Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / In this dissertation, I problematize 'victim's justice' in post-genocide Rwanda. I argue that the kind of justice that was meted out in post-genocide Rwanda, namely victors' justice and complementary to it – victims’ justice, does not allow for the political reform required to break the cycle of violence in Rwanda. In the aftermath of the 1994-Rwandan Genocide, both state and society were faced with a moral and political dilemma, because the popular agency or mass participation of perpetrators derived from the Hutu majority, who targeted the Tutsi minority, with intent to annihilate them. There were massacres of both Hutus and Tutsis, but Hutus were targeted as individuals, whereas Tutsis were targeted as a group. It is the specific ‘intent to annihilate’ Tutsis as group, that makes this a Genocide against Tutsis. I draw and develop arguments made by Mahmood Mamdani, elaborating on the specific question of ‘victims justice’ for political reform in Rwanda. Both kinds of justice were outcomes of the logic of the Nuremburg Trials. Since its inception, the legacy of the Nuremburg Trial is demonstrated in how it was idealized at the end of the Cold-War by international law and human rights regime. In essence, the historical and political context of the Nuremburg trial has been removed, as it has been produced into a template- the 'Nuremburg-styled criminal trial'. 'Criminal justice' has come to define how we think of justice after mass violence, as the most morally acceptable form of justice for the victims, and the most politically viable response for constituting a 'new political order' after mass violence. This dissertation addresses the argument made, that victors' justice and victims' justice in Rwanda, has constituted two categories, which collectivise Tutsis as victims and Hutus as perpetrators. In the context of a genocide, where the perpetrators are derived from the Hutu majority and the victims from the Tutsi minority, this present both a moral and political dilemma for Rwanda’s state-building and national reconciliation project. Criminal justice also frames mass violence as being criminal, rather than addressing it as political violence. This has troubling consequences for intervening into the cycle of violence in Rwanda. The 'cycle of violence' in Rwanda, refers to the continuation of political violence, in which 'every round of perpetrators has justified the use of violence as the only effective guarantee against being victimised yet again. Thus, intervention into the cycle of violence would mean thinking out of the logic of victimhood and pursuing an alternative kind of justice. To think of the genocide as political violence, redirects the attention to the issues that made the genocide possible. I establish the importance and necessity of critically interrogating 'victims justice' in Rwanda, by placing the 1994-Genocide in its historical and political context, with a particular focus on the legacy of colonialism. The post-colonial regimes in Rwanda, inherited the colonial institutions of rule; and the politicisation of Hutu and Tutsi into racial categories, which have shaped particular meanings for power, justice and citizenship. I demonstrate in this dissertation that critical issues found in post-genocide Rwanda today, are symptomatic of the inherited colonial legacy. I address the prevailing political crisis through an analysis on post-genocide governance; national reconciliation; the 'land question'; and the Great Lakes refugee crisis. Furthermore, I found that it was critically important for my research question, to also adopt a regional perspective, because Rwanda lies at the epicentre of the Great Lakes regional crisis. This dissertation concludes with returning to the question of political reform, and breaking the 'cycle of violence'. My suggestion is that we need to think of Mamdani's concept of survivor's justice, rather than victims' justice or victors' justice, which assist in confronting the needs of political reform that address colonial legacies.

Explores why revictimization occurs in women who were sexually abused as children. Examines variables such as nature and severity of childhood abuse, attachment, and self-esteem to identify predictors of repeated abuse. A correlational-regression approach was used to test the hypothesis that lower positive attachment to parental figures, mediated by low self-esteem, will be associated with revictimization in adulthood. Approximately 150 women (Age = 18 to 54; M = 27) from various communities across Southern California participated in the study. Results did not support the hypothesis. Though self-esteem was correlated with both attachment and revictimization individually, there was no mediational effect of self-esteem between parental attachment and revictimization.

abstract: Scholars have extensively researched citizens’ preferences regarding the actions, language, and demeanors displayed by officers during citizen-police interactions. Specifically, there are a multitude of factors that can influence a citizens’ perception of such interactions as either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. What appears to be missing from the literature, however, is police officers’ understanding of citizens’ preferences for regarding factors. In other words, it is unclear if and how officers are actively attempting to interact with victims and witnesses based on actual citizen preferences or if officers do not consider these preferences during citizen interactions. This gap has important implications for officer training on citizen’s preferences due to the influence such interactions can have on citizens, specifically citizens’ physical and psychological well-being, as well as citizens’ perceptions of - and reaction to - the criminal justice system. This project examines original data collection of citizen and officer surveys regarding officers’ actions, language, and demeanors. Additionally, observations during ride-alongs are presented to expand on the current literature regarding citizen preferences during interactions with the police and to assess officers’ understanding and application of this knowledge. Results indicate that, while officers seem to understand what actions, language, and demeanors will increase citizen satisfaction, officers may believe that there exist situational factors that are more important in affecting citizen satisfaction with officers. Observations revealed that the vast majority of citizen-police interactions were positive and productive. Even so, results from the surveys and observations point to several important policy implications for improvement between officers and citizens. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2020

No description available.

