The inclusion of animal remains in funerary contexts was a routine feature of Anglo-Saxon cremation ritual, and less frequently of inhumations, until the introduction of Christianity during the 7th century. Most interpretation has focused either on the animal as symbolic of identity or as an indication of pagan belief, with little consideration given to the interaction between these two aspects. Animals were a fundamental and ubiquitous part of early medieval society, and their contribution to mortuary practices is considered to be multifaceted, reflecting their multiple roles in everyday life. This project considers the roles of animals in mortuary practice between the 5th-7th centuries across five counties in eastern England – Norfolk, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Essex – in both cremation and inhumation rites. Animal remains have been recognised in 5th to 7th century burials in eastern England from an early date, and the quality of the existing archives (both material and written) is investigated and discussed as an integral part of designing a methodology to effectively summarise data across a wide area. From the eastern England dataset, four aspects of identity in mortuary practice are considered in terms of their influence on the role of animals: choice of rite (cremation/inhumation); human biological identity (age & gender); regionality; and changing expressions of belief and status in the 7th century. The funerary role of animals is argued to be based around broadly consistent cosmologies which are locally contingent in their expression and practice. / Arts & Humanities Research Council Studentship under the Collaborative Doctoral Award scheme with Norwich Castle Museum as the partner organisation.

The thesis explores burial practices across all three phases (early, middle and late) of the Anglo-Saxon period (c.450–1066 AD) in Norfolk and the relationship with the identity of the deceased. It is argued that despite the plethora of research that there are few studies that address all three phases and despite acknowledgement that regional variation existed, fewer do so within the context of a single locality. By looking across the whole Anglo-Saxon period, in one locality, this research identified that subtler changes in burial practices were visible. Previous research has tended to separate the cremation and inhumation rites. This research has shown that in Norfolk the use of the two rites may have been related and used to convey aspects of identity and / or social position, from a similar or opposing perspective, possibly relating to a pre-Christian belief system. This thesis stresses the importance of establishing biological identity through osteological analysis and in comparing biological identity with the funerary evidence. Burial practices were related to the biological identity of the deceased across the three periods and within the different site types, but the less common burial practices had the greatest associations with the biological identity of the deceased, presumably to convey social role or status. Whilst the inclusion of grave-goods created the early Anglo-Saxon burial tableau, a later burial tableau was created using the grave and / or the position of the body and an increasing connection between the biological and the social identity of the deceased, noted throughout the Anglo-Saxon period in Norfolk, corresponds with the timeline of the religious transition. / Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) / Some images have been removed due to copyright restrictions.

The inclusion of animal remains in funerary contexts was a routine feature of Anglo-Saxon cremation ritual, and less frequently of inhumations, until the introduction of Christianity during the 7th century. Most interpretation has focused either on the animal as symbolic of identity or as an indication of pagan belief, with little consideration given to the interaction between these two aspects. Animals were a fundamental and ubiquitous part of early medieval society, and their contribution to mortuary practices is considered to be multifaceted, reflecting their multiple roles in everyday life. This project considers the roles of animals in mortuary practice between the 5th-7th centuries across five counties in eastern England – Norfolk, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Essex – in both cremation and inhumation rites. Animal remains have been recognised in 5th to 7th century burials in eastern England from an early date, and the quality of the existing archives (both material and written) is investigated and discussed as an integral part of designing a methodology to effectively summarise data across a wide area. From the eastern England dataset, four aspects of identity in mortuary practice are considered in terms of their influence on the role of animals: choice of rite (cremation/inhumation); human biological identity (age & gender); regionality; and changing expressions of belief and status in the 7th century. The funerary role of animals is argued to be based around broadly consistent cosmologies which are locally contingent in their expression and practice. / Arts & Humanities Research Council Studentship under the Collaborative Doctoral Award scheme, with Norwich Castle Museum as the partner organisation

This investigation has had for its primary purpose the noting of the incidence of antagonists as occurring in a Denton County, Texas, Norfolk Fine Sand. A further interest has been the determination of the effect of these antagonists upon known beneficial soil organisms.

