M-Tech: Chemistry (Vaal University of Technology) / ABSTRACT The research was aimed to study the causes of excessive foaming in a waste water treatment plant. Although the activated sludge process has been adopted to treat this industrial waste water , lots of problems were experienced by the inhibitory effects of toxic compounds that are found in industrial effluents and the foaming stability that was very high. Industrial waste water treatment using sludge processes was found to be more challenging than the normal municipal waste water treatment although the principle is the same; the foaming tendencies were found to be more in industrial waste water. In this study the composition of influents to the waste water treatment plant and operating parameter’s effects on foaming tendencies were examined. The foaming potential in the plant was found to be chemically related due to high contamination of compounds such as phenols, which played a major role in formation of stable foam. It was recommended that there must be pretreatment of the incoming influents to minimize their impact to waste water treatment.

At the retail level, 25% of sellable food is wasted, and perishable foods account for 72% of food waste in the United States. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the food waste reduction strategies used by supermarket perishable food department managers, which are covered under the Good Samaritan Food Donation Acts (state and federal). The participant population was comprised of 17 managers who are responsible for perishable foods departments (bakery, deli, meat, dairy, and produce) at local, regional, and national supermarkets in Midland, Michigan. Goal systems theory served as the conceptual framework lens for which the findings of this study are viewed. Data collected centered around long interviews and publicly available company documents. Interviews and field notes, including member checking, were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software. Using methodological triangulation of these data sources, 3 themes emerged from the data analysis: the knowledge level of participants relative to the Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, factors that influence food waste and management strategy, and existing food waste reduction strategies. Most front-line managers are not aware of the Good Samaritan Food Donation Act. Factors that influence food waste include sell-by dates, personal bias, and food handling regulations. Existing food waste reduction strategies include donations, price reductions, stock rotation, and in-store repurposing. Positive social change may result from the results of this study if food waste can be further reduced or more food redirected to the needy. The study findings may be useful to supermarket managers as they consider the protection at the state and federal levels that the Good Samaritan Food Donation Act offers.

This thesis presents details of investigations into the potential for co-disposal of the two rejects from Clarence Colliery and Kable's Transport Sand Mine. Column experiments were undertaken to simulate field conditions. The experiment consisted of: 1/. creating the required co-disposal arrangement and structure in containers 2/. infiltrating water through each container and measuring the rates of infiltration and overflow 3/. measuring the chemical properties of the leachate water. Geotechnical tests of co-disposal pile stability were undertaken using a specially constructed shear box. Results of this study suggest the co-disposal of course coal washery reject from Clarence Colliery with clay tailings from Kable's Transport Sand Mine is a feasible option for managing the generation of acetic drainage. It is recommended that field trials comprise layers of coal reject and clay tailings in a 9:1 ratio. Layering the coal reject with clay tailings creates a semi-permeable barrier which acts to restrict water percolation through the reject as well as reacting with the leachate to increase the leachate pH and adsorb metals / Master of Engineering (Hons)

Zugl.: Regensburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Graduation date: 1996

The design of a waste collection system affects public health, the extent of participation in the system by residents, the recovery of resources from waste, and the cost of collection. Many developing countries use communal container collection [CCC] systems in which large containers are dispersed throughout neighbourhoods for the storage of waste until collection. These systems tend to have limited success as they often do not garner viable amounts of participation and containers are prone to being overfilled. The communal container waste collection system in the city of Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico was assessed according to the Integrated Solid Waste Management [ISWM] principles of social acceptability, environmental effectiveness, economic affordability and effective management. Information was collected through seven interviews with waste-related managers, 282 residential questionnaires, and 12 informal collector questionnaires. The collection system garners a high participation rate (99%) attributed to: non-burdensome one-way distances from residences to containers (mean 114+/-71m); thorough, daily collection; and a culture of cleanliness. Factors of adherence to waste collection regulations were found to be public knowledge, social acceptability, convenience and perception of importance. The collection system was assessed by rational-intuitive consideration of all indicators and principles, to be mostly acceptable from an ISWM framework due to: a high collection rate (~100% daily) which is enabled by effective monitoring and efficient operation; a high participation rate; similarity of the resource recovery rate to that of other developing and developed countries; and long-term affordability. Areas for improvement in equality of service provision, collaboration with informal collectors, and communication were identified. Lessons learned about communal container collection are applicable to lower-middle and upper-middle income countries.

The Environmental Protection Administration of Executive Yuan has been promoting the environmental protection policy for years, hoping to achieve the goal of ¡§zero waste¡¨ and meet the international environmental standard by executing source minimization and resource recycling. The study aims to investigate the causality between the disbursement incurred from waste management and the effectiveness of control measures of the 22 Taiwan¡¦s administrative regions from 2001 to 2010; variables of the examination are, disbursement incurred from waste management , disposal or treatment rate of municipal waste, and recycling rate of enforcement authority. After the gathering of data, the Granger test is conducted to determine the causality. Given that the data of disbursement incurred from waste management is hard to gather and the details of the actual disbursement of the evaluation indices are impossible to separate, the study postulates that, with consideration of the consistency and continuity of the budgeting process and the massive accident, all the disbursement incurred from waste management is used for the said purpose. The result of the empirical research indicates that disposal or treatment rate of municipal waste and disbursement incurred from waste management are not causally related. In the Granger test, the correlation between disbursement incurred from waste management and recycling rate of enforcement authority are significant at the 0.01 level; the correlation between recycling rate of enforcement authority and disbursement incurred from waste management are significant at the 0.1 level. Therefore, the ¡§Zero Waste¡¨ and ¡§source minimization and resource recycling¡¨ policy promoted by the Administration is effective in reducing the disbursement incurred from waste management. If we adhere to the environmental policy, we can not only improve the environmental health and life quality, but also be able to reduce the expense of waste management and invest the resource on other departments to achieve the effect of protecting the environment while maintaining economic growth.

