授信風險分析是決定授信品質的關鍵。不管是聯合貸款、企業授信或消費性貸款，所有申貸案件必定經過徵信程序(credit analysis)來評估授信風險，再決定是否准予貸放。尤其企業授信一般貸放金額甚高，必須藉著嚴謹的審查過程來分析授信戶的借款用途是否合理、還款來源是否無虞。而這又必須瞭解其財務狀況、產銷情形、產業前景、研發創新、營運模式、經營者專業素養、管理能力等構面來分析風險成分。 傳統授信風險分析方法、理論，如五P分析、產業分析、財務分析等已行之多年，亦是國內商業銀行最普遍採用。然而隨著統計學、計量工具的發展，各種衡量信用風險的模型model被架構推出，世界知名銀行亦投注人力物力發展計量分析為主的風險管理部門，建立授信風險量化指標。除消費金融業務已藉著評分(credit scoring)作為准駁依據外，企業授信則因basel II即將公佈實施，亦使銀行業近幾年亦積極投入發展計量模型以建立IRB。然而計量分析與專家分析目前在國內銀行並未結合。我們將在文中探討主要授信分析工具並以89-92年間發生下市及打入全額交割股事件之公司為選樣範圍作為倒帳率分析基礎。

Organisations today operate in a complex, unpredictable, globalised, and competitive business environment and challenging marketplace, emphasis on just-in-time deliveries and service quality through the integration of resources. In response to the changing business dynamics, web-based EDI (WEDI) has been adopted by the global container shipping industry to cost-effectively utilise available resources to build and remain its competitive advantage. To improve the current understanding of WEDI adoption factors, this research explores inter-organisational collaboration of WEDI adoption, focusing on the organisational adoption stage and examine how business level social and relational factors influence WEDI adoption in the context of the container liner shipping industry. Based on theoretical and literature reviews on previous EDI adoption, in particular to three key inter-organisational system adoption empirical research (including Lee and Lim, 2005; Boonstra and de Vries, 2005; Zhu et al., 2006), an integrated research model was established of which features ‘Social Resources' of (trading partner power, trading partner dependence and social network effect), ‘Relational Resources' of (trading partner trust, top management commitment and guanxi, ‘Reward' of (perceived interests), and ‘Technological State' of (technological trust and e-readiness) as prominent antecedents. Through E-mail and Web Survey approach, we examine the nine independent constructs in the research model quantitatively on a dataset of 164 respondents from the top 20 leading container shipping liner in year 2009 and 195 respondents of the top 20 leading container shipping liner in 2012 by 3 case studies through online surveys. After examining its reliability, validity and correlation of the constructs, PLS structural Equation Modelling was applied to test hypotheses. The empirical results update how firms exchange business dada, in particular to the use of WEDI in the industry. This study demonstrated that ‘Social Resources' of trading partner power, trust and guanxi, positively associated with the perceived interest of WEDI adoption. Relational Resources' of trading partner trust, top management commitment and guanxi positively associated with the perceived interest of WEDI adoption. It also confirms the nine constructs to be positively association the WEDI adoption decisions. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we argue that firms simultaneously modify and adjust their social and relational resources to affect other firms' expected benefit as a reward. Overall, based on a rigorous empirical analysis of two different international dataset, this research provides valuable and the most updated insights into a set of key factors that influence WEDI adoption. By recognising what may influence WEDI adoption in the context of the container liner shipping, this study will be useful in suggesting strategies to overcome the constraints that inhibit adoption. Researchers will benefit from the study's theoretical insights and explore further WEDI adoption and diffusion patterns. Practitioners who learn why organisations adopt WEDI and what the related factors are that influence the adoption process will make better strategic decisions concerning the adoption of WEDI.

