Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Essa dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar, de forma panorâmica, uma revisão histórica sobre o conceito de medicalização, analisando como o entendimento sobre este processo se transformou nas últimas décadas, passando de críticas mais ortodoxas, que julgavam ser este processo fruto de um imperialismo médico sobre a sociedade, às críticas contemporâneas, orientadas por uma compreensão mais nuançada a respeito do tema. Dentre as principais mudanças na leitura da medicalização, está o entendimento desta enquanto um processo interativo e coletivo, composto por inúmeros participantes-chave com interesses e papéis distintos na atualidade. Enquanto os primeiros teóricos da década 70 realçam a crítica ao controle social e malefícios da medicina, numa abordagem mais recente os indivíduos deixam de ser vistos como vítimas para protagonizarem o cenário de negociação pública acerca das fronteiras que legislam sobre os processos de saúde e doença. A noção de medicalização caminhou no sentido de uma complexidade maior, trazendo desafios que não são tão facilmente resolvíveis na conjuntura contemporânea. Ao final, destacamos como um dos desdobramentos centrais desta dissertação a pertinência atual de uma revisão mais apurada sobre o assunto, principalmente no que concerne ao tema do estreitamento da normalidade, onde o conceito de medicalização pode funcionar como uma ferramenta conceitual útil de análise. Aludimos ao exemplo da psiquiatria como um analisador nessa discussão, considerando o papel social historicamente desempenhado por esta na delimitação de fronteiras que, no fundo, ainda versam sobre antigos dilemas sobre normalidade e anormalidade. Para tanto, este estudo traz uma revisão histórica sobre o conceito de medicalização através das contribuições mais relevantes da literatura internacional. / This study aims to present a historical review of the medicalization concept, analyzing how the understanding about of this process has changed in the past decades, moving from a orthodox point of view that considered this to be the result of a medical imperialism process on the society, until a modern-day critics, guided by a more nuanced understanding of the theme. Among the major changes in the reading of the medicalization, is the perception of it as an interactive and collective process, composed of numerous key players, each one with different interests and roles nowadays. While early authors of the 70 emphasized the social control and the damage caused by medicine, in a more recent approach individuals are no longer seen as victims, but as important advocates for medicalization. The individuals have begun to play a more significant role in this process, becoming key actors of a public debate about the ever-shifting boundary that legislate on the processes of health and disease. The notion of medicalization advanced towards a complex approach, bringing challenges that are quite different nowadays. Finally, we highlight a central development of this research presenting a more thorough review on the subject, especially regarding the issue of narrowing the normal, where the concept of medicalization can function as a useful conceptual tool of analysis. The example of psychiatry is mentioned as an analyzer question in this discussion, considering the social role historically played by this in the delimitation of boundaries that still deal with old problems about normality and abnormality. Therefore, this study provides a historical review of the concept of medicalization through the most relevant contributions of the international literature.

The following article presents the implications about the practice of the causality principle for the determination of the income set with intention to apply the business income tax.We start considering the fact that this tax can be imposed to acquire goods known as a deductible expense of the practice, but not from those that are going to be part of the compatible cost to expropriate. Then, we make an extensive analysis about the way the Peruvian income tax law has configured the approaches of this principle and the understanding emerged from important jurisprudence cases from the members that solve problems, specially the Tax Court, when adopting a fast principle of expenses without causes.At the same time, this article describes the achievements of the rational and normality cost principles, so important for the evaluation of the performance of the principle of causality.Finally, we present some ideas about the accreditation of the cost facing and its relation to the causality principle. / El artículo analiza los alcances de la aplicación del principio de causalidad para la determinación de la renta neta imponible a efectos de aplicar el impuesto a la renta empresarial.Se parte de establecer que dicho principio es aplicable a erogaciones que sean consideradas como gasto deducible del ejercicio, mas no de aquellas que han de formar parte del costo computable de los bienes a enajenar. Luego, se realiza un extenso análisis de la manera como la ley del impuesto a la renta peruana ha configurado los alcances de este principio y el entendimiento que ha surgido en la casuística jurisprudencial de los órganos que resuelven conflictos, especialmente del Tribunal Fiscal, al acoger en la esfera del principio precitado gastos no causales.A su vez, el artículo aborda los alcances de los principios de razonabilidad y normalidad del gasto, tan necesarios para la evaluación del cumplimiento del principio de causalidad.Finalmente, se plasman unas reflexiones respecto a la acreditación de la fehaciencia del gasto y su vinculación con el principio de causalidad.