Cette thèse est une contribution à la littérature consacrée aux réformes fiscales. Le prétexte a été la réforme du code général des impôts du Sénégal, intervenue en 2012. La démarche s’appuie sur l’étude de trois thématiques (impact de l’environnement des affaires, impact de la réduction de l’impôt sur le revenu et évaluation de la capacité financière de l’administration fiscale) qui couvrent les principales préoccupations de la nouvelle législation fiscale. Au préalable, une approche expérimentale permet d’avoir un aperçu des difficultés du nouveau code.Les résultats montrent que des difficultés persistent dans l’exécution effective de certaines dispositions du code.Par ailleurs, les vérifications empiriques permettent de confirmer le caractère prioritaire de l’amélioration de l’environnement des affaires. En outre, les pertes de recettes fiscales auraient pu être atténuées en procédant à une baisse progressive de l’impôt sur le revenu combinée avec un relèvement progressif du taux de l’impôt sur les sociétés.Enfin, la thèse propose une approche alternative de fixation des objectifs de recettes fiscales plus rigoureuse se basant sur la capacité financière de l’administration fiscale plutôt que sur le niveau de dépenses à exécuter. Une telle démarche améliore sensiblement la programmation budgétaire. / This thesis contributes to the literature dedicated to tax reforms. The recent changes initiated in the Senegalese tax system motivated this research. Three main measures of this new tax legislation were investigated. Those decisions include changes introduced to improve business environment, the income tax reduction and corporate tax increase. An experimental survey completes this analysis providing an overview of difficulties faced in implementing the new system. As a matter of fact, results show that some of the decisions made as part of the reform suffer from delays in their effective entry into force.Furthermore, empirical investigations confirm business environment improvement as being a top priority issue to be addressed by the reform. Regarding the income tax reduction, findings suggest that a progressive approach is preferred both in lowering the income tax and increasing the corporate tax.To finish, an innovative approach is proposed to set tax revenue targets. The method rather focuses on the tax administration ability to collect funds than spending needs. Such approach significantly improves budget programming.

La France, de même que tous les pays développés à économie de marché, possède une fiscalité élaborée et complexe, faite d’un grand nombre de prélèvements obligatoires. Le législateur poursuit, dans la détermination de sa politique fiscale, plusieurs objectifs. Au premier rang de ces objectifs figurent notamment l’efficacité et l’équité. Ces finalités de l’impôt obéissent à des logiques différentes, et peuvent parfois s’avérer contradictoires. Le système fiscal français parvient-il à atteindre ces objectifs? Divers concepts et situations – par exemple les niches fiscales et l’optimisation fiscale – étudiés dans le cas français mais également dans une perspective comparative internationale, en analysant plusieurs types de taxes et impôts, permettront d’éclairer la manière dont les politiques fiscales se positionnent au regard de l’équité et de l’efficacité, et de formuler des recommandations pour résoudre de façon optimale le dilemme entre efficacité et équité des prélèvements obligatoires. / Like all economically developed countries, France has an intricate and elaborate tax system, with a significant number of taxes and social security contributions. The French legislature conducts its tax policy with various goals in mind. Uppermost among these goals are efficiency and equity. The rationales behind each of these aims are quite different and sometime sprove contradictory.To what extent does the French tax system achieve these objectives? Several concepts and situations - aggressive tax planning and tax exemptions for instance - will be analysed through the example of numerous taxes, both from a national and an international comparative perspective. This will help us determine how well tax policies perform in terms of efficiency and equity, and make recommendations to optimally solve the dilemma between the efficiency and equity of the tax burden.

My diploma thesis deals with a tax system of the United States of America. The main attention in this thesis is dedicated to a federal taxation in the United States of America, but also a state and a municipal level of taxation.The most important object of this thesis is to analyze a current tax system of USA, which contains my proposals for improvement of the Czech Tax Law e. g. an improvement of tax payment discipline or an enhancing legal certainty of citizens. The conclusion contains a complete assessment of discovered findings. On the basis of such the diploma thesis, the reader should acquire a complex insight into the United States tax system.

