While there is an abundance of philosophical literature on justice, there is far less literature within political philosophy on the topic of injustice. I think one common assumption these approaches share is that injustice is simply the absence of justice; call this the absence thesis. This assumption becomes more peculiar juxtaposed to social and political struggle for justice, which quite commonly begins with cries of injustice. Injustice is an importantly distinct philosophical notion from justice – it can explain how justice fails to be realized in interesting and sophisticated ways, and, I argue, track our efforts to realize just social worlds, in ways that paradigmatically ideal and nonideal approaches to justice by themselves cannot. In this essay, I focus specifically on the question of how theories of justice can guide action in social worlds with systematic oppression. I ultimately argue that action-guiding theories of justice that evaluate worlds with systematic oppression must represent features of injustice. If a theory fails to represent features of injustice, it will fail to guide action in these worlds. That representation of such features is necessary gives us reason to think, in certain circumstances, that the absence thesis is false. / Master of Arts / While there is an abundance of philosophical literature on justice, there is far less literature within political philosophy on the topic of injustice. However, I think that injustice is an importantly distinct philosophical notion from justice – it can explain how justice fails to be realized in interesting and sophisticated ways, and, I argue, track our efforts to realize just social worlds. In this essay, I focus specifically on the question of how theories of justice can guide action in social worlds with systematic oppression. In answering this question, I argue that we must take knowledge about particular phenomenon of injustice and oppression seriously when thinking about how we can progress from nonideal worlds ripe with injustice – like our actual world – to more just worlds. I bring into conversation more traditional ideal theory in political philosophy with theory that focuses more on the nonideal – the actual conditions of injustice – especially the thought of W.E.B DuBois. When thinking about what makes our societies just, or thinking about what is important to know when we attempt to go from our own nonideal circumstances to create a more just world for ourselves, knowledge of justice or what an ideally just society will look like is not enough to guide us to those circumstances. Until we understand the circumstances of injustice, we will not know what ideals can guide us to more just circumstances.

The notions of “ideal theory” and “nonideal theory” have become widely accepted in political philosophy. Recently, several philosophers’ have urged that ideal theory systematically produces practically irrelevant theories. Such philosophers argue that political philosophy ought move away from ideal theory in order to make the discipline more germane to the unjust real world. Call this tactic of eliminating ideal theory “Strategy.” In this paper, I argue that political philosophy would do well to abandon the ideal/nonideal distinction. Though the use of INID is widespread, philosophers do not have one uniform way of drawing the distinction; of the several common ways of drawing the distinction, none is categorical. As a consequence of this ambiguity, the role that INID plays in our political philosophical theorizing has become pernicious.

Resumo: Neste trabalho investigou-se a efetividade de um absorvedor de vibrações eletromecânico linear e um absorvedor de vibrações eletromecânico não-linear na atenuação de vibrações em estruturas não-ideais. Dois modelos não-lineares foram utilizados para representar o sistema estudado, uma viga engastada excitada por uma fonte não-ideal. Um modelo simplificado que considera o torque gerado pelo motor como sendo uma função linear e um modelo mais completo que considera as propriedades elétricas do motor CC. As equações que governam a dinâmica do sistema foram deduzidas pelas equações de Lagrange, parte mecânica, e pelas leis de Kirchhoff, parte elétrica. Simulações numéricas dos dois modelos foram realizadas no módulo Simulink® do software MATLAB®. Uma análise do efeito dos parâmetros não-lineares no sistema foi realizada. Resultados mostram a redução do "salto" nas curvas de resposta-frequência - efeito Sommerfeld - fenômeno típico de sistemas não-ideais. O estudo da estabilidade foi realizado conforme a análise de estabilidade de Lyapunov. Uma solução analítica aproximada, para o movimento estacionário do sistema, foi obtida através de um método de perturbação (método da média). Para completar o estudo, analisou-se a interação dinâmica dos absorvedores de vibrações eletromecânicos em outros modelos de sistemas não-ideais que apresentam comportamentos caóticos. Os resultados obtidos mostram a supressão de caos, através da transformação de movimentos caóticos em movimentos periódicos. / Abstract: In this work, we investigated the effectiveness of a linear electro-mechanical vibration absorber and a nonlinear electro-mechanical vibration absorber that is used for the vibration attenuation in a non-deal structure. Two nonlinear models were used to represent a cantilever beam supporting a nonideal energy source at its free end. The first model simplified takes into account the stationary characteristics of the energy source and the second model takes into account also influence of the dynamics of the oscillating mechanical elements on electrical properties of the DC motor. The governing equations of the models are deduced by Lagrange's equations and also by Kirchhoff's laws. The numerical simulations of models were implemented using the Simulink® module of Matlab® software. A numerical analysis of the effects of the parameters of nonlinearity was presented. Others results whowed the reduction of the Sommerfeld effect. We analytically determine the expression for the steady-state solutions using the method of averaging. We also analyzed the dynamic interaction between the electromechanical vibration absorber and the others nonideal structural that have chaotic behavior. We have found that the chaotic motion of the main system has been transformed to periodic motion, see as a quenching of chaotic vibrations. / Orientador: José Manoel Balthazar / Coorientador: Bento Rodrigues de Pontes Júnior / Banca: Jorge Luis Palacios Felix / Banca: Vicente Lopes Junior / Mestre