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daniel José Rocha Fonseca - 2018.pdf: 1663867 bytes, checksum: 283d40731e87ec3eeaa446bd9bcfe1b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / The National Curricular Common Base (BNCC) is a normative document that defines the organic and progressive set of essential learning for all students of Basic Education in Brazil. The normative document of the BNCC has a direct impact on the government policies directed towards early childhood education and this issue has been producing controversy in different ways. One of the purposes of this study was to consider the BNCC from an analysis of pedagogical practices about childhood and to think of the BNCC as an interpretive magnifying glass to explore the political objects of the child's social administration. The reason for BNCC's pedagogical policy was questioned on the basis of a double movement: the BNCC as a policy for the implementation of life (in particular, students of pre-school education) and as a practice of population regulation. The formulations of the philosopher and historian Michel Foucault served as support for this goal. The research methodology was based on qualitative studies, with bibliographical and documentary data collection, with research in books, periodicals, dissertations and web surveys, collecting data through texts and materials that have already been published in the literature, using as a theoretical-methodological approach, particularly, theoretical constructs proposed by Foucault. Understanding that the place of childhood in Brazil has not always been the same, this study has looked at the paths of meanings instilled in the field of national schooling, making a contextualization of its history involving the mishaps of the formation and transformation of the childhood object as discourse produced in Brazil. The Brazilian State, especially in the beginning of the Brazilian Republic, pushed to guarantee and promote rights, duties and status for the child in society, bet its power on a children's governance based on scientific devices. This political strategy not only legitimized a new way of doing pedagogy in the country, but also, it condensed practices constituent of knowledge that until then did not have space to transit in the Brazilian school environment. Analyzing BNCC's pedagogical proposal with its technical and political apparatuses, it was possible to show how the form of action and power over children is so broad, variable and inventive that the networks and plots of this exercise of governance seek to produce modes of subjection each from early age to old age. The BNCC as a document that organizes the Brazilian educational field is also an effective normative policy that seeks to universalize the functioning of the population, ensuring that all students of the public and private schools of the country gain an identity linked to the interests of a controlling society, either say, coupled by the network of disciplinary power. The model of schooling imposed by the BNCC, based on control and disciplinary techniques, functions as an apparatus of knowing that objectifies and subjects the child, governing it according to refined rules of normalizing sanctions. / A Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) é um documento de caráter normativo que define o conjunto orgânico e progressivo de aprendizagens essenciais para os estudantes de toda Educação Básica no Brasil. O documento normativo da BNCC impacta de forma direta nas políticas governamentais direcionadas para a educação infantil e o assunto vem produzindo polêmicas de diferentes maneiras. Um dos propósitos desta pesquisa foi considerar a BNCC a partir de uma análise das práticas pedagógicas sobre a infância e pensar a BNCC como uma lente de aumento interpretativa para explorar os objetos políticos da administração social da criança. A razão da política pedagógica da BNCC foi questionada a partir de uma dupla movimentação: a BNCC enquanto uma política de implementação da vida (em particular, dos estudantes da educação infantil) e enquanto uma prática de regulação da população. As formulações do filósofo e historiador Michel Foucault serviram de suporte para tal objetivo. A metodologia da pesquisa foi baseada em estudos qualitativos, com levantamento de dados bibliográficos e documentais, com pesquisa em livros, artigos de periódicos, dissertações e teses, pesquisas na web, coletando dados por meio de textos e materiais que já foram publicados na literatura, utilizando como abordagem teórico-metodológica, particularmente, construtos teóricos propostos por Foucault. Entendendo que o lugar da infância no Brasil nem sempre foi o mesmo, este estudo se atentou aos trajetos de significações incutidos no campo da escolarização nacional, fazendo uma contextualização de sua história envolvendo os percalços da formação e transformação do objeto infância enquanto discurso produzido no Brasil. O Estado brasileiro, em especial no início do Brasil República, impulsionado para garantir e promover direitos, deveres e status para a criança na sociedade, apostou seu poder numa governança infantil fundamentada por dispositivos científicos. Essa estratégia política não somente legitimou uma nova forma de se fazer pedagogia no país, mas, também, condensou práticas constituintes de saberes que até então não tinham espaço para transitar no ambiente escolar brasileiro. Examinando a proposta pedagógica da BNCC, com seus aparatos técnicos e políticos, pôde-se evidenciar como a forma de ação e poder sobre as crianças é tão ampla, variável e inventiva que as redes e tramas desse exercício de governamento buscam produzir modos de sujeição cada vez mais cedo, desde os primeiros anos de idade até a velhice. A BNCC enquanto um documento que organiza o campo educacional brasileiro também é uma política normativa eficaz que procura universalizar o funcionamento da população, garantido que todos os estudantes das escolas públicas e privadas do país ganhem uma identidade concatenada com os interesses de uma sociedade controladora, quer dizer, acoplada pela rede do poder disciplinarizado. O modelo de escolarização que a BNCC impõe, calcado no controle e em técnicas disciplinares, funciona como uma aparelhagem de saber que objetiva e sujeita a criança, governando-a segundo regras refinadas de sanções normalizadoras.

