The design of a waste collection system affects public health, the extent of participation in the system by residents, the recovery of resources from waste, and the cost of collection. Many developing countries use communal container collection [CCC] systems in which large containers are dispersed throughout neighbourhoods for the storage of waste until collection. These systems tend to have limited success as they often do not garner viable amounts of participation and containers are prone to being overfilled. The communal container waste collection system in the city of Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico was assessed according to the Integrated Solid Waste Management [ISWM] principles of social acceptability, environmental effectiveness, economic affordability and effective management. Information was collected through seven interviews with waste-related managers, 282 residential questionnaires, and 12 informal collector questionnaires. The collection system garners a high participation rate (99%) attributed to: non-burdensome one-way distances from residences to containers (mean 114+/-71m); thorough, daily collection; and a culture of cleanliness. Factors of adherence to waste collection regulations were found to be public knowledge, social acceptability, convenience and perception of importance. The collection system was assessed by rational-intuitive consideration of all indicators and principles, to be mostly acceptable from an ISWM framework due to: a high collection rate (~100% daily) which is enabled by effective monitoring and efficient operation; a high participation rate; similarity of the resource recovery rate to that of other developing and developed countries; and long-term affordability. Areas for improvement in equality of service provision, collaboration with informal collectors, and communication were identified. Lessons learned about communal container collection are applicable to lower-middle and upper-middle income countries.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2008. / LICL has E-Thesis 0039 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 64-66).

This thesis concentrates on the collection system of biogadable waste in a chosen locality. The method deals with the realization of a logistic model of biogradable waste in a locality. The introductory part provides a description of particular system of biogradable waste collection. The following part describes the calculation method and setting the particular parts of the system. The suggestions include descriptions and present experience with introducing this system in practice. The thesis describes the logistics of biodegradable waste collection for its further use. Describes the composting in a composting plants and associated technologies. That are in the area or band mounds. And other machinery for the adjustment of the compost. The collection is realized in three towns in Prachatice region. A technical estimate and calculation helped to determine the annual production of biodegradable waste depending on the feature of the origin. The calculation was made on the basis of ascertained data about well-kept municipal places, number of homes, areas and gardens. Considering the prevailing origin of biodegradable waste there was determined a delivery system of collection to a waste collection place with an aside container. Based on the total volume of ascertained production there was determined the capacity of containers in each town. According to the predicted capacity of the container, there were set the collection times and replacements done by an appropriate transport carrier. After researching the trails suitable for container transport there was chosen an optimal trail for collecting and accumulating the biodegradable waste. The choice of a composting plant originated from the real composting plant where the selection of biogradable waste was realized. The transport carrier which realizes the containers collection from the towns is located on this composting plant.

This thesis deals with waste, especially with municipal waste and waste management issues. The practical part is focused on the financial aspects of waste management and processing of waste in Třeboň and Bechyně and also deals with issues of further processing of waste in the region. This thesis is supplemented with information about waste management of Písek, as a good example in the region. This information also served for better description of the municipal waste management in South Bohemia Region.

The research work is directed towards the investigation, optimization and application of some plant-based waste materials for the removal of some toxic trace metals (Cd, Pb and Mn) as well as selected oxyhalides (CIO3-,IO3- and BrO3-) in aqueous system. Waste materials from three plants; Athrixia philicoide, an indigenous bush tea; the outer covering peels of butternut Squash (Cucurbita Moschata) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) were evaluated for their sorption efficiency of the selected metals. batch and continuous experimental processes as well as conditions that might influence the sorption of the metals were investigated. These conditions include effects of pH sorption time, amount of adsorbent, volume of the aqueous medium, amount of metals etc. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of metal ions in solution was carried out using the ion chromatograph (IC) while the functional group identification present in waste materials was established using the Fourier Transform infr-red spectroscopy (FTIR), Quantitative biosorption equilibrium of 98.99% was reached within 6h at pH 6 and 100 ppm concentration of Pb metal with Athrixiaphilicoide under 30 min contact time. Applicability of the sorption process was tested on wastewater. Results revealed that > 99.93 %; 84.5 % and 64.3 % sorption efficiency was obtained for Mn, Cd and Pb respectively at pH 7 using Ananas Comosus adsorbent. For Athrixia philicoide, sorption efficiency from spiked wastewater ranged from 99.98 % for Cd; 99.96 % for Mn and 82.5 % adsorption for Pb at pH 7. For Juglans Cinerea, wastewater sorption efficiency varied between 78.76 %, 94.50 % and 96.50 % for Cd, Mn and Pb respectively at pH6. Results from the optimized method revealed the applicability of the method to environmental water samples. Possible large scale and industrial/commercial application of developed materials and methods would be explored. ) in aqueous system. Waste materials from three plants; Athrixia philicoide, an indigenous bush tea; the outer covering peels of butternut Squash (Cucurbita Moschata) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) were evaluated for their sorption efficiency of the selected metals. Batch and continuous experimental processes as well as conditions that might influence the sorption of the metals were investigated. These conditions include effects of pH, sorption time, amount of adsorbent, volume of the aqueous medium, amount of metals etc. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of metal ions in solution was carried out using the ion chromatograph (IC) while the functional group identification present in waste materials was established using the Fourier Transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Quantitative biosorption equilibrium of 96.99 % was reached within 6h at pH 6 and 100 ppm concentration of Pb metal with Athrixia philicoide under 30 min contact time. Cd and Mn adsorption by the same adsorbent under similar condition were less than 50 % for individual metal evaluation experiment. However, > 99 % adsorption was achieved with Cd in a mixture of the three (3) evaluated metals. Highest adsorption of 93 % of Pb was achieved with the Butternut Squash peel (Cucurbita moschata) at the optimal sorption pH of 6 followed by quantitative sorption of 99.2 % of Mn while Cd recorded a sorption level of 45 % all at 6 pH. The sorption efficiency of Pb, Cd and Mn using pineapple peels (Ananas comosus) also at the optimal sorption conditions of (pH 6, 30 min contact time and 100 ppm metal concentration) ranged from 98.7 %, 100 % and 99.90 % respectively. / Enviromental Science / M.Sc (Enviromental Science)