Apresentam-se modelos matemáticos de poucos graus de liberdade para o estudo de vibrações estruturais não lineares excitadas por fonte não-ideal de energia, amortecidas por impacto, para duas aplicações: um pórtico que serve de apoio para um motor elétrico e uma torre de suporte a uma turbina eólica. Considera-se a existência de interação entre o fornecimento de energia e o movimento da estrutura de suporte. Se a potência fornecida pela fonte de energia não é suficiente, a rotação do rotor pode ficar estagnada à freqüência de ressonância da estrutura, impossibilitando o mesmo de alcançar regimes de rotação mais altos. Isso é uma manifestação do chamado Efeito Sommerfeld. No primeiro modelo, somente dois graus de liberdade são considerados: o movimento horizontal da estrutura, na direção perpendicular ao eixo do rotor, e a rotação do rotor. Depois, adiciona-se outro grau de liberdade, representando o movimento de uma pequena massa que se desloca livremente dentro de uma câmara (amortecedor por impacto). As equações de movimento desses modelos são obtidas via formulação Lagrangiana. Por intermédio de simulações numéricas, procurou-se estudar os parâmetros do amortecedor por impacto que produzem a melhor eficiência do dispositivo. Nota-se que o impacto da massa com as paredes do recipiente fornece controle da amplitude de vibração da estrutura e da largura da banda de freqüências em que o Efeito Sommerfeld ocorre. / We present mathematical models with few degrees of freedom for the study of nonlinear structural vibrations excited by a non ideal energy source, with impact damping, for two applications: a portal frame that supports an electric motor and a tower structure supporting an aeolian turbine. We consider that there is interaction between the energy supply and the motion of the supporting structure. If the power supplied by the energy source is not enough, the rotation of the engine may get stuck at a resonance frequency of the structure, disabling the engine to reach higher regimes of rotation. This is a manifestation of the so-called Sommerfeld Effect. In the first model, only two degrees of freedom are considered: the horizontal motion of the structure, in the transverse direction to the axis of the rotor, and the rotation of the rotor. Next, another degree of freedom is added to the model, representing the motion of a rolling small mass, free to bounce back and forth inside a chamber (impact damper). The equations of motion of these models are obtained via a Lagrangian approach. The parameters that produce the greatest effectiveness of the impact damper were studied through numerical simulations. One notices that the impact of the mass with the walls of the container supplies control of the vibration amplitude of the structure and the width of the band of frequencies where the Sommerfeld Effect occurs.

