Cette thèse propose trois méthodes de traitement du signal orientées vers la surveillance d’état et le diagnostic. Les techniques proposées sont surtout adaptées pour la surveillance d’état, effectuée à la base de vibrations, des machines tournantes qui fonctionnent dans des conditions d’opération non-stationnaires comme par exemple les éoliennes mais elles ne sont pas limitées à un tel usage. Toutes les méthodes proposées sont des algorithmes automatiques et gérés par les données.La première technique proposée permet de sélectionner la partie la plus stationnaire d’un signal en cadrant la représentation temps-fréquence d’un signal.La deuxième méthode est un algorithme pour l’association des dispositions spectrales, des séries harmoniques et des séries à bandes latérales avec des fréquences caractéristiques provennant du cinématique d'un système analysé. Cette méthode propose une approche unique dédiée à l’élément roulant du roulement qui permet de surmonter les difficultés causées par le phénomène de glissement.La troisième technique est un algorithme de démodulation de bande latérale entière. Elle fonctionne à la base d’un filtre multiple et propose des indicateurs de santé pour faciliter une évaluation d'état du système sous l’analyse.Dans cette thèse, les méthodes proposées sont validées sur les signaux simulés et réels. Les résultats présentés montrent une bonne performance de toutes les méthodes. / This thesis proposes a three signal-processing methods oriented towards the condition monitoring and diagnosis. In particular the proposed techniques are suited for vibration-based condition monitoring of rotating machinery which works under highly non-stationary operational condition as wind turbines, but it is not limited to such a usage. All the proposed methods are automatic and data-driven algorithms.The first proposed technique enables a selection of the most stationary part of signal by cropping time-frequency representation of the signal.The second method is an algorithm for association of spectral patterns, harmonics and sidebands series, with characteristic frequencies arising from kinematic of a system under inspection. This method features in a unique approach dedicated for rolling-element bearing which enables to overcome difficulties caused by a slippage phenomenon.The third technique is an all-sideband demodulation algorithm. It features in a multi-rate filter and proposes health indicators to facilitate an evaluation of the condition of the investigated system.In this thesis the proposed methods are validated on both, simulated and real-world signals. The presented results show good performance of all the methods.

This thesis includes solving the basic examples of differential calculus (especially two and three variables). The work covers examples of the solutions of the domain, the first and second partial derivatives, determining the functions of local extremes (both explicitly and implicitly given) and find the equation of the tangent plane to a point in the graphs of functions. The examples are sorted by difficulty.

This paper proposes a new methodology for selecting a pension fund base on the probability of loss for its customers. The methodology includes the historical performance of the portfolio between, March 2006 and May 2013, and projects its profitability either to maturity or to the customer’s retirement age. / El presente trabajo desarrolla una nueva metodología para la selección de fondos gestionados por las Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (AFP), basada en la probabilidad de pérdida del afiliado. La metodología incorpora el efecto del desempeño histórico de la gestión del portafolio, en el período marzo 2006-mayo 2013, y lo hace en la proyección de la rentabilidad esperada al vencimiento o edad de jubilación del afiliado. / Este trabalho desenvolve uma nova metodologia para a seleção dos fundos geridos pe las Administradoras deFundos de Pensão (AFP), com base na probabilidade de perda do afiliado. A metodologia considera o efeito do desempenho histórico na gestão das carteiras de março de 2006 até maio de 2013, e o inclui na projeção da taxa derendimento esperada ao vencimento ou até a idade para aposentadoria do afiliado.