O presente trabalho versa sobre a base legislativa ambiental e a introdução da logística reversa como um instrumento para minorar o impacto dos resíduos sólidos eletrônicos. Parte do estudo das transformações oriundas da Modernidade que levaram a sociedade para um mundo mais consumista, fazendo com que surgissem novas necessidades, que ao longo do tempo impulsionaram o processo produtivo industrial. Também observa que o advento da informática acelera o processo da Modernidade que se incrementa pela globalização e que impacta em profundas e significativas mudanças nas esferas econômicas, política, social, cultural e tecnológica levando a majorar a capacidade de produção refletindo no aumento da produção e consumo de bens através das técnicas da obsolescência programada e da obsolescência perceptiva. Decorre disso a descartabilidade de produtos que por terem vida curta, rapidamente se tornam obsoletos, gerando o desequilíbrio que advém do notório volume crescente de resíduos sólidos, principalmente os resíduos sólidos eletrônicos que preocupam devido possuir grande potencial poluidor em sua composição. Para impedir que seus elementos agridam o meio ambiente de forma mais agressiva se verifica a necessidade de uma coleta seletiva e eficaz, ou seja, a seleção dos materiais levará os demais procedimentos (reutilização, recuperação e aproveitamento energético, ou até mesmo a sua destinação para a compostagem). Ainda, vê-se a necessidade do Sistema de Gestão dos resíduos específico para empresas visando a redução de custos de operação, com a adoção de métodos corretos de tratamento de forma a eliminar desperdícios e maximizar a alocação dos recursos naturais. Quanto á base legislativa de tutela ambiental internacional, sendo o Brasil signatário da Convenção de Basiléia, é vedado no país, a transferência de resíduos para além do seu limite territorial, e também o recebimento desses materiais oriundos de outros países. Assim, a legislação brasileira, além de todos os princípios e disposições preceituadas pela Constituição, tem como norma específica sobre resíduos a Lei 12.305/2010, intitulada Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, que traz em si definições legais, tais como os conceitos de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos, e o próprio conceito de resíduos sólidos. Tal norma ainda institui o sistema de logística reversa como um conjugado de atos que visam uma coleta mais efetiva e a restituição de resíduos sólidos ao setor empresarial. Por outro lado, se verifica a ausência de positivação na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos da descrição do modus operandi da logística reversa na Lei 12.305/2010, deixando á critério das empresas de reciclagem o método a ser feito, respeitados os direitos de propriedade intelectual e industrial sobre seus procedimentos. Quando a metodologia utilizou-se como método de abordagem do tema, o dialético, devido o trabalho adentrar o mundo dos fenômenos através de sua ação mútua. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-22T13:02:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Fabiana Barcelos da Silva Cardoso.pdf: 1932822 bytes, checksum: 2c6d6454c303cef5434ac6c908a0187c (MD5) Dissertacao Fabiana Barcelos da Silva Cardoso.pdf: 1932822 bytes, checksum: 2c6d6454c303cef5434ac6c908a0187c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T13:02:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Fabiana Barcelos da Silva Cardoso.pdf: 1932822 bytes, checksum: 2c6d6454c303cef5434ac6c908a0187c (MD5) Dissertacao Fabiana Barcelos da Silva Cardoso.pdf: 1932822 bytes, checksum: 2c6d6454c303cef5434ac6c908a0187c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work deals about the environmental legislative base and the introduction of the reverse logistics as an instrument to alleviate the impact of electronics solid wastes. Part of the study of the changes comes from Modernity that led the company to a more consumerist world, making new needs arise, which over time boosted the industrial production process. It also notes that the advent of computing speeds up the process of modernity that is increased by globalization and that impacts on deep and significant changes in economic, political, social, cultural and technological spheres, leading to increasing of production capacity reflecting on the increased production and consumption of goods through the techniques of planned obsolescence and perceptive obsolescence. It follows that the disposability of products which have a short life, quickly become obsolete, creating the imbalance that comes from notorious increasing volume of solid waste, especially electronics solid waste that concern due its great potential polluter in its composition. To prevent its elements harm the environment more aggressively there is a need for a separate and effective collection, that is, the selection of the materials will lead to other procedures (reuse, recovery and energy recovery, or even to its destination for composting). Still, there is the need for system specific of Waste Management to companies aiming at the reduction of operating costs, with the adoption of correct methods of treatment in order to eliminate waste and maximize the allocation of natural resources. As for the legislative basis of international environmental protection, Brazil signed the Basel Convention, it is prohibited in the country, the transfer of waste beyond its territorial limit, and also the receipt of these materials from other countries. Thus, the Brazilian legislation, beyond all principles and provisions prescribed by the Constitution, is specific provision for waste Law 12.305/2010, entitled National Policy on Solid Waste, which brings legal definitions, such as the concepts of integrated management solid waste, and the concept of solid waste. This standard also establishes a system of reverse logistics as conjugate acts that aimed a more effective collection of solid waste and restitution of solid waste to the business sector. On the other hand, there is a lack of recognition on the National Policy on Solid Waste description of the modus operandi of reverse logistics in Law 12.305/2010, leaving to companies criterion of recyclers method to be done, respecting the rights of intellectual and industrial property on their procedures. When the methodology was used as a method of approach of the theme, the dialectical, due to work entering into the world of phenomena through their mutual action.