Les matériaux absorbants acoustiques, qui sont d’un intérêt stratégique en aéronautique pour la diminution passive du bruit des réacteurs d’avion, conduisent à une physique complexe où l’écoulement turbulent, des ondes acoustiques, et l’absorbant interagissent. Cette thèse porte sur la simulation de cette interaction dans le problème modèle d’un écoulement de canal turbulent avec des parois impédantes, par le biais de simulations numériques aux grandes échelles implicites, dans un contexte de calcul haute performance.Une étude est d’abord faite des grandes échelles dans un canal turbulent avec des parois rigides, en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à l’effet d’une faible compressibilité (Mach <3) sur les caractéristiques de ces échelles.Un canal turbulent avec une paroi de type impédance est ensuite simulé, avec une condition habituelle de périodicité dans le sens de l’écoulement. On observe que pour des faibles valeurs de la résistance et des fréquences de résonance basses, l’écoulement est instable, ce qui engendre une onde le long de l’absorbant, qui modifie la turbulence et augmente la trainée.Enfin, on se tourne vers une simulation de canal spatial en levant la condition de périodicité dans la direction de l’écoulement, ce qui permet d’introduire une onde acoustique en entrée de domaine. L’atténuation de l’onde dans l’écoulement turbulent est étudiée avec des parois rigides, puis un absorbant acoustique est introduit. Dans cette configuration plus réaliste, il est confirmé que l’écoulement peut devenir instable au bord amont de l’absorbant, ce qui empêche l’atténuation de l’onde acoustique incidente. / Acoustic liners are a key technology in aeronautics for the passive reduction of the noise generated by aircraft engines. They are employed in a complex flow scenario in which the acoustic waves, the turbulent flow, and the acoustic liner are interacting.During this thesis, in a context of high performance computing, a compressible Navier-Stokes solver has been developed to perform implicit large eddy simulations of a model problem of this interaction: a turbulent plane channel flow with one wall modeled as an impedance condition.As a preliminary step the wall-turbulence in rigid channel flows and associated large-scale motions are investigated. A straightforward algorithm to detect these flow features is developed and the effect of compressibility on the flow structures and their contribution to the drag are studied. Then, the interaction between the acoustic liner and turbulent flow is investigated assuming periodicity in the streamwise direction. It is shown that low resistance and low resonance frequency tend to trigger flow instability, which modifies the conventional wall-turbulence and also results in drag increase.Finally, the simulation of a spatial channel flow was addressed. In this case no periodicity is assumed and an acoustic wave can be injected at the inlet of the domain. The effect of turbulence on sound attenuation is studied without liner, before a liner is introduced on a part of the channel bottom wall. In this more realistic case, it is confirmed that low resistance acoustic liners trigger an instability at the leading edge of the liner, resulting in drag increase and excess noise generation.

本研究主要在探討台灣貨櫃航商之競爭策略，首先聚焦在全球整體海運業之定期船業務，因其運送約七成貨物價值之貨載，而貨櫃航運業運輸量則佔定期船運量超過九成，重要性不言可喻。台灣貨櫃船公司更在世界航運舞台，扮演重要角色成效斐然，因此以台灣貨櫃航運業為研究對象，專注於研究台灣貨櫃船公司所面臨的環境壓力衝擊、分析產業競爭問題、產業風險及成本結構、以歸納建議因應當代變局的關鍵競爭策略。 透過與業界深具實務經驗的資深專家訪談，並以進行面對面深度訪談及勾選問卷聚焦填答方式，對於研究問題經由具決策權之高階管理專家，得到更深遠寬廣的義涵與解答。本研究歸納受訪專家的結論認為：要改善貨櫃海運產業的激烈競爭態勢，當務之急是航商之間應擇優策略聯盟，不該盲目跟進大量訂造新船，宜審慎避免過度投資及過量增加船舶艙位，造成產業運能供給與需求失衡。 規劃產業的競爭策略最重要的是要把公司放入「環境」中考量。貨櫃航運業歷經逾五十年的發展，已逐步過渡到溫和成長的「成熟期產業」階段。這個階段伴隨技術成熟與極度標準化的國際競爭加劇，而使產業獲利走低，業者必須格外著重降低成本與提升服務品質，執行風險管理，並兼顧產品組合之合理化及正確訂價，且要積極穩固忠誠的老客戶，才足以因應嚴峻情勢變化與挑戰，同時必須實施流程創新與再造，及加強管控產業的各項「不確定性」風險。 業者應積極整合組織中外顯與內隱的競爭優勢，以科學管理方式實踐合理化，創新性與競合式發展策略，並強調知識經濟與核心能力為主的差異化策略，實質確保永續優勢的「競爭策略」。 / This study explored the competitive strategies of Taiwanese container shipping companies. I focus on the impact of the environmental pressures on these companies, and highlighted their key competitive strategies. Based on depth interviews and questionnaire with industrial senior executive experts, this study suggests that Taiwanese container shipping companies consider to reduce their risk exposure by forming strategic alliances and to avoid making excessive new vessels building and investment, in facing increasing imbalance of worldwide fleet loading capacity in container shipping industry. Global container shipping industry has developed over than 50 years and is now toward “Industry maturity period”. Competitors in such an industry should focus on lowering cost and strengthening the quality of service to secure customer loyalty. At same time, competitors in the industry should also strive for process innovation and better risk management. They should also develop the core competence and try to differentiate themselves from other competitors in order to ensure their sustainable advantages.

