Wassernutzung und Abbau der Frischwasser-Ressourcen sind heutzutage ein Thema, das als so wichtig wahrgenommen wird wie der Klimawandel. Wasser wird somit zunehmend Auswirkungen auf den ökonomischen Wert von Unternehmen haben. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den monetären Wert des Wassers mithilfe des Wasser-Fußabdrucks zu bestimmen. Hierfür werden nach einer kurzen Einführung in Kapitel 2 der ökologische Fußabdruck, der CO2-Fußabdruck und der Wasser-Fußabdruck kurz vorgestellt und in Beziehung zueinander gesetzt. Anschließend wird der Wasser-Fußabdruck diskutiert und sowohl in die Ökobilanzierung als auch in das Instrumentarium der Umweltleistungsmessung eingeordnet. Danach werden die Zielgrößen des Unternehmenswertes beschrieben und der Zusammenhang von ökologischer und ökonomischer Leistungsmessung dargestellt. Auf dem Stufenmodell zum Wertbeitrag aufbauend werden verschiedene Ansätze zur Integration ökologischer Aspekte in den Unternehmenswert diskutiert. In Kapitel 3 wird dann die Methode entwickelt, um den Wasser-Fußabdruck zu bestimmen und auszuwerten und anschließend mithilfe der Werttreiberanalyse, des Water Value Added und der Kumulierten Wasserintensitäten den ökonomischen Beitrag des Wassers zu berechnen. In der Fallstudie wird die Methode angewendet und anschließend in Kapitel 5 anhand der zuvor vorgestellten Kriterien bewertet. Abschließend werden einige Handlungsempfehlungen zur Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung der Methode gegeben. Als Ergebnis der Arbeit kann die Frage beantwortet werden, wie ein Unternehmen den Einfluss des Wassers auf den eigenen Unternehmenswert und den ökonomischen Wert des Wassers bestimmen kann.

If a programme which intends to measure performance is to work successfully in an organisation, it is necessary to understand the contingent factors that need to be in place regardless of philosophical beliefs. It must be integrated with the overall strategy of the business; all approaches to performance measurement emphasise the alignment of objectives, measures, strategic decision making and rewards. This is crucial, as it is not possible to measure performance unless it is clear what an organisation is trying to achieve. Value-based management (VBM) is a powerful management framework with the aim to focus all managerial processes on shareholder wealth creation. It therefore encourages all staff levels within the organisation to focus on value creation. Various metrics have been developed to measure the value creation process within the organisation. The application of VBM principles at the lower levels within the organisation is critical to ensure that lower level staff applies value-creating principles in their daily jobs. Anglo Platinum has also adopted VBM, which will help the organisation to enhance decision-making and ensure pursuing strategies that maximise value. Anglo VBM is a management system which will enable the company to significantly improve the quality and speed of decision-making and to drive performance and profitable growth. It requires a detailed understanding of where and why value is created or consumed within the businesses through assembling a comprehensive fact base. A quantitative study was done to collect primary data through the use of standardised questionnaires that were distributed to respondents at Bleskop and Brakspruit shafts as well all the accountants at Rustenburg Platinum Mine, which forms part of Anglo Platinum. The results from this study indicate that there is a low understanding of VBM as well as a strong focus on business unit objectives and on short-term goals. A key recommendation would be to use incentive mechanisms to be aligned to VBM. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

