutlich, dass vielfältige Faktoren (z. B. nFK, Durchwurzelungstiefe) die Mächtigkeit einer Wasserhaushaltsschicht bestimmen. Der Bodeneinbau mit einem Verdichtungsgrad von 90% - 92% Proctordichte gewährleistet ein setzungsstabiles Korngerüst unter Gewährleistung der geforderten nFK und LK. Durch die Erweiterung des Feinbodenartendreiecks mit den Ebenen „Durchwurzelung“, „nutzbare Feldkapazität“ und „Standsicherheit“ wird eine fachübergreifende Eignungsbeurteilung von Böden ermöglicht. Die wasserhaushaltspezifische Anwendung des Dreiecks der Phasenzusammensetzung nach RUDERT erlaubt die Ausweisung von Schwankungsbreiten bzgl. der Einbaukenngrößen, ohne Abweichungen von den geforderten bodenphysikalischen Anforderungen an eine Wasserhaushaltsschicht hinnehmen zu müssen.

This thesis studies two related topics in liner shipping. The first topic is the contract pricing problem for container carriers. The second part studies the interaction of the longer term contracts and the spot markets/exchanges for the same goods/services. Most containerized freight is transported under the provisions of medium term contracts between ocean carriers and shippers. One of the biggest challenges for an ocean carrier is to find optimal ways to structure the prices in those contracts. In particular, an ocean carrier would like to set the prices such that the best match between supply and demand can be obtained to maximize its profit. We propose three optimization models as decision tools that carriers can use to plan the contract price structures, as well as the anticipated freight flows and empty container flows for the period covered by the contracts. Based on the models, we propose algorithms and build decision tools that generate the following output: optimal prices to be charged for the movement of freight, the anticipated freight flows and empty flows, containers to be leased, rented and purchased, and the additional voyage capacities to be procured. The first two models are deterministic and represent the problem at different levels of detail. In addition, a three-stage stochastic model is proposed to handle uncertainties in demand rates, costs, bookings and transit times on feeder arcs. Recent developments in information technology and communication make spot transactions more economical and more convenient. Nevertheless, the incidental spot transactions still count for only a very small portion of freight transported both by the large carriers who are the leaders in implementing e-commerce and in the industry as a whole. The second part of the thesis studies models to provide insight into the effect of spot market participation rates on various economic quantities. This may have implications for freight transportation industries, such as the sea cargo industry, in which longer term contracts are still prevalent. We focus our study on the following situation. Option contracts are signed before the demand is observed. As is common in liner shipping, sellers (carriers) also sell goods/services on the spot. Buyers (shippers) may or may not buy in the spot market as a matter of policy. We investigate the effects of spot market participation on the contract market and on the surpluses of all market players. It is found that the contract market shrinks as more and more buyers participate in the spot market. However, the effects on the surpluses of different market players are much more complicated and depend on the following factors: market structure, demand variation along time, demand variation among buyers and capacity level.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A incorporação do diacetato de clorexidina em resinas macias para reembasamento de próteses pode se tornar uma boa alternativa na terapia com antimicrobianos usados para candidíase oral, uma vez que é independente da cooperação do paciente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a hipótese que a incorporação de diacetato de clorexidina em resinas macias não alteraria as suas propriedades físico-químicas. Foram analisadas duas resinas macias, uma à base de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) e outra à base de polietilmetacrilato (PEMA), com a incorporação de 0,5%, 1,0% e 2,0% de diacetato de clorexidina, além do grupo controle sem diacetato de clorexidina. Os espécimes foram armazenadas em água destilada a 37 durante 2hrs, 48 hrs, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias e analisados quanto a cristalinidade do polímero através da difração de Raios X, a dureza mensurada com durômetro na escala shore A, o grau de conversão dos monômeros pela Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), a lixiviação de monômeros residuais e a liberação da clorexidina por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Performace (HPLC). Os resultados mostraram que quanto à cristalinidade dos polímeros nas resinas macias à base de PMMA e de PEMA não alteraram após a incorporação de clorexidina, o que está relacionado à dureza Shore A, que aumentou ao longo do tempo, mas sem alteração significativa para nenhuma das concentrações de diacetato de clorexidina testadas. Já quanto ao grau de conversão, após a incorporação de clorexidina, a resina macia à base de PMMA não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa (&#1088;>0,05), porém a resina macia à base de PEMA apresentou diminuição significativa do grau de conversão (p<0,05), o que refletiu no aumento significativo da lixiviação de monômeros residuais nas concentrações 0,5% e 1,0% de clorexidina (p<0,05), principalmente nas primeiras 48 horas nessa resina. A resina macia à base de PMMA não apresentou alterações do padrão de lixiviação desses monômeros (&#1088;>0,05) e para ambas as resinas