Cette étude s’attache à analyser deux performances symboliques ayant cours sur les îles de Pitcairn et de Norfolk dans le Pacifique Sud. Les habitants de ces deux îles séparées par 6000km de distance partagent tout d’abord un événement historique ayant eu lieu en 1789, la révolte du Bounty, rendue célèbre par des réalisations cinématographiques hollywoodiennes et de nombreux ouvrages ; et également un rattachement à cette histoire et à leur filiation avec ces mutins qui prennent forme dans une performance annuellement répétée qu’ils nomment : le Bounty Day. Ici, nous verrons comment l’identité émerge de la manipulation de faits historiques, pour saisir non seulement l’importance du processus de construction identitaire, mais comment cette macro-identité influence certains aspects du micro-vécu. « L’histoire », dans l’analyse qui sera proposée, est un domaine rhétorique et un ensemble de valeurs qui lient les individus non seulement à un monde oublié mais à un monde invisible, à l’Autre lointain, inconnu et donc potentiellement menaçant. / This study focuses on the analysis of two symbolic performances occurring on the islands of Pitcairn and Norfolk in the South Pacific. The people who live on those two islands, separated by 6000 km, share a particular bond: through a historic event which took place in 1789, the Bounty mutiny, which was made famous by several well-known Hollywood film productions and by numerous books. They are joined by this story and by their heritage, as they share common ancestors, the mutineers. both also commemorate every year the mutiny and subsequent events by, a special ceremony : Bounty Day. This study shows how a specific identity emerges from the manipulation of the historical facts, which not only bears witness to the importance of the identity building process itself, but also how this macro-identity influences some aspects of everyday life on the individual level. Their “story”, in the following study, concerns a rhetorical purview and the enactment of a set of values that tie individuals not only to a forgotten world, but also to an invisible one, to the distant Other, unknown and potentially harmful.

Cette étude s’attache à analyser deux performances symboliques ayant cours sur les îles de Pitcairn et de Norfolk dans le Pacifique Sud. Les habitants de ces deux îles séparées par 6000km de distance partagent tout d’abord un événement historique ayant eu lieu en 1789, la révolte du Bounty, rendue célèbre par des réalisations cinématographiques hollywoodiennes et de nombreux ouvrages ; et également un rattachement à cette histoire et à leur filiation avec ces mutins qui prennent forme dans une performance annuellement répétée qu’ils nomment : le Bounty Day. Ici, nous verrons comment l’identité émerge de la manipulation de faits historiques, pour saisir non seulement l’importance du processus de construction identitaire, mais comment cette macro-identité influence certains aspects du micro-vécu. « L’histoire », dans l’analyse qui sera proposée, est un domaine rhétorique et un ensemble de valeurs qui lient les individus non seulement à un monde oublié mais à un monde invisible, à l’Autre lointain, inconnu et donc potentiellement menaçant. / This study focuses on the analysis of two symbolic performances occurring on the islands of Pitcairn and Norfolk in the South Pacific. The people who live on those two islands, separated by 6000 km, share a particular bond: through a historic event which took place in 1789, the Bounty mutiny, which was made famous by several well-known Hollywood film productions and by numerous books. They are joined by this story and by their heritage, as they share common ancestors, the mutineers. both also commemorate every year the mutiny and subsequent events by, a special ceremony : Bounty Day. This study shows how a specific identity emerges from the manipulation of the historical facts, which not only bears witness to the importance of the identity building process itself, but also how this macro-identity influences some aspects of everyday life on the individual level. Their “story”, in the following study, concerns a rhetorical purview and the enactment of a set of values that tie individuals not only to a forgotten world, but also to an invisible one, to the distant Other, unknown and potentially harmful.

No description available.