In this study, Hazardous Waste Production potential for the selected priority sectors in OSTIM Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ), Ankara is investigated. A general inventory study is conducted based on both absolute and minor entries in Waste List of Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management, Annex 4. Processes included in priority sectors are identified / moreover, each process is analyzed in terms of inputs entering and outputs leaving. Generated hazardous wastes from each sector are classified as process based, side processes based, and non-process based. After determination of codes and amounts of wastes, hazardous qwaste generation factors are generally calculated as &quot / kg of waste generated per ton of product or raw material processed&quot / . Calculated hazardous waste generation factors are compared with the estimated ones in literature if there is any and a specific range is determined for each waste factor. By use of sector specific hazardous waste generation factors and total capacity values sectoral hazardous waste generation amounts are calculated for OSTIM OIZ. The most crowded and potentially polluter sectors are determined from 14 main producer sectors of OSTIM OIZ. Accordingly, machining, casting of ferrous metals, treatment and coating of metals, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and manufacture of rubber products are selected priority sectors studied in this thesis study. It is observed that among selected priority sectors highest generation occurs in machining sector, which involve high amounts of 12 01 coded HWs as metal grindings and waste oil mixtures. In addition, manufacturing of rubber products sector has no significant hazardous waste generation.

Kiekvienais metais Europoje surenkama daugiau kaip 306 milijonai komunalinių atliekų, vidutiniškai 415 kg/gyventojui. Pasirenkant optimalią atliekų tvarkymo sistemą, būtina ne tik atsižvelgti į teisės aktų reikalavimus, bet ir įvertinti daugelį rodiklių: komunalinių atliekų kiekį ir jo svyravimo tendencijas, sezoniškai kintančius mišrių komunalinių atliekų sudėtį ir šilumingumą, atliekų tvarkymo technologijų taikymo galimybes. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti komunalinių atliekų susidarymo mieste sezoninio kitimo dėsningumus ir šio kitimo įtaką atliekų tvarkymo sistemos energetiniams ir aplinkosauginiams rodikliams. Duomenų apie komunalinių atliekų surinkimą Kauno mieste pagrindu sukurtas komunalinių atliekų susidarymo prognozavimo metodas, tiksliausiai prognozuojantis sezoninio kitimo dėsningumus. Įvertinus atliekų susidarymo sezoniškumą ir atliekų tvarkymo įrenginių technologinius parametrus atlikta energetinė ir aplinkosauginė komunalinių atliekų tvarkymo sistemos analizė, parengtos rekomendacijos atliekų tvarkymo sistemos planavimui. Nustatyta, kad prognozuojant miestų, turinčių ilgalaikius patikimus komunalinių atliekų susidarymo duomenis, komunalinių atliekų susidarymo kitimus ir siekiant adekvačiai įvertinti tiek metinį, tiek sezoninį surinkimo kitimą, regresinio ir laiko eilučių prognozavimo metodų derinys yra tinkamas. Projektuojant miestų komunalinių atliekų tvarkymo sistemas būtina įvertinti sezoninių veiksnių įtaką komunalinių atliekų susidarymo ir sudėties kitimui. / With the improving economical situation and growing population standard of living comes the increase of the waste amount in many European cities. This tendency is particularly clearly reflected by growing municipal waste generation rate. In 1993, the 5th European Community Environment Action Programme, where the targets and principles are set, a target of stabilising municipal waste generation at the 1985 level of 300 kg/capita/annum by 2000 was set. However, the attempt to meet this target was unsuccessful. Almost all countries exceeded the established rate by 75-100%. The 6th Community Environment Action Programme discarded utopian objective to reduce waste generation rates. This was not defined in quantitative manner anymore. The initial and essential step in the waste management system planning is waste collection (in this work equivalent to waste generation) prognosis. However, constantly changing situation in the waste management sector strongly impacts waste generation rates (which are usually equating to collection rates) and this makes the forecasting more difficult. Although municipal waste forecasts need isn‘t dealt with legislation, but the knowledge of future waste amounts is essential for the adoption of important strategic goals, for making policy decisions and for determining the waste management tasks on the level of European Union and Republic of Lithuania. The waste management strategy presented in the Lithuanian National Strategic Waste Management Plan... [to full text]

The purpose of this work is to analyze waste management act of law, which based on, the waste will be managed by economy subjects. Those subjects have to prepare the documents needed to realize waste management work. At first part of this work we are observing principles and priorities of waste management and trying to introduce with the act of law which regulates trash management in EU. Then I’m presenting the rules which are valid and which regulates waste management in Lithuania. Also I’m observing main requirements which are related with waste management (law of waste management, state strategic waste management plan and act of law of waste management). Indicating separates waste streams law and principles. In the second part I’m introducing conception of method. Observing method principles of preparation of maintaining documents. Researching law which indirectly influencing preparing waste management documents and analyzing method preparation of it. Also I’m observing law, which have directly influence to preparation of waste documents. Analyzing is it difficult to prepare documents for waste management and how to full fill forms which are present in the law.