Die Anforderungen an die Verbrennungsmotoren im Hinblick auf Emissionen, Kraftstoffverbrauch und Leistungspotentiale sind in den letzten Jahren stark gestiegen. Die zunehmende Leistungsdichte, aufgrund eingesetzter Konzepte wie Downsizing und Aufladung, führt gerade an der Zylinderlaufbahn zu ansteigenden thermischen und mechanischen Belastungen. Aktuelle Konzepte, wie z.B. Aluminium-Silizium-Legierungen erreichen dabei ihre Belastungsgrenzen, so dass zur Absicherung der Funktion Grauguss - Legierungen in Buchsenform eingesetzt werden. Dies führt jedoch wiederum zu einem Motormehrgewicht mit direkter Auswirkung auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch und damit auch Emissionen. Die Umsetzung von alternativen Laufbahnkonzepten, die diesen Anforderungen gewachsen sind und dabei optimales Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten zeigen, steht daher im Fokus aktueller Entwicklungsarbeiten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die anodische Oxidation von Aluminiumoberflächen als potentielles Zylinderlaufbahnkonzept untersucht. Es wurden Laufbahnen aus der Druckgusslegierung AlSi9Cu3 mit zwei unterschiedlichen Keramik-Schichten erzeugt. Die Kepla-Coat R-Schicht basierend auf dem Gleichstromprozess der Firma AHC Oberflächentechnik GmbH, ein Unternehmen der AIMT Holding, und die G2 - Schicht auf Basis des Wechselstromprozesses der Firma Keronite. Die Schichtcharakterisierung hat gezeigt, dass sich die Schichtzusammensetzungen und -strukturen in Abhängigkeit von Prozessparameter und Elektrolyt unterscheiden. Nach einer mechanischen Nachbearbeitung zur Glättung der Oberfläche und Freilegung der prozessbedingten Porosität, erfolgte die tribologische Bewertung sowohl in Tribometer-Modellversuchen mit oszillierender und rotierender Kinematik als auch unter realen Betriebsbedingungen an einem befeuerten Einzylindermotor. Untersucht wurden Fresslasten sowie das Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten. Verwendet wurden unterschiedliche Kolbenring - Laufbahn -Paarungen in Kombination mit unterschiedlichen Ölen. Als Kolbenringe kamen nitrierte, CKS-, CrN-, ta-C- und GG-Kolbenringe zum Einsatz. Im Rahmen der Fresslastuntersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die maximale Belastung der G2 - Schicht bei ca. 500 N und die der Kepla-Coat R-Schicht bei ca. 200 N liegt. Auf dem gleichen Niveau wie Aluminium - Silizium - Legierungen liegend, war letztere für den motorischen Einsatz ungeeignet. Die G2 - Schicht erfüllte dahingegen die Anforderungen sowohl im Rotationstribometer, in dem die kritischen Verhältnisse des Zwickelbereichs stationär nachgebildet wurden, als auch diejenigen in den motorischen Untersuchungen. In den untersuchten Systemen konnte in Abhängigkeit von unterschiedlichen Kolbenringen und Ölen jedoch kein Reibungsvorteil zum Seriensystem bestimmt werden. Während die Kolbenringbeschichtung im Modellversuch zu unterschiedlichen Reibzahlen führte, konnte im realen Ring / Laufbahn - System nur ein untergeordneter Einfluss auf die Reibung festgestellt werden. Im Rahmen der Verschleißbetrachtung der Kolbenringe konnte für den Modelltest und den Einzylindermotor ein gleiches Ranking festgestellt werden. Der Verschleiß zeigte dabei eine Abhängigkeit zur Ringoberflächenhärte. Von den untersuchten Ringen zeigt der ta-C - beschichtete Kolbenring den geringsten Verschleiß. In den Untersuchungen hinsichtlich Laufbahnverschleiß konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Keronite - Laufbahnen bis zu Kontaktpressungen von 200 bar eine maximale Verschleißgeschwindigkeit von 10 nm/h aufweisen. Eine höhere Verschleißgeschwindigkeit wurde bei 150 und 200 bar mit 5 m/s Gleitgeschwindigkeit gemessen. Sie lagen bei ca. 16 nm/h. Im Vergleich mit Serienbauteilen sind das nur wenige Prozent.