Desde os trabalhos de Clausius, Boltzmann e Gibbs, sabe-se que partículas que interagem através de potenciais de curto alcance alcançam, após um processo de relaxação, o estado final estacionário que corresponde ao equilíbrio termodinâmico [I]. Embora nenhuma prova exata exista para isso, na prática, verifica-se que os sistemas não-integráveis com uma energia fixa e um número finito de partículas (ensemble microcanônico, por exemplo) sempre relaxam para um estado estacionário que só depende de quantidades globais conservadas pela dinâmica: energia, momentum e momentum angular. Este estado estacionário corresponde ao estado de equilíbrio termodinâmico e não depende das especificidades da distribuição inicial de partículas. Este cenário muda drasticamente quando a interação entre as partículas passa a ser de longo alcance [2]. A descrição estatística e termodinâmica desses sistemas ainda é objeto de estudo. Contudo, o que se sabe é que esses sistemas têm como propriedade fundamental o fato de que, no limite termodinâmico o tempo de colisão diverge e o equilíbrio termodinâmico nunca é atingido [3]. Nesse trabalho analisamos do ponto de vista teórico e por simulação de dinâmica molecular o estado estacionário atingido por sistemas auto-gravitantes em uma, duas e três dimensões e plasmas não-neutros na dinâmica de um feixe de partículas carregadas. Analisamos ainda um modelo com transição de fases para o estado fora do equilíbrio (HMF). Em todos os casos a teoria proposta na tese mostrou-se consistente com os simulações numéricas empregadas. / Since the work of Clausius, Boltzmann and Gibbs, it is known that particles interacting by a short-range potential, after a relaxation process, reach a final stationary state that corresponds to thermodynamic equilibrium. Although no exact proof exists, in practice non-integrable systems with fixed energy and a finite number of particles (i.e., microcanonical ensemble) always relax to a stationary state that depends only on global quantities conserved by the dynamics: energy, momentum and angular momentum. This stationary state corresponds to the state of thermodynamic equilibrium and does not depend on the specifics of the initial particle distribution. This scenario changes drastically when the interaction between particles is longranged [2] The statistical and thermodynamic description of these systems is still an object of study. However, a fundamental property of these systems is the fact that, in the thermodynamic limit, the collision time diverges and thermodynamic equilibrium is never achieved [3].. In this thesis we analyse, from a theoretical point of view and using molecular dynamics simulations, the stationary state achieved by self-gravitating systems in one, two and three dimensions and non-neutral plasmas in the dynamics of charged particle beams. We also analyse a model with out-of-equilibrium phase transitions (HMF). In all these cases, the theory proposed in this thesis is shown to be consistent with the numerical simulations applied.

La montée en puissance des systèmes de production de l'énergie électrique, à partir de centrales éoliennes ou photovoltaïques, a fait apparaître un besoin aigu en moyens de stockage de cette énergie. Les technologies d'accumulateurs électrochimiques sont à même de répondre à cette problématique, en particulier les batteries sodium chlorure de nickel, une technologie d'accumulateur à haute température. Mais afin de gérer au mieux les performances de ces batteries, il est nécessaire d'avoir une connaissance approfondie du comportement électrothermique des cellules unitaires les composant. Ce travail de thèse présente en détail le développement d'un modèle multiphysique 2D d'une cellule Na-MCl2 commerciale, à même de simuler son fonctionnement en décharge à courant constant. Ce modèle a été construit sur une étude approfondie des mécanismes électrochimiques à l'œuvre dans ce type de technologie, et des effets thermiques associés. Il repose également sur la synthèse et la critique des modèles proposés précédemment dans la littérature. Le modèle inédit proposé dans ce manuscrit permet de prendre en compte deux réactions électrochimiques simultanées, ainsi que le comportement thermique de la cellule. Le modèle a été validé en confrontant les résultats de simulations aux performances électriques réelles d'une cellule commerciale Na-MCl2 (incluant une caractérisation des phénomènes électrochimiques par voltammetrie cyclique). Ce modèle permet de simuler avec succès des décharges à courant constant à différents régimes, et à partir de différentes températures. Il est également capable de prévoir les effets électrothermiques qui seraient consécutifs à un changement de design de la cellule (design structurel et de constitution). / The growing production capacity of wind turbines or photo-voltaic plants has revealed an acute need for electric energy storage systems. Electrochemical accumulator technologies are able to address this issue, in particular sodium nickel chloride batteries, a high temperature battery system. But to enhance the energy management of these batteries, it is necessary to have a deep knowledge of the electro-thermal behavior of its unit cell component. This thesis presents the development of a comprehensive multiphysics 2D model of a commercial Na-MCl2 cell, able to simulate its operation in constant current discharge. This model was built on a thorough study of electrochemical mechanisms at work with this type of technology, and its associated thermal effects. It is also based on the synthesis of existing models, and their critique. The new model proposed in this manuscript can take into account two simultaneous electrochemical reactions, as well as the thermal behavior of the cell. The model was validated by comparison between simulation results and the actual electrical performances of a commercial Na-MCl2 cell (including the characterization of electrochemical phenomena by cyclic voltammetry). This model successfully simulates constant current discharges at different rates, and from different temperatures. It is also capable of predicting the electro-thermal effects consecutive to design changes of the cell (structural and relevant to the active material).