No description available.

The study investigates the impediments caused by criminalisation of abortion in cases of forced pregnancy as a result of rape. It focuses on the premise that restrictive abortion laws and practices in such cases has devastating impact on women’s lives as they are likely to engage in unsafe abortion. Focuses on rape and abortion in Swaziland in relation to cultural norms and traditional beliefs on the issue of access to legal abortion by rape victims. Also discusses the law on abortion in Ethiopia. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Girmachew Alemu Aneme, Faculty of Law, University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

No abstract available / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / am2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

A research report component contributes 25% towards fulfilment of the Degree in Masters of Commerce (Economics (CCA01)) School of Economic and Business Sciences University of Witwatersrand, 2018 / The present study adds to the rather limited literature on crime and subjective well-being in South Africa by analysing data from the Gauteng Province for the years 2011 and 2015. Using various measures of life satisfaction, this study seeks to answer the following research questions for the Gauteng Province: ‘Does crime have an impact on life satisfaction?’ and ‘How has the relationship between crime and life satisfaction evolved between 2011 and 2015?’ To answer these questions the study estimates an ordered probit model utilizing data from two sources, namely the Quality of Life Survey (QoL survey) conducted by the Gauteng City Region Observatory (GCRO) and the Institute of Security Studies (ISS) Crime Hub. The estimates are based on four subjective well-being measures (i.e., satisfaction with one’s life as a whole, satisfaction with one’s neighbourhood of residence, satisfaction with one’s standards of living, and satisfaction with the safety/security provided by the government in the neighbourhood of residence) which were regressed against five crime-related measures (i.e., crime rate, being a victim of crime, day, night and safety perceptions at home). The key findings of this study are that crime has a negative effect on subjective well-being. Strong effects were identified for crime victimization on all subjective well-being measures while weak and statistically insignificant effects were identified when a broader measure of crime was used i.e., the crime rate in the neighbourhood of residence. The study also uncovers the importance of perceived safety during the day, night and at home in determining the well-being of Gauteng residents. As feelings of safety deteriorate (i.e., move from fairly safe to very unsafe) subjective well-being tends to reduce as well. This result is generally consistent across all measures of well-being used for both 2011 and 2015. Notably, while the crime rate and percentage of crime victimization has registered some declines the results of this study indicate that crime still plays a very important role in shaping people’s subjective well-being in the Gauteng province. / TL2019

Domestic violence is an endemic problem in Namibia and may be the most underreported form of violence against women and men, girls and boys residing in the country [Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS), 2014:295]. Domestic violence, takes many forms, including physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping, or throwing objects) as well as threats, rape, other forms of sexual and emotional abuse, controlling or domineering behaviours, intimidation, stalking, and passive or covert abuse (e.g., neglect or economic deprivation). Victims of rape and gender-based violence (GBV), however appear to face significant challenges in accessing healthcare support services. It is against this background that this study was conducted. The main goal of this study is to explore and describe the challenges faced by survivors of rape in the Khomas region of Namibia in accessing health and support services. The study utilised a qualitative research approach, which was applied research, as it focused on problems faced in the practice of identifying and seeking to address the challenges faced by rape survivors in the process of trying to heal from the trauma of rape. The phenomenological design was deemed appropriate for this study since it dealt with some sensitive issues regarding personal experiences of violence and reaction to it. The study was therefore exploratory and descriptive in nature an unstructured one-onone interviews were used to collect data. Findings from the study showed that rape survivors in the Khomas region of Namibia face many challenges in accessing healthcare support services which relate to the problems that they face as a result of the rape, as well as to the nature of support that they get from healthcare centres, the police, the community as well as their socioeconomic circumstances. Close collaboration is required between relevant stakeholders such as healthcare workers, police, communities, the legal justice system and policy makers. This will assist in the development of more effective policies and the building systems and institutions that are more effective in offering support to survivors of rape. It is therefore recommended that service delivery to support survivors of rape be improved in such a way that it becomes more accessible and survivor friendly. / Mini Dissertation (MSW (Healthcare))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW (Healthcare) / Unrestricted