La mondialisation se manifeste comme une évidence ordinaire, à tous les coins de la planète. Comme beaucoup de nos contemporains, nous sommes persuadés de vivre un phénomène complètement inédit. Pour l’historien économiste, parler de mondialisation au singulier reviendrait à ignorer toutes les autres. Il n’est donc pas question ici de nier la vigueur de l’actuelle mondialisation, mais de bien saisir l’ampleur d’un phénomène permanent désormais lié à la conteneurisation. C’est d’ailleurs à la lumière du passé qu’on peut le mieux comprendre les débats actuels et appréhender l’avenir. Mais l’avenir est en grande partie déterminé par un certain nombre de facteurs de changement. S’il n’est pas possible de prédire l’aboutissement final du jeu de ces facteurs, on peut néanmoins spéculer sur la façon dont chacun d’eux peut influer sur l’avenir de l’économie européenne en général, et sur les conséquences qui peuvent en résulter pour la desserte de l’Europe en trafic conteneurisé. Certains de ces facteurs peuvent directement influer sur les points forts et les points faibles des modèles existants ; d’autres peuvent avoir des impacts indirects.Ce travail de thèse se veut un essai dédié à tous les praticiens et universitaires intéressés par le commerce maritime. Ce n’est pas un écrit de certitudes ou bien encore un concentré d’érudition; il ne cherche pas à traiter de tous les aspects du transport maritime et de l’histoire économique de l’Europe. L’Europe, qui ne représente que 7% des terres émergées, est une péninsule bordée de trois cotés par la mer et qui ne dispose sur le quatrième coté d’aucune limite géographique particulièrement nette la séparant du reste du continent eurasiatique. Cette Europe géographique a d’ailleurs rarement coïncidé avec l’Europe économique. Il faut, en effet, considérer que la vaste région d’Europe de l’est et du Sud-est fut envahie et asservie par des conquérants non européens, dont elle ne fut libérée qu’au bout de plusieurs siècles. En fait, l’Europe a toujours été à géométrie variable, ce qui est normal, car elle est une résultante depuis les temps antiques de toutes les invasions et de tous les échanges eurasiatiques. Après la découverte des Amériques, les Européens ont développé le commerce à l’échelle de la planète et imposé leur hégémonie jusqu’en 1914. Aux épices et autres objets orientaux, se sont ajoutés les produits des « Indes occidentales». Cette position centrale, acquise grâce à une supériorité démographique et technique procède d’un double impérialisme économique et centralisateur d’abord contesté au début du 20ème siècle et aujourd’hui largement condamné. Avec d’énormes capacités de transport et de très bas coûts, la conteneurisation accompagne depuis plus de cinquante ans la mondialisation et a totalement révolutionnée le transport de lignes régulières des marchandises diverses. Dès lors, une question permanente touchant à la globalisation des échanges et à la navigation vient se poser sous différentes formes dans cette thèse à savoir l’accès au marché mondial de L’Europe lié assurément à la performance des infrastructures de l’Europe mais plus encore à la circulation planétaire. L’avenir de l’Europe passe inéluctablement par la Méditerranée et il est contrarié par un « effet de ciseau » mettant en péril l’insertion des pays du sud de cette Méditerranée dans le processus de mondialisation. L’Europe a un rôle majeur à jouer dans cette région mais elle ne fait rien ou presque face à l’émergence des puissances asiatiques et latino-américaines. Si l’on attend qu’elle ait trouvé son «chemin de Damas», le risque est évident de voir à l’horizon 2030 disparaître la position centrale de l’Europe. Inversement, une projection raisonnable laisse prévoir un système global de commerce et de navigation centré sur l’océan Indien et les mers de Chine, les flux de trafics européens devenant graduellement périphériques dans une nouvelle circulation planétaire. / Throughout the world globalisation exists as an everyday reality. Like many of our contemporaries, we are convinced that we are experiencing a completely new phenomenon. For the economic historian, talking about globalisation in the singular would mean ignoring all the others. It is not the purpose of this essay to deny the vigour of the current globalisation, but to grasp the size of a permanent phenomenon, which is now linked to containerisation. In fact, with the benefit of hindsight and a study of the past, we can understand better the current debates and possible future developments. But the future is largely determined by a certain number of change factors. If it is not possible to predict the final outcome of these changes, nonetheless, we can speculate on the way each might influence the future of the European economy, in general, and on the consequences which can result from