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3744.pdf: 1323892 bytes, checksum: 71a7a7180d61db167b8cbec4db2bbe8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-30 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / We address the question of existence of stationary stable solutions to a class of reaction-diffusion equations with spatial dependence in 2 and 3-dimensional bounded domains. The approach consists of proving the existence of local minimizer of the corres-ponding energy functional. For existence, it was enough to give sufficient conditions on the diffusion coefficient and on the reaction term to ensure the existence of isolated mi¬nima of the Γlimit functional of the energy functional family. In the second part we take the techniques developed in the first part to minimize functional in 2 and 3-dimensional rectangles, with and without constraint, solving in a more general form this problem, which was originaly proposed in 1989 by Robert Kohn and Peter Sternberg. / Na primeira parte deste trabalho, abordamos a existência de soluções estacioná-rias estáveis para uma classe de equações de reação-difusão com dependência espacial em domínios limitados 2 e 3-dimensionais. Esta abordagem foi feita via existência de míni¬mos locais dos funcionais de energia correspondentes. Para tal, foi suficiente encontrar condições no coeficiente de difusão e no termo de reação que garantam existência de míni¬mos isolados do funcional Γlimite da família de funcionais de energia. Na segunda parte, aproveitamos as técnicas desenvolvidas na primeira parte para minimizar funcionais em retângulos e paralelepípedos, com e sem vínculo, resolvendo de forma bem mais geral este problema, originalmente proposto em 1989 por Robert Kohn e Peter Sternberg.

[pt] Os conceitos do mundo real muitas vezes não são estáveis: eles mudam com o tempo. Assim como os conceitos, a distribuição de dados também pode se alterar. Este problema de mudança de conceitos ou distribuição de dados é conhecido como concept drift e é um desafio para um modelo na tarefa de aprender a partir de dados. Este trabalho apresenta um novo modelo neuroevolutivo com inspiração quântica, baseado em um comitê de redes neurais do tipo Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), para a aprendizagem em ambientes não estacionários, denominado NEVE (Neuro-EVolutionary Ensemble). Também apresenta um novo mecanismo de detecção de concept drift, denominado DetectA (Detect Abrupt) com a capacidade de detectar mudanças tanto de forma proativa quanto de forma reativa. O algoritmo evolutivo com inspiração quântica binário-real AEIQ-BR é utilizado no NEVE para gerar automaticamente novos classificadores para o comitê, determinando a topologia mais adequada para a nova rede, selecionando as variáveis de entrada mais apropriadas e determinando todos os pesos da rede neural MLP. O algoritmo AEIQ-R determina os pesos de votação de cada rede neural membro do comitê, sendo possível utilizar votação por combinação linear, votação majoritária ponderada e simples. São implementadas quatro diferentes abordagens do NEVE, que se diferem uma da outra pela forma de detectar e tratar os drifts ocorridos. O trabalho também apresenta resultados de experimentos realizados com o método DetectA e com o modelo NEVE em bases de dados reais e artificiais. Os resultados mostram que o detector se mostrou robusto e eficiente para bases de dados de alta dimensionalidade, blocos de tamanho intermediário, bases de dados com qualquer proporção de drift e com qualquer balanceamento de classes e que, em geral, os melhores resultados obtidos foram usando algum tipo de detecção. Comparando a acurácia do NEVE com outros modelos consolidados da literatura, verifica-se que o NEVE teve acurácia superior na maioria dos casos. Isto reforça que a abordagem por comitê neuroevolutivo é uma escolha robusta para situações em que as bases de dados estão sujeitas a mudanças repentinas de comportamento. / [en] Real world concepts are often not stable: they change with time. Just as the concepts, data distribution may change as well. This problem of change in concepts or distribution of data is known as concept drift and is a challenge for a model in the task of learning from data. This work presents a new neuroevolutive model with quantum inspiration called NEVE (Neuro- EVolutionary Ensemble), based on an ensemble of Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks for learning in non-stationary environments. It also presents a new concept drift detection mechanism, called DetectA (DETECT Abrupt) with the ability to detect changes both proactively as reactively. The evolutionary algorithm with binary-real quantum inspiration AEIQ-BR is used in NEVE to automatically generate new classifiers for the ensemble, determining the most appropriate topology for the new network and by selecting the most appropriate input variables and determining all the weights of the neural network. The AEIQ-R algorithm determines the voting weight of each neural network ensemble member, and you can use voting by linear combination and voting by weighted or simple majority. Four different approaches of NEVE are implemented and they differ from one another by the way of detecting and treating occurring drifts. The work also presents results of experiments conducted with the DetectA method and with the NEVE model in real and artificial databases. The results show that the detector has proved efficient and suitable for data bases with high-dimensionality, intermediate sized blocks, any proportion of drifts and with any class balancing. Comparing the accuracy of NEVE with other consolidated models in the literature, it appears that NEVE had higher accuracy in most cases. This reinforces that the neuroevolution ensemble approach is a robust choice to situations in which the databases are subject to sudden changes in behavior.