If a programme which intends to measure performance is to work successfully in an organisation, it is necessary to understand the contingent factors that need to be in place regardless of philosophical beliefs. It must be integrated with the overall strategy of the business; all approaches to performance measurement emphasise the alignment of objectives, measures, strategic decision making and rewards. This is crucial, as it is not possible to measure performance unless it is clear what an organisation is trying to achieve. Value-based management (VBM) is a powerful management framework with the aim to focus all managerial processes on shareholder wealth creation. It therefore encourages all staff levels within the organisation to focus on value creation. Various metrics have been developed to measure the value creation process within the organisation. The application of VBM principles at the lower levels within the organisation is critical to ensure that lower level staff applies value-creating principles in their daily jobs. Anglo Platinum has also adopted VBM, which will help the organisation to enhance decision-making and ensure pursuing strategies that maximise value. Anglo VBM is a management system which will enable the company to significantly improve the quality and speed of decision-making and to drive performance and profitable growth. It requires a detailed understanding of where and why value is created or consumed within the businesses through assembling a comprehensive fact base. A quantitative study was done to collect primary data through the use of standardised questionnaires that were distributed to respondents at Bleskop and Brakspruit shafts as well all the accountants at Rustenburg Platinum Mine, which forms part of Anglo Platinum. The results from this study indicate that there is a low understanding of VBM as well as a strong focus on business unit objectives and on short-term goals. A key recommendation would be to use incentive mechanisms to be aligned to VBM. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The third sphere of government (Local Government) has been persistently clouded by unfavourable Annual Financial Statement (AFS) audit reports. This results in local government losing credibility and its stakeholders losing confidence in the institutions or municipalities. In-depth analysis of the root cause of this dilemma is an opportunity for the municipality to reorganise its house and redeem its dignity and credibility to its stakeholders through addressing the identified challenges. The importance of the study can be attributed to the need to investigate the root causes of unfavourable audit opinion and recommend possible remedies that can assist municipalities to improve their audit report outcomes which in turn will improve the confidence of its stakeholders. The primary objective of the study was to investigate variables that impact on the audit report outcomes on annual financial statements of the municipalities that are within Alfred Nzo District (AND) Jurisdiction, including Alfred Nzo District Municipality (ANDM). This was achieved through investigating the root causes of the audit report outcomes with specific focus on the relationship that exists between the management role and audit outcomes of the Alfred Nzo District Municipalities. This was measured by the municipality’s leadership, governance, internal controls and human capital management. Convenient sampling was used wherein 150 questionnaires (30 per municipality) were sent out to the selected employees in all the municipalities in the Alfred Nzo District. Out of the questionnaires that were sent out, 103 responses were received. These were analysed to draw findings, conclusion and recommendations. The empirical results of the study revealed that there is strong evidence that leadership, governance and human capital management have a positive influence on the municipality’s AFS audit report outcomes. It also revealed that there is overwhelming evidence that internal controls have a positive influence on the municipality’s AFS audit report outcomes. The study recommends how leadership, governance, internal controls and human capital management must be improved. It also provides future research recommendations to improve this study.

Diploma thesis Financial and nonfinancial analysis of Spalovsky Company is dealing with a complex evaluation of chosen company. On the basis of financial statements for the years 2004 -- 2008 is accomplished financial analysis which purveys information about processes in company. As another methods for financial evaluation are chosen overall bankruptcy and credibility models and Quelle methodology. As a basis for nonfinancial indicators were made questionnaires among companies' employees and customers and created two new indexes - People Value Added and Customer Value Added. The last method was selected Pollack's method of companies' vitality. The goals of this thesis are two: the first of all to evaluate the company, characterize strong and weak points and suggest recommendations for improvement. The second goal is to analyze usefulness of selected methodizes and find out in which relation are they (substitutes, components or antagonists).

Mindre företag är nödvändiga för ett land, och att förstå varför och hur de växer, samt hur de kan skapa ekonomiskt värde, är därför av stor vikt. Vi syftar till att kunna bidra med insikter inom två ämnen, tillväxt samt värdeskapande, genom att studera några av de snabbast växande bolagen i Sverige. Tillväxt mäts som omsättningstillväxt, och värdeskapande mäts enligt Economic Value Added (EVA), i studien. Genom att genomföra både multivariat samt bivariat regressionsanalys undersöker vi både relationen mellan hög tillväxt och värdeskapande, samt relationen mellan olika finansiella faktorer - hantering av rörelsekapital, lönsamhet, kapitalstruktur - och EVA. Analysen visar att hög tillväxt i sig inte kommer att skapa ekonomiskt värde, och drar slutsatsen att vägen till värdeskapande snarare är genom en välbalanserad strategi mellan tillväxt och finansiell stabilitet. Vi presenterar praktiska implikationer för företagsledare, investerare, samt statliga tillsynsmyndigheter kring ett ämne som historiskt sett har mottagit begränsad uppmärksamhet. / Small businesses are vital for a country, and understanding why and how they grow, as well as what creates economic value in this sector of the economy, is therefore important. We set out to provide insights into the two subjects, growth and value creation, by looking at some of the fastest-growing companies in Sweden. Growth, in this study, is measured as sales growth, and value creation is measured as Economic Value Added. Using multivariate and bivariate regression models we examine both the relationship between high growth and value creation, and the relationship between different financial variables - such as working capital management, profitability, and capital structure - and EVA. Our analysis shows that high growth in and of itself will not create economic value, and conclude that the road to value creation is rather through a well-balanced approach between growth and financial stability. We present practical implications for business leaders, investors, and state regulators alike on a topic that has received little or no attention before.