The increasing congestion on the roads in the United States of America has become a topic of much interest among the transportation planners. There is a limit to which there can be building of new highways. Thus, the thrust for better utilization of the existing facilities is gaining ground. This research project is aimed at a solution to problems of increasing travel times due to congestion. A case study of the toll road (Route 44) in the tidewater region of Virginia has been made as an example of the common method of relieving congestion, ridesharing, which is being encouraged. The failure of the proper maintenance of the HOV lanes on the Route 44 leading to the subsequent rescinding of the same has been looked into. The use of DYNAMO programming was made in order to simulate the conditions on the toll road and to get an idea of the various alternatives which could be used to take care of the problem. On the basis of the simulations carried out, and taking into account the views held by the commuters who did not form a part of the ridesharing community, a method in which authorities could give an advantage as far as travel time is concerned, has been proposed. / Master of Science

L'histoire géodynamique du Sud-Ouest Pacifique est contrôlée depuis le Mésozoïque par l'évolution des zones de subduction péri-Pacifique qui ont successivement bordé la marge Est du Gondwana. Le recul de la fosse de subduction par effondrement du panneau plongeant dans le manteau est probablement le moteur de la fragmentation continentale qui a donné naissance à des rifts avortés et des bassins arrière-arcs associés à des arcs volcaniques rémanents. Dans ce contexte géodynamique, les bassins ayant atteint un stade d'océanisation avancé ont enregistré les inversions du champ magnétique terrestre et développé des morphologies typiques de la croûte océanique. Ces caractéristiques ont permis d'identifier l'âge et la nature de la croûte de ces bassins avec un degré de confiance élevé. C'est le cas de la plupart des bassins du Sud-Ouest Pacifique formés après 45 Ma. A l'inverse, les bassins de Nouvelle-Calédonie et de Fairway, plus étroits et recouverts d'épaisses séries sédimentaires ont une origine mal renseignée qui est longtemps restée controversée. Bien que morphologiquement et structuralement remarquables à l'échelle régionale, ces bassins n'interviennent pas dans les schémas actuels de reconstruction géodynamique régionaux. L'objet du présent travail de thèse est d'approfondir la connaissance de la structure et de l'histoire de ces bassins afin d'affiner le puzzle géodynamique du Sud-Ouest Pacifique. Une synthèse géologique régionale, accompagnée d'une carte structurale (planche hors texte A0), permet de replacer ces bassins dans le contexte géologique de l'évolution post-jurassique de la marge Est-Australienne. Les nouvelles données sismiques d'imagerie profonde des campagnes ZoNéCo-11, Noucaplac-2 et TL-1, couplées aux données récentes de forages sur la marge de Taranaki en Nouvelle-Zélande, constituent une base solide de données nouvelles autorisant une interprétation chronostratigraphique rénovée des bassins de Fairway et de Nouvelle-Calédonie ainsi que des rides qui leur sont associées. Ces interprétations complétées par une nouvelle compilation des données gravimétriques et magnétiques régionales permettent de dégager trois étapes dans l'évolution géodynamique de ces bassins : Etape 1 : Formation du Bassin de Fairway - Aotea au Crétacé moyen, en position intra- ou arrière-arc continental, dans un contexte de subduction. La formation de ce bassin, relativement peu profond, reflète les prémices de la déchirure continentale de la marge Est-Gondwanienne au Cénomanien, dont la cause est à rechercher dans un changement de la dynamique de la subduction. Une « verticalisation » de la plaque plongeante aurait entraîné de l'extension dans la plaque chevauchante. L'augmentation du pendage du slab pourrait être attribuée à : (i) un processus gravitaire lié au poids du slab, l'amenant à couler dans l'asthénosphère, engendrant alors un « hinge rollback », (ii) un flux asthénosphérique rétrograde, exerçant une pression horizontale sur le slab le faisant ainsi reculer, et (iii) la cinématique des plaques lithosphériques impliquées dans la subduction pouvant jouer un rôle sur le pendage du slab et pouvant créer des zones de faiblesse dans la plaque chevauchante menant à de l'extension arrière-arc. Un phénomène de « tectonic escape », lié à un blocage de la zone de subduction par le plateau d'Hikurangi à 105 Ma, pourrait aussi être la cause du recul de la subduction menant à de l'extension arrière-arc. Etape 2 : Déformation locale affectant la partie Nord du Bassin de Nouvelle-Calédonie (au large de la Grande Terre, strictement) à l'Eocène terminal, synchrone de l'obduction ophiolotique néo-calédonienne. Cette déformation asymétrique, d'une durée de quelques millions d'années et d'amplitude verticale de l'ordre de 10 km, est marquée par la surrection de la ride de Fairway et la subsidence de la marge Est du bassin, le long de la côte Ouest de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Le Bassin de Nouvelle-Calédonie aurait subsidé sous l'effet de la surcharge engendrée par le charriage de la croûte océanique du Bassin de Sud-Loyauté sur la ride de Norfolk à 37 Ma et aurait réagi comme un bassin flexural d'avant-pays suivant un processus de sous-charriage (underthrusting), au fur et à mesure que la nappe progressait sur le bâti Calédonien. Etape 3 : Subsidence Eocène-Oligocène d'envergure régionale, affectant l'ensemble « Ride de Lord Howe, Bassin de Fairway – Aotea, Ride de Fairway, Bassin de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Ride de Norfolk », de la Nouvelle-Zélande à la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les traits morphostructuraux associés à cette subsidence suggèrent que l'ablation d'une partie de la croûte inférieure du système est responsable de cette subsidence. Nous émettons ainsi une nouvelle hypothèse selon laquelle les bassins de Nouvelle-Calédonie et de Fairway-Aotea, initialement peu profonds pendant le Crétacé (phase de rifting Crétacé, étape 1), auraient subi une subsidence de grande ampleur à l'Eocène – Oligocène lors de la réactivation de la convergence Australie – Pacifique. La reprise de la convergence vers ~45 Ma aurait entraîné un épaississement crustal de l'ensemble de rides et bassins aboutissant à une instabilité gravitaire de sa racine, provoquant ainsi son détachement et son effondrement dans le manteau. Ces nouvelles interprétations, et en particulier l'âge Crétacé moyen des sédiments les plus anciens des bassins de Fairway et Aotea, ont des implications pour le potentiel pétrolier de la région.

