No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

In a survey of parents, professionals, and college students in Northern Virginia, 123 adults indicated they had experienced child sexual abuse. Their responses were examined in an effort to identify characteristics of child sexual abuse which might be related to long term negative effects. The variables examined include (a) incestuous verses non-family abuse, (b) victim's reported feelings of responsibility about the sexual abuse, (c) victim's reported feelings of guilt about the sexual abuse, (d) the duration of the sexual abuse, (e) the age of the victim at time of the sexual abuse, and (f) whether or not the sexual abuse was kept secret. Only one of the six variables was found to be significantly related to long term negative effects. The research found evidence that keeping the child sexual abuse experience/s secret may be positively related to long term negative effects of child sexual abuse. Of the 83 participants who reported that the sexual abuse had remained a secret, 58 also reported long term negative effects. The importance of creating a safe and secure atmosphere in which children are able to disclose incidents of child sexual abuse is emphasized by the findings of this research. / Master of Science

Section 234 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, states that in order to deepen the culture of democracy established by the Constitution, Parliament may adopt Charters of Rights consistent with the provisions of the Constitution. In accordance with its obligations caused by ratifying various international instruments, the government adopted the Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa in 2007. The Service Charter entrenches seven specific rights to a victim of a crime, which also includes the child as a victim. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the question whether the rights of child victims to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy, to offer information and to receive information are satisfactorily protected within the South African legal framework in light of the requirements of the Constitution and the international legal framework. As point of departure, the background and legal nature of the Service Charter will be investigated briefly. The background of the relevant international and regional instruments are also discussed. This is followed by an analysis and an explanation of the theoretical foundations of the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy, from an international, regional and a South African perspective. Attention is particularly drawn to the way the courts have interpreted the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy. What the right entails within the Victim’s Charter is also investigated. This is followed by an analysis and an explanation of the theoretical foundations of the right to offer information and to receive information, from an international, regional and a South African perspective. What the right entails within the Victim’s Charter is also investigated. Finally, a conclusion is reached. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Master of Science / Department of Psychology / Donald A. Saucier / Research has demonstrated that negative perceptions of rape victims may vary based on characteristics such as the victims’ race (e.g., Estrich, 1987; Wyatt, 1992). This study examined rape from feminist (e.g., Collins, 1991; hooks, 2003) and Social Dominance Theory (SDT; e.g., Pratto, 1996; Sidanius, 1993) perspectives to assess the relationship between individuals’ social dominance orientation (SDO) and differences in their attitudes toward rape victims of differing races. After reading newspaper-style vignettes describing the rape of either a White or Black victim, participants (N = 83) completed measures assessing their levels of rape myth acceptance (RMA), gender role beliefs, SDO, racism, and social desirability. Results indicated that participants’ SDO scores significantly predicted their perceptions of the triviality of the rape. Specifically, when participants’ SDO scores were higher, they perceived the rape as less trivial for White victims. However, participants higher in SDO did not perceive the rape of Black victims as being either more or less trivial. Consistent with previous research, this study also found that negative attitudes toward women significantly predicted overall negative perceptions of both the Black and White rape victims (e.g., Hockett, Saucier, Hoffman, Smith, & Craig, in press) and that individuals perceived the Black rape victims as less credible than the White rape victims (Wyatt, 1992). These results contribute to our understanding of the relationships among individuals’ attitudes about power, race, and rape by offering support for feminist theories about the relationship between rape and power, as well as for SDT and feminist theories regarding the structure of dominance.

Section 234 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, states that in order to deepen the culture of democracy established by the Constitution, Parliament may adopt Charters of Rights consistent with the provisions of the Constitution. In accordance with its obligations caused by ratifying various international instruments, the government adopted the Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa in 2007. The Service Charter entrenches seven specific rights to a victim of a crime, which also includes the child as a victim. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the question whether the rights of child victims to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy, to offer information and to receive information are satisfactorily protected within the South African legal framework in light of the requirements of the Constitution and the international legal framework. As point of departure, the background and legal nature of the Service Charter will be investigated briefly. The background of the relevant international and regional instruments are also discussed. This is followed by an analysis and an explanation of the theoretical foundations of the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy, from an international, regional and a South African perspective. Attention is particularly drawn to the way the courts have interpreted the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy. What the right entails within the Victim’s Charter is also investigated. This is followed by an analysis and an explanation of the theoretical foundations of the right to offer information and to receive information, from an international, regional and a South African perspective. What the right entails within the Victim’s Charter is also investigated. Finally, a conclusion is reached. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta tese trata da relação entre violência, sofrimento, fotografia e memória, a partir do noticiário de violência na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e da participação dos familiares de vítimas de casos noticiados em movimentos contra a violência. Para compreender esse universo, descrevo e analiso os discursos textuais, visuais e emocionais dos familiares de vítimas e, também, dos fotojornalistas. As notícias de violência, segundo Luc Boltanski, são uma forma de denúncia e de conversão dos casos individuais em causas coletivas. Essas são tomadas como um primeiro registro da violência que se transforma em um lugar de memória desses acontecimentos na cidade. A partir de notícias e histórias narradas pelos entrevistados foram construídos pequenos quadros de memória que contam o processo vivido pelos familiares após a violência. Esse processo iniciado por uma violência original se converte, ao longo do tempo, em lutas individuais e coletivas. O tempo torna-se um agente que trabalha nas relações, nas emoções e na memória. Ele transforma os sentidos da experiência violenta e constrói a identidade de familiar de vítima e as relações entre eles, moldando comunidades emocionais. Essas comunidades apóiam os familiares em seu restabelecimento emocional e social e na luta para conquistar o direito de justiça. Diante da morte violenta, essas lutas agenciam o surgimento de novas violências e a chegada de novos familiares de vítimas em meio às memórias individuais e coletivas. / This thesis deals with the relationship between violence, suffering, photojournalism and memory, from the news of violence in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the participation of victims relatives of reported cases in movements against violence. In order to understand this universe, I describe and analyze textual, visual, and emotional speeches of victims relatives and also of photojournalists. The news of violence, according to Luc Boltanski, are way of denunciation and conversion of the individual cases into "collective causes". These are taken as a first record of violence that turns into a "place of memory" of these events in the city. From news and stories, told by the interviewees, were built small "memory frames" that tell the process experienced by the family after the violence. This process starts by a "original violence" becomes, over time, in individual and collective fights. "Time is an agent" which "works" in relationships, emotions and memory. This changes the sense of the violent experience and builds the identity of the victims relative and the relationships between them, shaping "emotional communities". These communities support the family in their social and emotional recovery and in their fight for the right to justice. In the face of violent death, these fights negotiate the emergence of new violence and the arrival of new families of victims amid the individual and collective memories.

In the proposed study it is hypothesized that resiliency will moderate the relationship between child abuse and psychiatric outcomes. Secondly, it is expected that shame will mediate the above mentioned relationship. Mediation and moderation effects will be tested via SPSS REGRESSION. Data was collected from 160 women at California State University, San Bernardino. The following measures were used to examine the hypothesis: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, Experience of Shame Scale, Self-Esteem Inventory, the Life Orientation Test-Revised, and the Social Support Inventory.