The subject of these theses contains an evaluation of the waste policy in the A.S.A. České Budějovice company. More precisely is oriented on waste dump in Lišov. Firstly, as an result of my work, the proposition of better economic and technology solution is offered. The proposal covered also the problem of the ecological waste handling. In the frame of the ecological treatment the biodegradation is included. This will lead to another direction of the waste treatment policy. The way is under EU environmental policy legislature. The final result of these theses is a real project of the waste assorting line with the direct link towards the manipulation with the biodegradation material. These procedures are proposed in accordance with the economical situation of the A.S.A. České Budějovice division.

O presente trabalho versa sobre a base legislativa ambiental e a introdução da logística reversa como um instrumento para minorar o impacto dos resíduos sólidos eletrônicos. Parte do estudo das transformações oriundas da Modernidade que levaram a sociedade para um mundo mais consumista, fazendo com que surgissem novas necessidades, que ao longo do tempo impulsionaram o processo produtivo industrial. Também observa que o advento da informática acelera o processo da Modernidade que se incrementa pela globalização e que impacta em profundas e significativas mudanças nas esferas econômicas, política, social, cultural e tecnológica levando a majorar a capacidade de produção refletindo no aumento da produção e consumo de bens através das técnicas da obsolescência programada e da obsolescência perceptiva. Decorre disso a descartabilidade de produtos que por terem vida curta, rapidamente se tornam obsoletos, gerando o desequilíbrio que advém do notório volume crescente de resíduos sólidos, principalmente os resíduos sólidos eletrônicos que preocupam devido possuir grande potencial poluidor em sua composição. Para impedir que seus elementos agridam o meio ambiente de forma mais agressiva se verifica a necessidade de uma coleta seletiva e eficaz, ou seja, a seleção dos materiais levará os demais procedimentos (reutilização, recuperação e aproveitamento energético, ou até mesmo a sua destinação para a compostagem). Ainda, vê-se a necessidade do Sistema de Gestão dos resíduos específico para empresas visando a redução de custos de operação, com a adoção de métodos corretos de tratamento de forma a eliminar desperdícios e maximizar a alocação dos recursos naturais. Quanto á base legislativa de tutela ambiental internacional, sendo o Brasil signatário da Convenção de Basiléia, é vedado no país, a transferência de resíduos para além do seu limite territorial, e também o recebimento desses materiais oriundos de outros países. Assim, a legislação brasileira, além de todos os princípios e disposições preceituadas pela Constituição, tem como norma específica sobre resíduos a Lei 12.305/2010, intitulada Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, que traz em si definições legais, tais como os conceitos de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos, e o próprio conceito de resíduos sólidos. Tal norma ainda institui o sistema de logística reversa como um conjugado de atos que visam uma coleta mais efetiva e a restituição de resíduos sólidos ao setor empresarial. Por outro lado, se verifica a ausência de positivação na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos da descrição do modus operandi da logística reversa na Lei 12.305/2010, deixando á critério das empresas de reciclagem o método a ser feito, respeitados os direitos de propriedade intelectual e industrial sobre seus procedimentos. Quando a metodologia utilizou-se como método de abordagem do tema, o dialético, devido o trabalho adentrar o mundo dos fenômenos através de sua ação mútua. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work deals about the environmental legislative base and the introduction of the reverse logistics as an instrument to alleviate the impact of electronics solid wastes. Part of the study of the changes comes from Modernity that led the company to a more consumerist world, making new needs arise, which over time boosted the industrial production process. It also notes that the advent of computing speeds up the process of modernity that is increased by globalization and that impacts on deep and significant changes in economic, political, social, cultural and technological spheres, leading to increasing of production capacity reflecting on the increased production and consumption of goods through the techniques of planned obsolescence and perceptive