This dissertation analyses the contribution that Amartya Sen’s idea of justice can make to inform development policies. Particularly, it examines to what extent Sen succeeds in presenting a useful theoretical framework for orienting political action towards justice-enhancing change. In The Idea of Justice (2009), Sen argues that ideal theories of justice which aim at identifying the nature of a perfectly just society—what he calls ‘transcendental’ theories—are not appropriate either for examining prevalent injustices or for rectifying them. Sen therefore proposes a ‘comparative framework’ of justice capable of providing useful practical guidance to advance justice or reduce injustice, a task for which ‘transcendental’ Rawlsian-like theories are redundant. This dissertation critically assesses these two claims advanced by Sen. Taking John Rawls’ Theory of Justice as an illustration, it argues that ideal theories are indeed essential, even if not sufficient, for the reduction of injustice. Therefore, it advances that it is necessary to complement ideal and nonideal approaches to justice. It then advocates for a ‘dual Rawlsian/Senian framework’. Yet this dissertation argues that, even if coupled with an ideal theory, Sen’s nonideal theory remains insufficient to orient injustice-reduction actions because it fails to take into account the overarching social nature of injustice and its perpetuation. In the light of this shortcoming, this dissertation stresses the need to conceptualise injustice as something different from simply the lack of justice and to understand it in a more dynamic and relational way. Ultimately, this implies further complementing a dual framework with a broader conceptualisation of injustice. The dissertation illustrates this argument with the social policy of Oportunidades in Mexico. It concludes that, in order to create a more just society, injustice-reduction policies need to go beyond the removal of capability-deprivations and address the ways in which injustice is reproduced through social interactions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 iossaqui_jg_me_bauru.pdf: 959981 bytes, checksum: c19d1d4dc04cd2fd6c835a084363d5d8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho investigou-se a efetividade de um absorvedor de vibrações eletromecânico linear e um absorvedor de vibrações eletromecânico não-linear na atenuação de vibrações em estruturas não-ideais. Dois modelos não-lineares foram utilizados para representar o sistema estudado, uma viga engastada excitada por uma fonte não-ideal. Um modelo simplificado que considera o torque gerado pelo motor como sendo uma função linear e um modelo mais completo que considera as propriedades elétricas do motor CC. As equações que governam a dinâmica do sistema foram deduzidas pelas equações de Lagrange, parte mecânica, e pelas leis de Kirchhoff, parte elétrica. Simulações numéricas dos dois modelos foram realizadas no módulo Simulink® do software MATLAB®. Uma análise do efeito dos parâmetros não-lineares no sistema foi realizada. Resultados mostram a redução do salto nas curvas de resposta-frequência - efeito Sommerfeld - fenômeno típico de sistemas não-ideais. O estudo da estabilidade foi realizado conforme a análise de estabilidade de Lyapunov. Uma solução analítica aproximada, para o movimento estacionário do sistema, foi obtida através de um método de perturbação (método da média). Para completar o estudo, analisou-se a interação dinâmica dos absorvedores de vibrações eletromecânicos em outros modelos de sistemas não-ideais que apresentam comportamentos caóticos. Os resultados obtidos mostram a supressão de caos, através da transformação de movimentos caóticos em movimentos periódicos. / In this work, we investigated the effectiveness of a linear electro-mechanical vibration absorber and a nonlinear electro-mechanical vibration absorber that is used for the vibration attenuation in a non-deal structure. Two nonlinear models were used to represent a cantilever beam supporting a nonideal energy source at its free end. The first model simplified takes into account the stationary characteristics of the energy source and the second model takes into account also influence of the dynamics of the oscillating mechanical elements on electrical properties of the DC motor. The governing equations of the models are deduced by Lagrange's equations and also by Kirchhoff's laws. The numerical simulations of models were implemented using the Simulink® module of Matlab® software. A numerical analysis of the effects of the parameters of nonlinearity was presented. Others results whowed the reduction of the Sommerfeld effect. We analytically determine the expression for the steady-state solutions using the method of averaging. We also analyzed the dynamic interaction between the electromechanical vibration absorber and the others nonideal structural that have chaotic behavior. We have found that the chaotic motion of the main system has been transformed to periodic motion, see as a quenching of chaotic vibrations.

Apresentam-se modelos matemáticos de poucos graus de liberdade para o estudo de vibrações estruturais não lineares excitadas por fonte não-ideal de energia, amortecidas por impacto, para duas aplicações: um pórtico que serve de apoio para um motor elétrico e uma torre de suporte a uma turbina eólica. Considera-se a existência de interação entre o fornecimento de energia e o movimento da estrutura de suporte. Se a potência fornecida pela fonte de energia não é suficiente, a rotação do rotor pode ficar estagnada à freqüência de ressonância da estrutura, impossibilitando o mesmo de alcançar regimes de rotação mais altos. Isso é uma manifestação do chamado Efeito Sommerfeld. No primeiro modelo, somente dois graus de liberdade são considerados: o movimento horizontal da estrutura, na direção perpendicular ao eixo do rotor, e a rotação do rotor. Depois, adiciona-se outro grau de liberdade, representando o movimento de uma pequena massa que se desloca livremente dentro de uma câmara (amortecedor por impacto). As equações de movimento desses modelos são obtidas via formulação Lagrangiana. Por intermédio de simulações numéricas, procurou-se estudar os parâmetros do amortecedor por impacto que produzem a melhor eficiência do dispositivo. Nota-se que o impacto da massa com as paredes do recipiente fornece controle da amplitude de vibração da estrutura e da largura da banda de freqüências em que o Efeito Sommerfeld ocorre. / We present mathematical models with few degrees of freedom for the study of nonlinear structural vibrations excited by a non ideal energy source, with impact damping, for two applications: a portal frame that supports an electric motor and a tower structure supporting an aeolian turbine. We consider that there is interaction between the energy supply and the motion of the supporting structure. If the power supplied by the energy source is not enough, the rotation of the engine may get stuck at a resonance frequency of the structure, disabling the engine to reach higher regimes of rotation. This is a manifestation of the so-called Sommerfeld Effect. In the first model, only two degrees of freedom are considered: the horizontal motion of the structure, in the transverse direction to the axis of the rotor, and the rotation of the rotor. Next, another degree of freedom is added to the model, representing the motion of a rolling small mass, free to bounce back and forth inside a chamber (impact damper). The equations of motion of these models are obtained via a Lagrangian approach. The parameters that produce the greatest effectiveness of the impact damper were studied through numerical simulations. One notices that the impact of the mass with the walls of the container supplies control of the vibration amplitude of the structure and the width of the band of frequencies where the Sommerfeld Effect occurs.