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This dissertation deals with the effect of value-added tax on small to medium-sized developers of residential properties in South Africa. Firstly, the way value-added tax is applied to residential properties in South Africa was established. It was ascertained that no special concessions exist with regard to housing. Secondly, the application of value-added tax to residential properties in the United Kingdom was discussed. It was ascertained that supplies relating to new residential premises are zero-rated. Thirdly, the application of goods and services tax to residential properties in Canada was discussed. Canadian goods and services tax and harmonious sales tax legislation contains a broad range of special concessions relating to residential property developments. The harmonious sales tax which applies in some provinces, is a combination of goods and services tax and a provincial sales tax. Fourthly, the way goods and services tax is applied to residential property developments in Australia was determined. Australian legislation provides for a margin scheme to be applied to the development of residential properties. In terms of the margin scheme, goods and services tax is payable on the basis of profit rather than turnover. Transfer duty as applied in South Africa was examined as an alternative to the value-added tax being applied on residential properties developed by developers registered for value-added tax purposes. The legislation with regard to developers of residential properties registered for value-added tax, goods and services tax and harmonious sales tax purposes was measured against the principles of taxation. On the basis of these results, an alternative to the current application of value-added tax relating to developers registered for value-added tax purposes in South Africa was proposed that would be in line with that of the selected countries. / Economics / M. Com. (Accounting)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the extent to which the industrial companies listed in the Johannesburg Securities Exchange complied with the disclosure provisions of the Accounting Standards AC101 when publishing their financial statements for the years 2000 to 2002. This study further evaluates the accuracy of the reporting of the salaries and wages as presented in their Value Added Statements. Published financial statements for the years 2000 to 2002 of more than 160 companies were analysed and evaluated. The study also identifies companies that did not disclose staff costs and directors' emoluments in their financial statements as well as those companies that reported the labour portion of their wealth distribution accurately in their Value Added Statements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie dek die mate waarin genoteerde industriële maatskappye op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs voldoen het aan die openbaarmakingsvereistes van die Rekeningkundige Standaarde RE101 ten opsigte van hul finansiële state soos van 2000 tot 2002 gepubliseer. Die studie let verder ook op die akkuraatheid van die verslaggewing van salarisse en lone in die Toegevoegdewaardestate. Gepubliseerde finansiële state vir die jare 2000 tot 2002 van meer as 160 maatskappye is ontleed en geëvalueer. Die studie identifiseer ook daardie maatskappye wat nie salariskoste en direkteursvergoeding in hul finansiële state geopenbaar het nie, sowel as diegene wat hul salarisse korrek in die Toegevoegdewaardestate openbaar het.

Tyrimo objektas – pridėtinės vertės mokestis. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio pokyčių įtaką valstybės pajamų formavimo kontekste. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) atskleisti mokesčio svarbą valstybės pajamoms bei aptarti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio vertinimo modelius, išskiriant jų taikymo galimybes; 2) parengti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio vertinimo metodiką; 3) įvertinti Lietuvoje taikomo pridėtinės vertės mokesčio prognozavimo modelio pakeitimo tikslesniu modeliu galimybes ir šio pokyčio įtaką valstybės pajamoms bei sumodeliuoti galimas mokesčio tobulinimo kryptis. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros sisteminės, lyginamosios, loginės analizės metodai, apibendrinimas, sintezės, statistinis grupavimas, vienfaktorė, daugiafaktorė, koreliacinė, lyginamoji analizės, grafinis vaizdavimas. Tyrimo rezultatai: o pirmoje darbo dalyje išnagrinėta pridėtinės vertės mokesčio reikšmė valstybes pajamoms, nustatytos apmokestinimo principų ir uždavinių suderinamumo problemos bei pateikti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio vertinimo modeliai; o antroje darbo dalyje pateikta mokesčio vertinimo metodika; o trečioje darbo dalyje pateikta pridėtinės vertės mokesčio Lietuvoje analizė, įvertintas pridėtinės vertės mokestis Lietuvoje, pateiktas mokesčio modeliavimas bei pasiūlytas naujas pridėtinės vertės mokesčio prognozavimo modelis. / Objectof the research – value-added tax. Aim of the research – to establish the impact of value-added tax changes in the context of revenue formation. Objectives of the research: 1) to reveal the importance of value-added tax in state revenue and to discuss the models of value-added tax evaluation; 2) to develop the methodology of value-added tax evaluation; 3) to evaluate the possibilities to replace the model used in Lithuania with more accurate model and the influence of this change on state income, to model possible trends of value-added tax policy development. Research methods: systematic, comparative, logical analysis of scientific literature, summary and synthesis, statistical grouping, correlation, graphical representation. Research results: o The first part of the research analyzes the importance of value-added tax in state income, identifies problems of taxation principles and objectives‘ compatibility and provides models of value-added tax evaluation. o The second part of the research presents the methodology of value-added tax evaluation. o The third part of the research analyzes value-added tax in Lithuania, evaluates value-added tax in Lithuania and proposes new model of value-added tax forecasting.