L'objectif de cette thèse vise à améliorer la définition des vibrations (« mouvement sismique ») sur des sites « durs » (sédiments raides ou rochers) liés à des scénarios (séismes de magnitude entre 5 et 6.5, distances inférieures à 50 kilomètres) représentatifs du contexte métropolitain français. Afin de contraindre ces mouvements sismiques sur sites « durs », une base de données accélérométriques a été construite, à partir des enregistrements accélérométriques japonais K-NET et KiK-net qui ont l'avantage d'être publiques, nombreux et de grande qualité. Un modèle de prédiction des mouvements sismiques (spectre de réponse en accélération) a été conçu à partir de cette nouvelle base. La comparaison entre modèles théoriques et observations montre la dépendance des vibrations sur sites rocheux à la fois aux caractéristiques de vitesse du site (paramètre classique décrivant la vitesse des ondes S dans les 30 derniers mètres) et aux mécanismes d'atténuation hautes fréquences (un phénomène très peu étudié jusque-là). Ces résultats confirment une corrélation entre ces deux mécanismes (les sites rocheux les plus mous atténuent plus le mouvement sismique à hautes fréquences) et nous proposons un modèle de prédiction du mouvement sismique prenant en compte l'ensemble des propriétés du site (atténuation et vitesse). Les méthodes nouvelles de dimensionnement dynamiques non linéaires (à la fois géotechniques et structurelles) ne se satisfont pas des spectres de réponse mais requièrent des traces temporelles. Dans le but de générer de telles traces temporelles, la méthode stochastique non stationnaire développée antérieurement par Pousse et al. 2006 a été revisitée. Cette méthode semi-empirique nécessite de définir au préalable les distributions des indicateurs clés du mouvement sismique. Nous avons ainsi développé des modèles de prédiction empiriques pour la durée de phase forte, l'intensité d'Arias et la fréquence centrale, paramètre décrivant la variation du contenu fréquentiel au cours du temps. Les nouveaux développements de la méthode stochastique permettent de reproduire des traces temporelles sur une large bande de fréquences (0.1-50 Hz), de reproduire la non stationnarité en temps et en fréquence et la variabilité naturelle des vibrations sismiques. Cette méthode présente l'avantage d'être simple, rapide d'exécution et de considérer les bases théoriques de la sismologie (source de Brune, une enveloppe temporelle réaliste, non stationnarité et variabilité du mouvement sismique). Dans les études de génie parasismique, un nombre réduit de traces temporelles est sélectionné, et nous analysons dans une dernière partie l'impact de cette sélection sur la conservation de la variabilité naturelle des mouvements sismiques. / The aim of this thesis is to improve the definition of vibrations ("seismic motion") on "hard" sites (hard soils or rocks) related to scenarios (earthquakes of magnitude between 5 and 6.5, distances less than 50 km) representative of the French metropolitan context.In order to constrain the seismic motions on "hard" sites, an accelerometric database was built, from the K-NET and KiK-net Japanese recordings which have the benefit of being public, numerous and high quality. A ground motion prediction equation for the acceleration response spectra was developed from this new database. The comparison between theoretical models and observations shows the dependence of vibration on rock sites in both the velocity characteristics of the site (classical parameter describing the S-wave velocity in the last 30 meters) and the high frequency attenuation mechanisms (a phenomenon little studied up to now). These results confirm a correlation between these two mechanisms (the high frequency seismic motion is more attenuated in the case of softer rock sites) and we propose a ground motion prediction equation taking into account all the properties of the site (attenuation and velocity).New methods of nonlinear dynamic analysis (both geotechnical and structural) are not satisfied with the response spectra but require time histories. To generate such time histories, the non-stationary stochastic method previously developed by Pousse et al. (2006) has been revisited. This semi-empirical method requires first to define the distributions of key indicators of seismic motion. We have developed empirical models for predicting the duration, the Arias intensity and the central frequency, parameter describing the frequency content variation over time. New developments of the stochastic method allow to reproduce time histories over a wide frequency band (0.1-50 Hz), to reproduce the non-stationarity in time and frequency and to reproduce the natural variability of seismic vibrations. This method has the advantage of being simple, fast and taking into account basic concepts of seismology (Brune's source, a realistic envelope function, non-stationarity and variability of seismic motion). In earthquake engineering studies, a small number of time histories is selected, and we analyze in the last part the impact of this selection on the conservation of the ground motion natural variability.