the provision of containerised transport throughout Europe. Some of these factors can directly influence the strengths and weaknesses of the existing models; others can have indirect impacts.This thesis is an essay which is aimed at all the practitioners and university specialists interested in maritime trade. It is not a text about certitudes, nor a piece of condensed scholarship; the objective is neither to cover every aspect of maritime transport nor the economic history of Europe. Europe, which only represents 7% of the global land mass, is a peninsula bordered on three sides by the seas and does not have a neat geographical border on the fourth side separating it from the rest of the Eurasian continent. This geographical Europe has rarely coincided with an economic Europe. We must consider that the vast regions of east and south-east Europe were invaded and enslaved by non-European conquerors, and were liberated only after many centuries. In fact Europe has always had a variable geometry, which is normal, because, since ancient times it has been the result of all the different invasions and Eurasian trade. After the discovery of the American continent, Europeans developed commerce on a worldwide scale and imposed their hegemony until 1914. Spices and other oriental products were added to the products from the “East Indies”. This central position, obtained because of a demographic and technical superiority, stems from an economic and centralizing imperialism, challenged at the start of the 20th century and today largely condemned.With enormous transport capacities and very low costs, containerisation has accompanied globalisation for more than fifty years and has totally revolutionised the transport on regular lines of different merchandise. Henceforth, a permanent question about the globalisation of trade and navigation appears in different forms in this thesis; this is that access to the global market of Europe is certainly linked to the performance of European infrastructure but even more to global traffic. The future of Europe is inevitably linked to the Mediterranean and is thwarted by the “price scissors effect” which puts at risk the involvement of southern Mediterranean states in the process of globalisation. Europe has a major role to play in this region, but it does nearly nothing in response to the emergence of Asian and Latin American powers. If we wait for Europe to find its “road to Damascus”, there is a risk that by 2030 it will have lost its central role. On the other hand a reasonable prediction is that there will be a global system of trade and navigation centred on the Indian Ocean and the China seas, while European traffic gradually becomes peripheral to a new global containerised transport circulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Barragan Neto.pdf: 3036136 bytes, checksum: ab88f80ccbb35090b829c391e8f0536e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-27 / General Motors do Brasil / Automotive cylinder liners are mechanical components with the function of internal coating of the cylinder automotive engines. The liners have been made of cast iron, which meets the necessary requirements. The replacement of parts made of steel/ cast iron in aluminum alloys has been made with advantages not only in reducing weight as well as fuel consumption and emission of pollutants. This work has an objective to study the possibility to apply the cylinder liners built in aluminum and silicon alloy on engines with computer aided engineering help. The finite element method consists to generate a mathematical model with computational assistance, of geometry, representing several elements that have in common the node connection, forming the finite element, defined as a mesh. For each node the partial differential equations are solved by numerical methods. This study was aided by finite element software Hyperworks, where the mesh was generated and was exported to Abaqus where were performed the processing of input data. The starting point for the simulation of aluminum liners used in internal combustion engines was to define the format of the mesh for the engine block with less refinement, was chosen a mesh with tetrahedron elements of 4 nodes of with size ranging between 1 mm and 12 mm of edge element. The liners was designed with hexahedron elements of six nodes, which by definition are more consistent and have more accurate answers to the elements tetrahedrons and with a larger refinement, about 1 mm, both elements are first order elements with no nodes on edge s midpoint . In function of the process of manufacturing the liners to be cast by centrifugation, layers of elements were created to meet the variation in the amount of the silicon liner, which in turn affects the physical properties of the liner along the thickness of the