obsolescence. It follows that the disposability of products which have a short life, quickly become obsolete, creating the imbalance that comes from notorious increasing volume of solid waste, especially electronics solid waste that concern due its great potential polluter in its composition. To prevent its elements harm the environment more aggressively there is a need for a separate and effective collection, that is, the selection of the materials will lead to other procedures (reuse, recovery and energy recovery, or even to its destination for composting). Still, there is the need for system specific of Waste Management to companies aiming at the reduction of operating costs, with the adoption of correct methods of treatment in order to eliminate waste and maximize the allocation of natural resources. As for the legislative basis of international environmental protection, Brazil signed the Basel Convention, it is prohibited in the country, the transfer of waste beyond its territorial limit, and also the receipt of these materials from other countries. Thus, the Brazilian legislation, beyond all principles and provisions prescribed by the Constitution, is specific provision for waste Law 12.305/2010, entitled National Policy on Solid Waste, which brings legal definitions, such as the concepts of integrated management solid waste, and the concept of solid waste. This standard also establishes a system of reverse logistics as conjugate acts that aimed a more effective collection of solid waste and restitution of solid waste to the business sector. On the other hand, there is a lack of recognition on the National Policy on Solid Waste description of the modus operandi of reverse logistics in Law 12.305/2010, leaving to companies criterion of recyclers method to be done, respecting the rights of intellectual and industrial property on their procedures. When the methodology was used as a method of approach of the theme, the dialectical, due to work entering into the world of phenomena through their mutual action.

We consume more and more which also have led to an increase in the waste we most handle. In public environment, common solution have been to increase the size of the waste bin, but that’s not always an option. To big and it may interfere with the environment it placed in. Another approach is to compress the disposed waste and so increase the waste bins capacity without increasing the volume of the wastebin itself. BigBelly is one product which have embraced this apprach. It is a solar driven compressing waste bin commonly seen in big cities around the world. The problem is that some miner municipalities and private companies still are in need of a solution but don’t have the resources to obtain BigBellys or other similar solutions. One way to approach this market is to develop a waste bin without the electric usually expensive components and develop a less expensive compressible waste bin that’s still an effective choice. To understand the needs, both of those who dispose of waste publicly but also those who manage the waste bins, have interviews, observations, questionaries and focus groups been used to gather valuable data. This data have then been remade in terms of user needs and ranked according to importance by the users themselves and the project manager. Some highly ranked needs are: the waste bin is steady and robust, the waste bin can only be opened by those who handle/empty the waste bins, a manual compression can be performed by those who throw the waste, and a manual compression can be performed without any major effort.  By the method Design by analogies and a workshop held at Luleå University of Technology was ideas created. The three concepts with the highest potential were selected via Pugh’s selection matrix and tested according to efficiency and effectivity. The concept with the highest result was developed in Simens NX a CAD-program and then used as a template for the construction of a functional prototype. By testing and analyzing the prototype a product specification could be created. The final result, which is based on the prototype and the specification, consist of two rendered waste bins, developed towards compression in public environment. The compactor is based on a scissor-lift design modified to expand and so compress waste by gravity and contract by the energy of the users. Both models are estimated to enhance the capacity of 170-200% compared with a waste bin none-compressing waste bin of the same size. Model 1 requires a force of 196N from the user during use while model 2 requires force of 123N.