The study is concerned with reforms of tax systems in the european countries and possibilities of tax system optimalization. The research by the help of comparing analysis is applied to selected EU countries where in tax systems has been obtained integration and convergency trend in last decades. This has been one of the reasons for choosing this region. The selected countries have been chosen because they represent the greatest european countries and the most remarkable economics and/or experienced more significant tax reform. The object of study is to classify the reforms in individual countries according to the diversity of historical, economical and institutional progress and enquire their course and influence on the tax system structure. The analysis affords comparative and economically oriented view of tax systems in selected european countries and on the basis of specific criteria leads into the similar and dissimilar tax reform trends formulation .

This diploma thesis deals with the tax system of Malaysia in the political-economic context. It outlines the basic tax conditions on the territory of the Federation of Malaysia in the context of tax systems in the region. In order to give a plastic picture of the issue, the current tax conditions and ascertained data are compared, by means of charts and tables, with the countries neighboring Malaysia -- Singapore, Indonesia and Vietnam. In connection with the political-economic development also the Asian financial crisis is emphasized, which caused a drop in economic growth and a change in the existing fiscal policy. A substantial part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the tax burden and of the tax system structure. In the conclusion, the thesis compares and evaluates the tax systems of the neighboring countries.

The diploma thesis deals with the tax system of Sweden. The object of this thesis is to describe a tax system which differs from the other countries of the European Union. The bulk of this thesis is the analysis of the development of Swedish tax system in dependence on economic and political situation of the country, the introduction of actual tax conditions and current changes relating to the taxation originating in the economic development of the country, progressive European integration and also in the worldwide financial crisis. Furthermore, this work compares basic tax indicators within Sweden and other states of the European Union. On the basis of such a diploma thesis, the reader should acquire a complex insight into the character and specifics of the Swedish tax system.

The diploma thesis deals with the thematic unit Tax system, which is taught within the Economics curriculum at business academies. The first part of the thesis analyzes this area of study from a look at the general characteristics of the course on to focusing on the theory of teaching Tax Systems in the curriculum. The second part is devoted to exploring the field from the perspective of teaching experience. The thematic unit is itemized to specific lessons and a concrete structure for their inclusion in the curriculum is proposed. The conclusion of the thesis is a proposal of teaching of the thematic unit Tax system, which can serve as a basis for teacher course preparation.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the analysis of investment funds taxation in the Czech Republic based on comparison with taxation of investment funds in Luxembourg, Germany and Ireland. The first part is focused on the analysis of legal but mostly tax arrangement of investment funds in the Czech Republic. The taxation is being analyzed on the level of invesment funds and also on the level of investors. The aim of the second part of the thesis is to analyze legal and tax arrangement of chosen EU states. The key issue is the comparison of tax arrangement of investment funds in Czech Republic with the tax arrangements of investment funds in chosen states which is also content of the third part. At the end of the last part the international taxation of investment funds and investors is mentioned as well as planned changes in investment funds taxation since 2015.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the fundamental characteristics of the accounting system and the tax system which is set in South Africa, and to compare these facts with the rules applicable in the Czech Republic. The first chapter briefly presents South Africa through selected economic indicators. The second chapter focuses on the accounting system in South Africa. The attention is paid to the Companies Act and to International Financial Reporting Standards. The requirements for the accounting and auditing profession are also mentioned. The third chapter provides basic information about the tax system in South Africa. In the introduction of this chapter there is the general characteristics of the tax system, then the different types of taxes are introduced. The final chapter compares the findings with the accounting system and tax system of the Czech Republic.

The aim of the thesis is to become familiar with the business environment in Guatemala and Costa Rica, especially from a tax perspective. The thesis is primarily focused on the information necessary for an investor who decides about where he put his money with the biggest cash benefit. The first part is focused on the theoretical aspects that deal with developing countries and political and economic conditions resulting from their position in the world economy. The constituent part is the theory of FDI and related development in selected countries. The goal of the second part is comparison of individual components of the tax systems in selected countries. Primarily it is focused on investor decision-making and at the same time is devoted to the description of tax policy with an effort to attract foreign investment. The whole thesis is finished by a case study, the purpose of which is an illustration of conditions in both countries in a particular investment. Based on the study, it is concluded which country is favorable for investors from a tax perspective.