wall. With this model it was possible to show the viability of applying these liners in engine blocks of cast iron. The analysis has shown that a prototype could be build in order to test the cylinder liners application and also test the wear of the cylinder liner. / Camisas de cilindro automotivo são componentes mecânicos com a função de revestir internamente os cilindros dos motores automotivos. As camisas de cilindros têm sido feitas de ferro fundido, que atende os requisitos necessários de desgaste e rigidez. A substituição de partes feitas em aço e ferro fundido por ligas de alumínio em veículos têm vantagens não só na diminuição de peso como também no consumo de combustível e emissão de poluentes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a viabilidade da aplicação de camisas constituídas em liga de alumínio e silício em motores com o auxilio de engenharia assistida por computador. O método de modelagem em elementos finitos consiste em gerar um modelo matemático auxiliado por computador, da geometria, constituída por vários elementos que têm em comum nós de ligação formando os elementos finitos, assim definidos por malha. Para cada um dos nós são resolvidas as equações diferenciais parciais por métodos numéricos. O estudo em elementos finitos foi auxiliado pelos softwares Hyperworks, onde foi gerada a malha e exportada para o Abaqus onde foi realizado o processamento dos dados de entrada. O ponto de partida para a simulação das camisas de alumínio aplicadas em motores de combustão interna foi definir a formato da malha para o bloco com um menor refinamento, foi então escolhida uma malha com elementos tetraédricos de quatro nós de tamanho variando entre 1 mm e 12 mm de aresta de elemento. A camisa foi elaborada com elementos hexaédricos de seis nós, que por definição são mais fiéis e possuem respostas mais precisas que os elementos tetraédricos, e com um refinamento maior, cerca de 1 mm, ambos de primeira ordem sem nós intermediários nas arestas. Em função do processo de fabricação da camisa ser a fundição por centrifugação, camadas de elementos foram criadas a fim de satisfazer a variação da quantidade de silício da camisa, que por sua vez afeta as propriedades físicas da camisa ao longo da espessura da parede. Com este modelo foi possível mostrar a viabilidade da aplicação dessas camisas em motores com blocos de ferro fundido. As análises mostraram que um protótipo poderá ser construído para testar a aplicação destas camisas e testá-las quanto ao desgaste.

Dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated due to anthropogenic activities in any barren land or out fields causes severe hazards to human populations, ecosystems and the environment. In order to avoid this, it is required to design landfills in an engineered and scientific manner. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of landfills over a period of time, to design landfills for site specific conditions. In this thesis such an attempt is made to evaluate performance of conventional landfill system using a large scale anaerobic reactor in the laboratory. The performance of the containment (bottom liner and final cover) systems is evaluated through numerical modelling and reliability based analysis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to develop linear regression models. Influence of various parameters and their uncertainty on the reliability of the containment systems are studied for various scenarios and conditions. Reliability assessment of containment systems play a decisive role in taking remedial measures in order to reduce its adverse affects on the environment and human health in the vicinity of landfill sites. On the other hand, pre-assessment of risk guides the engineers, planners and decision makers in achieving the goal of sustainable solid waste management as well as safe landfills. The thesis also includes assessment of vulnerability of groundwater to contamination, identification and ranking of suitable sites for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in the Bengaluru district, using remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) integrated with analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a multi criteria decision making tool. The study considers various land use, geological, hydrogeological and environmental factors as criteria. As a result, two most suitable locations are identified around the Bengaluru city and their descriptions are provided. Further, reliability analysis of the suitability of sites is evaluated considering criteria as random variables. The proposed reliability based approach helps the decision makers and planners to choose site locations having low probability of environmental pollution. The provided methods in the thesis can be effectively used for engineered design of landfills.