a cinética de liberação de clorexidina foi relacionada à lixiviação de monômeros residuais, que para a resina macia à base de PEMA foi maior significativamente nas primeiras 48 horas (p<0,05) e para a resina macia à base de PMMA não teve alteração estatisticamente significativa (&#1088;>0,05) se mantendo até o último dia de análise. Desse modo, conclui-se que a incorporação do diacetato de clorexidina não afetou a cristalinidade dos polímeros, inalterando a dureza nas duas resinas, porém o grau de conversão sofreu diminuição após a incorporação de diacetato de clorexidina na resina macia à base de PEMA, o que levou ao aumento da lixiviação de monômeros residuais e curta liberação de clorexidina; enquanto que a resina macia à base de PMMA, devido a não alteração significativa do seu grau de conversão, ocorreu menor lixiviação de monômeros residuais e liberação prolongada de clorexidina. / Chlorhexidine incorporation in soft denture liners can become a good antimicrobial treatment alternative for oral candidiasis, since it is independent of patient compliance. Considering this, the present study evaluate the hypothesis that chlorhexidine diacetate (CDA) incorporation in soft denture liners would not change their physical-chemical properties. For this, two soft resins were tested, one based on poly methylmethacrylate (PMMA) and the other based on poly ethylmethacrylate (PEMA), which received 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% of CDA incorporation, in addition to a control group without CDA. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 C during 2 hrs, 48 hrs, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, then analyzed for polymer crystallinity through X-Ray diffraction, Shore A hardness measured with a durometer, degree of monomers conversion by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the leaching of residual monomers and release of CDA by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that polymer crystallinity of PEMA and PMMA were not changed after CDA incorporation, this results is related to Shore A hardness, which increased over time, but not for any CDA concentrations tested. Considering the degree of monomers conversion, PMMA based resin did not present significant statistic difference (&#1088;>0.05), however the PEMA based resin had a significantly decrease on its degree of conversion (p<0.05), which was reflected in a significant increase of residual monomers leaching from PEMA based resin with 0.5% and 1.0% CDA incorporation (p<0.05), mainly in the firsts 48 hours. PMMA based resin had no alteration on its monomers leaching (&#1088;>0.05) and for both resins their CDA release kinetics was related to the monomers leaching, which for PEMA based resin was significantly greater in the first 48 hours (p<0.05) and for PMMA based resin was more sustained up to the last day of analysis. Thus, it is concluded that CDA incorporation do not affect polymers crystallinity and do not change their hardness, but the monomers conversion degree decrease for PEMA based resin, leading to an increase of residual monomers leaching and shorter CDA release, while for PMMA based resin, because of no change on their monomers conversion degree, there was less residual monomers leaching and prolonged CDA release.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A texturização superficial é uma importante ferramenta a ser utilizada na diminuição do atrito em contatos lubrificados, sendo sua eficácia atestada tanto em simulações como experimentalmente. Uma grande barreira para a utilização em escala industrial da texturização superficial e a dificuldade de se encontrar métodos de inserção destes padrões superficiais que combinem rapidez de implementação e baixo custo, tornando assim a técnica mais competitiva. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a viabilidade de se inserir texturas superficiais na superfície interna de cilindros automotivos de ferro fundido cinzento, utilizando método de texturização superficial sem mascaramento (MECT), o qual combina baixo custo e elevada velocidade de texturização. Uma vez estabelecidos os parâmetros de texturização do método MECT para o ferro fundido cinzento, foram conduzidos ensaios anel-bloco a fim de comparar os ganhos na redução do atrito e do desgaste de amostras texturizadas quando comparadas a amostras polidas mecanicamente e eletroquimicamente. O MECT se mostrou um método viável, rápido e de baixo custo para texturização de camisas de cilindros automotivos. Nos ensaios anel-bloco as amostras texturizadas superficialmente apresentaram menores coeficiente de atrito e volume desgastado em relação as amostras polidas mecanicamente e eletroquimicamente. / Surface texturing is an important tool to be used for reduction of the friction force in lubricated contacts, being its effectiveness evidenced in simulations and experimentally. A major barrier to use surface texturing in an industrial scale is the difficulty of finding application methods of these surface patterns that combine both high speed and low cost, thus making the surface texturing a more competitive technique. The objective of this work is to investigate the potentiality of inserting surface textures on the inner surface of an automotive cylinder liner made of grey cast iron, using Maskless Electrochemical Texturing Method (MECT), which is a both low cost and high-speed texturing process. Once established the texturing parameters for the method MECT for the grey cast iron, were made Block-on-Ring tests to compare the improvement in reducing friction force and wear of the textured samples in comparison with samples mechanically and electrochemically polished. The method MECT proved to be a viable method for texturing of automotive cylinder liners, being both fast and low cost. In the Block-on-Ring tests, the texturized samples showed lower friction coefficient and wear volume compared to the mechanically and electrochemically polished samples. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A incorporação do diacetato de clorexidina em resinas macias para reembasamento de próteses pode se tornar uma boa alternativa na terapia com antimicrobianos usados para candidíase oral, uma vez que é independente da cooperação do paciente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a hipótese que a incorporação de diacetato de clorexidina em resinas macias não alteraria as suas propriedades físico-químicas. Foram analisadas duas resinas macias, uma à base de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) e outra à base de polietilmetacrilato (PEMA), com a incorporação de 0,5%, 1,0% e 2,0% de diacetato de clorexidina, além do grupo controle sem diacetato de clorexidina. Os espécimes foram armazenadas em água destilada a 37 durante 2hrs, 48 hrs, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias e analisados quanto a cristalinidade do polímero através da difração de Raios X, a dureza mensurada com durômetro na escala shore A, o grau de conversão dos monômeros pela Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), a lixiviação de monômeros residuais e a liberação da clorexidina por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Performace (HPLC). Os resultados mostraram que quanto à cristalinidade dos polímeros nas resinas macias à base de PMMA e de PEMA não alteraram após a incorporação de clorexidina, o que está relacionado à dureza Shore A, que aumentou ao longo do tempo, mas sem alteração significativa para nenhuma das concentrações de diacetato de clorexidina testadas. Já quanto ao grau de conversão, após a incorporação de clorexidina, a resina macia à base de PMMA não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa (&#1088;>0,05), porém a resina macia à base de PEMA apresentou diminuição significativa do grau de conversão (p<0,05), o que refletiu no aumento significativo da lixiviação de monômeros residuais nas concentrações 0,5% e 1,0% de clorexidina (p<0,05), principalmente nas primeiras 48 horas nessa resina. A resina macia à base de PMMA não apresentou alterações do padrão de lixiviação desses monômeros (&#1088;>0,05) e para ambas as resinas a cinética de liberação de clorexidina foi relacionada à lixiviação de monômeros residuais, que para a resina macia à base de PEMA foi maior significativamente nas primeiras 48 horas (p<0,05) e para a resina macia à base de PMMA não teve alteração estatisticamente significativa (&#1088;>0,05) se mantendo até o último dia de análise. Desse modo, conclui-se que a incorporação do diacetato de clorexidina não afetou a cristalinidade dos polímeros, inalterando a dureza nas duas resinas, porém o grau de conversão sofreu diminuição após a incorporação de diacetato de clorexidina na resina macia à base de PEMA, o que levou ao aumento da lixiviação de monômeros residuais e curta liberação de clorexidina; enquanto que a resina macia à base de PMMA, devido a não alteração significativa do seu grau de conversão, ocorreu menor lixiviação de monômeros residuais e liberação prolongada de clorexidina. / Chlorhexidine incorporation in soft denture liners can become a good antimicrobial treatment alternative for oral candidiasis, since it is independent of patient compliance. Considering this, the present study evaluate the hypothesis that chlorhexidine diacetate (CDA) incorporation in soft denture liners would not change their physical-chemical properties. For this, two soft resins were tested, one based on poly methylmethacrylate (PMMA) and the other based on poly ethylmethacrylate (PEMA), which received 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% of CDA incorporation, in addition to a control group without CDA. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 C during 2 hrs, 48 hrs, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, then analyzed for polymer crystallinity through X-Ray diffraction, Shore A hardness measured with a durometer, degree of monomers conversion by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the leaching of residual monomers and release of CDA by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that polymer crystallinity of PEMA and PMMA were not changed after CDA incorporation, this results is related to Shore A hardness, which increased over time, but not for any CDA concentrations tested. Considering the degree of monomers conversion, PMMA based resin did not present significant statistic difference (&#1088;>0.05), however the PEMA based resin had a significantly decrease on its degree of conversion (p<0.05), which was reflected in a significant increase of residual monomers leaching from PEMA based resin with 0.5% and 1.0% CDA incorporation (p<0.05), mainly in the firsts 48 hours. PMMA based resin had no alteration on its monomers leaching (&#1088;>0.05) and for both resins their CDA release kinetics was related to the monomers leaching, which for PEMA based resin was significantly greater in the first 48 hours (p<0.05) and for PMMA based resin was more sustained up to the last day of analysis. Thus, it is concluded that CDA incorporation do not affect polymers crystallinity and do not change their hardness, but the monomers conversion degree decrease for PEMA based resin, leading to an increase of residual monomers leaching and shorter CDA release, while for PMMA based resin, because of no change on their monomers conversion degree, there was less residual monomers leaching and prolonged CDA release.