Goodness-of-fit tests have been studied by many researchers. Among them, an alternative statistical test for uniformity was proposed by Chen and Ye (2009). The test was used by Xiong (2010) to test normality for the case that both location parameter and scale parameter of the normal distribution are known. The purpose of the present thesis is to extend the result to the case that the parameters are unknown. A table for the critical values of the test statistic is obtained using Monte Carlo simulation. The performance of the proposed test is compared with the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Monte-Carlo simulation results show that proposed test performs better than the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in many cases. The Shapiro Wilk test is still the most powerful test although in some cases the test proposed in the present research performs better.

Estudos utilizando imagens laríngeas de sujeitos normais captadas por videolaringoscopia de alta velocidade revelam o uso de diversas ferramentas e métricas em diferentes populações. No entanto, é evidente a escassez de normatizações operacionais e de parâmetros vocais de referência. Os objetivos desse estudo foram obter parâmetros da dinâmica vocal utilizando ferramentas computacionais de uso corrente pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Engenharia Médica (GPEM - CNPq) e caracterizar o padrão vibratório das pregas vocais de sujeitos normais por meio das ondas da área glótica e quimografia de alta velocidade do utilizando Videolaringoscopia de alta velocidade. Metodologia: A partir de imagens laríngeas captadas pela videolaringoscopia de alta velocidade foram extraídos os parâmetros quantitativos: i) tempos de fases e período total do ciclo vibratório das pregas vocais das ondas da área glótica, ii) tempos de fases e período total do ciclo vibratório das pregas vocais da quimografia de alta velocidade, iii) coeficientes (de abertura, de fechamento e de velocidade). Além disso, foram analisados os parâmetros qualitativos das ondas da área glótica e da quimografia de alta velocidade de acordo com a aplicação de protocolos elaborados para classificação de padrões visuais. Resultados: Das ondas da área glótica foram obtidos os valores médios, em milissegundos, de fase fechada: feminino=0.83 e masculino= 2.47; de abertura: feminino= 2.43 e masculino= 2.95; de fechamento: feminino=2.08 e masculino= 2.53; aberta: feminino= 6.15 e masculino= 6.18, período total do ciclo vibratório: feminino=6.98 e masculino= 8.65; coeficientes: de fechamento: feminino=0.14 e masculino=0.29, de abertura: feminino=0.85 e masculino=0.70, de velocidade: feminino=1.16 e masculino=1.19, além de 73% dos traçados apresentarem sinal periódico. Quanto à quimografia de alta velocidade os parâmetros quantitativos obtidos foram: fase fechada: feminino=1.75 e masculino=3.32, de abertura: feminino= 1.47 e masculino= 2.32; de fechamento: feminino= 1.51 e masculino= 2.22; aberta: feminino= 2.91 e masculino= 4.56, e período total do ciclo vibratório: feminino= 4.67 e masculino= 7.89. Os coeficientes obtidos foram: de fechamento: feminino= 0.37 e masculino= 0.42.; de abertura: feminino= 0.62 e masculino= 0.57; e de velocidade: feminino= 1.02 e masculino= 1.12. 59% de simetria em amplitude e 54% de assimetria de fase foram encontrados no traçado da quimografia de ata velocidade de sujeitos normais. Conclusão: A partir do uso de ferramentas computacionais específicas para analisar imagens laríngeas da videolaringoscopia de alta velocidade foi possível obter parâmetros quantitativos e qualitativos das ondas da área glótica e quimografia de alta velocidade de sujeitos normais e obter dados de referência quanto à normalidade para futuros estudos. / Several studies using laryngeal images from high-speed videolaryngoscopy of normal subjects reveals the diversity of tools and metrics used for different population. However, shortage of operational standardization and references of vocal fold parameters are evident. The main objectives of this study were to obtain parameters of vocal dynamics using computational tools of Medical Engineering Research Group (GPEM - CNPq) and to characterize the vocal fold\'s vibration pattern of normal subjects using glottal area waveforms and high-speed kymography. Methods: From laryngeal images of high-speed videolaryngoscopy we extracted the following quantitative parameters: i) phase time of glottal area waveforms, ii) phase time of vibratory cicle\'s total period, iii) quocients of high-speed kymography. Furthermore, qualitative parameters of glottal area waveform were analyzed according to