Parmi l’ensemble des matériaux constitutifs d’une couverture d’installation de stockage de déchets, l’argile et le GéoSynthétique Bentonitique (GSB), couramment utilisés, peuvent présenter des défauts qu’il est nécessaire de caractériser afin de prévoir les éventuels travaux de remise en état partielle ou totale du site. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer la capacité des méthodes géophysiques de Tomographie de Résistivité Electrique (TRE), de Polarisation Spontanée (PS) et d’Automatic Resistivity Profiling (ARP) à caractériser les couvertures. Pour cela, un site expérimental constitué de deux couvertures, au sein desquelles des défauts ont été volontairement créés, a été mis en place. Le suivi temporel effectué sur la couverture sans GSB a montré que les conditions météorologiques du mois précédant les mesures ont une incidence sur la détection des défauts. De plus, les variations de comportement hydrique et électrique détectées en TRE au sein du matériau de couverture ont notamment pu être attribuées à l’existence d’hétérogénéités de composition. La présence de GSB rend plus difficile la détection des défauts quelle que soit la méthode utilisée. Cependant, il semble que le temps passant l’évolution du GSB permette une détection plus aisée. Enfin, les prospections effectuées sur une installation de stockage de déchets dangereux ont mis en évidence la nécessité de coupler plusieurs méthodes géophysiques. L’hétérogénéité des matériaux de couverture et de l’état du GSB, mise en évidence par la TRE, a été confirmée par des observations in situ sur des sondages à la tarière manuelle. / Among the whole landfill cover materials, clay and Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), commonly used, may contain defects which are necessary to characterize in order to plan possible repair work, partial or total. The aim of this thesis is to define the ability of the following geophysical methods, the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), the Self Potential (SP) and the Automatic Resistivity Profiling (ARP) to characterize covers. To do this, an experimental site composed of two covers in which defects have been intentionally made has been built. These covers are composed of a clayey material upon which a GCL has been placed for one of these covers. The monitoring performed on the cover without the GCL has outlined that the climatic conditions of the month preceding measurements have an impact on the defects’ detection. Moreover, hydric and electrical behavior variations detected by ERT in the clayey material have in particular be linked with the presence of composition heterogeneities. The presence of the GCL makes more difficult the detection of defects whatever the method used. However, it seems that, over time, the evolution of the GCL enables an easier detection. Finally, surveys carried out on an industrial waste landfill have shown the necessity of coupling geophysical methods. The heterogeneity of the cover materials and the GCL has been checked by manual auger holes.

Electrical machines in electrified heavy-duty vehicles are subjected to dynamic temperature loadings during normal operation due to the different driving conditions. The Electrical Insulation System (EIS) in a stator winding is aged as an effect of these dynamic thermal loads. The thermal loads are usually high constant temperatures and thermal cycling. The high average constant thermal load is well-known in the electrical machine industry but little is known about the effect of temperature cycling. In this project, the ageing of the EIS in stator windings due to temperature cycling is examined. In this project, computational simulations of different simplified models that represent the electrical insulation system are made to analyse the thermo-mechanical stresses that is induced due to thermal cycling. Furthermore, a test object was designed and simulated to replicate the stress levels obtained from the simulations. The test object is to ease the physical testing of electrical insulation system. Testing a complete stator takes time and has the disadvantage of having a high mass, therefore a test object is designed and a test method is provided. The results from the finite element analysis indicate that the mechanical stresses induced will affect the lifetime of the electrical insulation system. A sensitivity study of several thermal cycling parameters was performed, the stator core length, the cycle rate and the temperature cycle amplitude. The results obtained indicate that the stator core length is too short to have a significant effect on the thermo-mechanical stresses induced. The results of the sensitivity study of the temperature cycle rate and the temperature cycle amplitude showed that these parameters increase the thermo-mechanical stresses induced. The results from the simulations of the test object is similar to the results from the simulations of the stator windings, which means that the tests object is valid for testing. The test method that is most appropriate is the power cycling test method, because it replicates the actual application of stator windings. The thermally induced stresses exposing the slot insulation exceeds the yield strength of the material, therefore plastic deformation may occur only after one thermal cycle. The other components in the stator are exposed to stresses below the yield strength. The thermally induced stresses exposing the slot insulation are high enough to low cycle fatigue the electrical insulation system, thus thermo-mechanical fatigue is an ageing factor of the electrical insulation system.