Imaging in 3D is today very modern trend map outputs no excepting. Inside of following work is prooved range of possibilities of programme ArcScene that the serves above all to generating 3D models. These models are create on the basis adjustment map basis, imperial prints stationary land register and historical ortofoto. These adjustment including procedure are described at methodical part. On the basis of 3D models is effected analysis of land cover and settlement. Thesis paies of municipal territory Nové Hutě that the fall in Šumava microregion Vimpersko.

Desde os trabalhos de Clausius, Boltzmann e Gibbs, sabe-se que partículas que interagem através de potenciais de curto alcance alcançam, após um processo de relaxação, o estado final estacionário que corresponde ao equilíbrio termodinâmico [I]. Embora nenhuma prova exata exista para isso, na prática, verifica-se que os sistemas não-integráveis com uma energia fixa e um número finito de partículas (ensemble microcanônico, por exemplo) sempre relaxam para um estado estacionário que só depende de quantidades globais conservadas pela dinâmica: energia, momentum e momentum angular. Este estado estacionário corresponde ao estado de equilíbrio termodinâmico e não depende das especificidades da distribuição inicial de partículas. Este cenário muda drasticamente quando a interação entre as partículas passa a ser de longo alcance [2]. A descrição estatística e termodinâmica desses sistemas ainda é objeto de estudo. Contudo, o que se sabe é que esses sistemas têm como propriedade fundamental o fato de que, no limite termodinâmico o tempo de colisão diverge e o equilíbrio termodinâmico nunca é atingido [3]. Nesse trabalho analisamos do ponto de vista teórico e por simulação de dinâmica molecular o estado estacionário atingido por sistemas auto-gravitantes em uma, duas e três dimensões e plasmas não-neutros na dinâmica de um feixe de partículas carregadas. Analisamos ainda um modelo com transição de fases para o estado fora do equilíbrio (HMF). Em todos os casos a teoria proposta na tese mostrou-se consistente com os simulações numéricas empregadas. / Since the work of Clausius, Boltzmann and Gibbs, it is known that particles interacting by a short-range potential, after a relaxation process, reach a final stationary state that corresponds to thermodynamic equilibrium. Although no exact proof exists, in practice non-integrable systems with fixed energy and a finite number of particles (i.e., microcanonical ensemble) always relax to a stationary state that depends only on global quantities conserved by the dynamics: energy, momentum and angular momentum. This stationary state corresponds to the state of thermodynamic equilibrium and does not depend on the specifics of the initial particle distribution. This scenario changes drastically when the interaction between particles is longranged [2] The statistical and thermodynamic description of these systems is still an object of study. However, a fundamental property of these systems is the fact that, in the thermodynamic limit, the collision time diverges and thermodynamic equilibrium is never achieved [3].. In this thesis we analyse, from a theoretical point of view and using molecular dynamics simulations, the stationary state achieved by self-gravitating systems in one, two and three dimensions and non-neutral plasmas in the dynamics of charged particle beams. We also analyse a model with out-of-equilibrium phase transitions (HMF). In all these cases, the theory proposed in this thesis is shown to be consistent with the numerical simulations applied.