A utilização do solo natural compactado com bentonita empregado em camadas impermeáveis para retenção de contaminantes é bastante usual para aterros sanitários. Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados de ensaios condutividade hidráulica e de resistência ao cisalhamento, realizados em equipamentos triaxiais. Além do solo natural, foram utilizadas misturas solo-bentonita nos teores de 2%, 4% e 6%. O solo arenoso ensaiado é encontrado na Planície Costeira Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os valores de condutividade hidráulica diminuiram tanto com o acréscimo do teor de bentonita, quanto com o aumento da tensão de confinamento. A condutividade hidráulica do solo apresentou uma redução de três ordens de grandeza quando este foi compactado com 6% de bentonita (de \'10 POT.-7\' para \'10 POT.-10\' m/s). Em relação a resistência ao cisalhamento do material, constatou-se que com o acréscimo do teor bentonita de 0 para 6%, a coesão efetiva aumentou (de 2,3 para 12,8 kPa) e o ângulo de atrito efetivo diminuiu (de 22,7º pra 14,0º). / Compacted soil-bentonite mixtures used as impermeable layers for retention of contaminants is quite usual in landfills. This paper presents the results of hydraulic conductivity and shear strength tests conducted in a triaxial apparatus. Natural soil, and soil-bentonite mixtures at 2%, 4% and 6% concentrations were tested. The sandy soil tested is found in the Southern Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul. The hydraulic conductivity decreased with both the increase of bentonite content and increase of confining stress. Compared to natural soil, the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soil-bentonite mixtures at 6% content decreased by three orders of magnitude (from \'10 POT.-7\' to \'10 POT.-10\' m/s). Regarding the material shear strength, it was found that when the natural soil is compared to compacted soil-bentonite mixtures at 6% content, the effective cohesion increased (from 2.3 to 12.8 kPa) and the effective friction angle decreased (from 22. 7º to 14.0º).

The constant pursuit in the automotive industry to increase the engines performance, new solutions are always developed and tested to reduce the friction and increase the efficiency in the engine. One component that contributes to friction losses is the piston ring pack where the top compression stands for up to 40 %. This master thesis collaborated with Scania’s material science department Basic engine and covers the friction and wear of four different materials on the cylinder liner surface against the top compression ring.The four tested materials were grey cast iron with different honing quality and three atmospheric plasma sprayed coatings with titanium oxide, chromium oxide and Metco’s mixture F2071 which is a stainless steel mixed with a ceramic. A martensitic steel piston ring with a chromium coated sliding surface was used for all the testing in the Cameron-Plint TE77 test-rig. This is a pin-on-disc test method and the parameters used for testing is set to replicate the environment the ring is exposed to at the top dead centre.The test-rig has been in Scania’s possession for a long time and has not always given a satisfying result. An uneven contact between the ring and liner has been a problem resulting in only worn edges of the liner specimen. The piston ring holder was therefore redesigned to be able to adjust the radius of the ring. This allowed a good conformability between the ring and liner to be obtained.The tested materials were evaluated according to friction and wear. Friction was measured with the test-rig and the wear was calculated with surface profiles that were measured before and after testing. Worn surfaces were studied in a SEM to verify which wear mechanism that was active. The changes of the surfaces was studied with the use of following surface parameters Ra, Rk, Rpk, Rvk and if there was a connection between these parameters and friction and wear coefficient.Independent of honing quality showed the grey cast iron lowest friction coefficient just under 0.13, the F2071 liner showed a friction coefficient just above 0.13. Both oxide layers showed similar friction where the chromium oxide had a friction just below 0.15 and the titanium oxide lay just above 0.15. Lowest wear coefficient had the chromium oxide followed by F2071, titanium oxide and the bad honed grey cast iron. These three liners showed almost the exact same wear coefficient. Worst wear coefficient had the grey cast iron with a good honing quality. A mild abrasive wear mechanism was active during the wear test and vague wear marks was found on the surface. There is no connection between wear coefficient and friction and the change in surface roughness during the test does not affect the friction.