visual pattern protocol. Results: Media values of glottal area waveforms, in milliseconds, of closed phase: female=0.83 and male= 2.47; opening phase: female= 2.43 and male= 2.95; closing phase: female= 2.08 and male= 2.53; opened phase: female=6.15 and male= 6.18, vibratory cicle of total period: female= 6.98 and male= 8.65, closing quotient: female= 0.14 and male= 0.29; opening quotient: female= 0.85 and male= 0.70; speed quotient: female= 1.16 and male= 1.19, besides 73% showed periodic signal. As the high- speed kymography the quantitative parameters obtained were: closed phase: female= 1.75 and male= 3.32; opening phase: female= 1.47 and male= 2.32; closing phase: female= 1.51 and male= 2.22; opened phase: female= 2.91 and male= 4.56, and vibratory cicie of total period: female= 4.67 and male= 7.89. The quotients obtained were: closing quotient: female= 0.37and male= 0.42; opening quotient: female= 0.62 and male= 0.57; speed quotient: female= 1.02 and male= 1.12. 59% amplitude symmetry and 54% phase asymmetry were obtained in the high- speed kymography of normal subjects. Conclusion: using specific computational tools to analyse high-speed laryngeal images we obtained quantitative and qualitative parameters of glottal area waveforms and high-speed kymography that can be used as a standard reference data for normal subjects.

Att ha ADHD är en diagnos som blir allt vanligare och talas mer om i samhället. Genom denna kvalitativa intervjustudie har vi avsett att undersöka hur vardagen ser ut för de med ADHD samt hur ADHD påverkar individers identitetsskapande utifrån normer, diagnos och kön. Studiens teoretiska del utgår från den symboliska interaktionismen där Mead och Goffmans teorier används för att analysera identitet. För begreppen normer och normalitet har vi tagit hjälp av Anders Östnäs (universitetslektor i socialt arbete) och Kerstin Svensson (docent i socialt arbete) för att reflektera över begreppen. Utöver dessa används även Connell & Pearce samt West & Zimmermans teorier om kön.  Resultatet i denna studie indikerar att diagnosen blev en del av ens identitet och att normer i samhället var en bidragande faktor som påverkade självbilden. Däremot var det ingen skillnad mellan könen när det gällde hur diagnosen tog sig uttryck. Vi fann små skillnader i identitetsskapandet men detta är osäkert då ADHD är en diagnos som tar sig olika uttryck hos olika individer och underlaget var för litet. / Having ADHD is a diagnosis that is becoming more common and is being talked about more in society. Through this qualitative interview study, we intend to investigate what everyday life looks like for those with ADHD and how ADHD affects individuals' identity creation based on norms, diagnosis and gender. The theoretical part of the study is based on the symbolic interactionism in which Mead and Goffman's theories are used to analyze identity. For the concepts of norms and normality, we have taken the help of Anders Östnäs (senior lecturer in social work) and Kerstin Svensson (associate professor of social work) to reflect on the concepts. In addition to these, Connell & Pearce and West & Zimmerman's theories of gender are also used. The results of this study indicate that the diagnosis became part of one's identity and that norms in society were a contributing factor affecting self-image. However, there was no difference between the sexes when it came to how the diagnosis was expressed. We found small differences in identity creation but this is uncertain as ADHD is a diagnosis that takes on different expressions in different individuals and the basis was too small.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka vilka egenskaper och beskrivningar som ingår i konstruktionen av en missbrukande förälder i fyra nordiska filmer. De studerade filmerna är Trädgårdsgatan (2017), Mig äger ingen (2013), Submarino (2010) och Svinalängorna (2010). Syftet med studien är även att undersöka hur framställningen av familjemedlemmars reaktioner på missbruket i filmerna bidrar till konstruktionen av den missbrukande föräldern. Studien utgår ifrån ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv och använder narrativ metod. Två centrala teoretiska begrepp som används är normalitet och avvikelse för att analysera hur förälderns föräldraskap konstrueras som antingen normalt eller avvikande. Eftersom narrativ metod används analyseras filmerna som berättelser, mer specifikt berättelser om familjer. I studien har vi funnit att den missbrukande föräldern konstrueras genom önskvärda respektive avvikande egenskaper. I analysen har vi utifrån nyckelscener och nyckelcitat synliggjort de fem mest