This research focuses on the challenges and opportunities facing local governance agents in advancing an ecosystem approach to conceptualizing and governing community health in Norfolk County, Ontario. Norfolk County is a rural, agriculturally-based community dependent upon tobacco production. This industry has collapsed, triggering widespread socioeconomic impacts and community health pressures. The government is searching for alternative modes of economic development and tensions are high with respect to the direction and nature of these developments. Some citizens are concerned about the security of their rural livelihoods. Others are concerned about ecological integrity. Still others are convinced of the need for aggressive economic growth. Local decision-makers are struggling to meet all of these requirements. An ecosystem approach views health as part of the broader socio-ecological system, recognizing that health outcomes are by-products of complex biophysical, social, political and economic system interactions at nested spatial and temporal scales. The approach contrasts with conventional health models, which tend to be reactionary, narrowly focused, and short-sighted. Such models are typical of the hierarchical, technocratic nature of public administration which renders decision-making structures and processes ill equipped to deal with complex problems. More systemic, integrated, participatory and collaborative approaches to decision-making are needed in order to better address the complexities involved in facilitating healthy and sustainable community development. Additionally, governance agents must also be able to embrace and navigate these evolving approaches to health conceptualization and governance. An investigation into Norfolk County grounds this analysis by revealing the challenges and opportunities facing local governance agents in advancing an ecosystem approach. The case study research effectively tests the utility and feasibility of the ecosystem approach through a qualitative analysis. The research contributes criteria required for advancing an ecosystem approach to community health governance and practice and empirically tests them within the context of Norfolk County.