The aim of this thesis is to elaborate the analysis of economic class within Burman’s  ontological framework. To alleviate some shortcomings of Burman’s framework, I will make  use of concepts presented by Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci. Further, I will draw on Sally  Haslanger’s notion of structural explanation to distinguish micro from macro-level  explanations and situate the second kind of explanation within class analysis. I will,  following some analytical Marxists, argue that there is a possible distinction to be made  between metaphysical reduction and explanatory reduction, and that class analysis requires  macro-level explanations. I will provide an outline account of how Burman’s framework can  be modified to accommodate macro-level explanations.

Orientador: Jose Manoel Balthazar, Helder Anibal Hermini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T00:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafikova_Elvira_M.pdf: 3918519 bytes, checksum: 739b1ab8bbabb497b9c71ffc87975974 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esse trabalho investiga um sistema dinâmico não- ideal que pertence a uma classe especial dos sistemas dinâmicos. O objeto de estudo desse trabalho é um rotor que consiste de um disco preso a uma barra elástica e excitado por uma fonte de energia de potência limitada. O sistema se desloca transversalmente e verticalmente além de possuir uma coordenada de rotação. Um estudo numérico do problema é realizado para investigar a dinâmica não-linear do sistema. Simulações numéricas tais como: diagramas de espaço de fase, curvas de resposta em freqüência, diagramas de bifurcação e expoentes de Lyapunov mostram uma forte influência da fonte de energia na resposta do sistema e revelam oscilações regulares e irregulares. Além disso, o efeito Sommerfeld é observado, assim como o salto na resposta em freqüência quando o parâmetro de controle do motor é variado. Finalmente comprova-se que os regimes irregulares presentes no movimento do sistema tem uma natureza caótica / Abstract: This work investigates a non- ideal dynamic system that is a special group of dynamics systems. The object studied in this work is a rotor composed of an elastic shaft carrying a disc which is excited by a limited power supply. The system has tranversal and vertical displacement and a coordinate of rotation of the disco A numerical study is done here in order to investigate the non-linear dynamics of the system. Numerical simulations such as: space-state diagrams, frequency response diagrams, bifurcations diagrams and Lyapunov exponent show the strong influence of the energy source on system response, and reveal regular and irregular motions. Besides, Sommerfeld effect is observed, as well as the jump in system response, when a control parameter of the energy source is varied. Futhermore, it is shown that the irregular regimes that occur in the system's motion are of chaotic nature / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The victim-offender overlap has been extensively studied and documented overthe last decades. Various studies have identified young men as the most commonvictims of violent assault, yet the public, the media, but also criminologicalresearch have actively favored the discourse on the ideal victim. Consequently,not much is known about how victim-offenders experience and perceivevictimization.The present systematic literature review aims to analyze how violent victimizationis experienced and narrated by male victim-offenders in the context of hegemonicmasculinity. Secondly, it aims to analyze in how far the public’s attitudes ofvictim blaming and victim concern are affected by a belief in a just world.Collectively, these findings aim to create a better understanding of criminal men’svictim identities.The public’s empathy and concern are reserved to the innocent and vulnerablevictim; criminal men are perceived as culpable and deserving of victimization.The latter use violence as an instrument of dominance and subordination, in linewith hegemonic masculinity beliefs, and reject the victim identity (antithesis ofmasculinity), forming a new category of the nonideal victim.