utmärkande egenskaperna som föräldern tillskrivits genom filmernas berättelser. Dessa är att vara socialt utsatt, ansvarslös, kontrollös, medveten (kring det som avviker) och känslomässigt nära till sitt barn. Egenskaperna har sorterats efter fem teman och under dessa har vi analyserat varje tillskriven egenskap och hur de bidrar till konstruktionen av den missbrukande föräldern i de studerade filmerna. Sammantaget visar vår studie att det är en viss stereotypisk bild av en förälder som förmedlas, men även en komplex sådan. Vår förhoppning med studien är att skapa medvetenhet kring hur film kan framställa, producera och reproducera vissa stereotypa bilder eller föreställningar för ett fenomen, som i detta fall är ett föräldraskap i missbruk.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le comportement local d'une mesure de probabilité, notamment au travers d'un indice de régularité locale. Dans la première partie, nous établissons la normalité asymptotique de l'estimateur des kn plus proches voisins de la densité et de l'histogramme. Dans la deuxième, nous définissons un estimateur du mode sous des hypothèses affaiblies. Nous montrons que l'indice de régularité intervient dans ces deux problèmes. Enfin, nous construisons dans une troisième partie différents estimateurs pour l'indice de régularité à partir d'estimateurs de la fonction de répartition, dont nous réalisons une revue bibliographique.

This dissertation is an analysis of observations among, and interviews with, Romanian and Swedish employees at a Swedish development aid project in Romania. The aim has been to study the categories of ‘humanity’: how the notions of the ‘human(e)’ and the ‘inhuman(e)’ were created in the context of the project. Further, the aim of the thesis has been to connect the relations in everyday life as it develops in an aid project to the social and societal processes of change in today’s Europe. Chapter 1 introduces the theoretical and methodological frameworks of the study. Chapter 2 analyses media representations of institutionalized children in Romania, and describes the development aid in Romania. Chapter 3 describes and analyses the practical work with the children in the everyday life of the project. Chapter 4 focuses on the locally employed project staff, and their adoption of a ‘more human(e)’ identity through working with the Swedish NGO. Chapter 5 analyses how the construction of difference took place in the everyday life of the development aid project. Chapter 6 analyses the development aid as exchange of gifts and applies models of analysis of social work with the so-called deserving and undeserving clients. Chapter 7 is a concluding chapter. The construction of the ‘human(e)’ and its opposite, the ‘inhuman(e)’, could be found on three levels. These categories were used in reference to: (1) the children, the sick elderly and the poor families that were the clients of the aid project and were expected to be ‘humanized’ in the course of project implementation; (2) the Romanians who were employed by the Swedish organization and who were to be humanized through their work and through learning Western views on what the human being is; and (3) by implication, the whole Romanian society and all the Romanians who were also to be ‘humanized’ through the intervention of the Western NGOs.

The diploma work reflects the different attitudes to evaluation of extraordinary religions experiences. The objective is to compare different ways of comprehension and evaluation of extraordinary religious experiences and thereby provide suggestions for further consideration of these experiences with a view to pathology and normality. In the theoretical part firstly the general term of the religious experience is determined further the definition of the extraordinary religious experiences follows. Using the example of three types of different religious experiences the psychological, psychiatric and religious attitudes are compared. Further two general attitudes to the extraordinary religious experiences are compared form the point of view of pathology and normality. The conclusion of the theoretical part offers suggestions for consideration of extraordinary religious experiences. The practical part, based on the qualitative research, surveys the experiences of five persons that went through an extraordinary religious experience which is considered by them as religious or spiritual. The research was carried out by means of the semistructured interview and loosely adjusted graphical projective technique called the "Axis of Life". By analyzing the performed interviews answers to questions how the...