I denna studie har vi intervjuat fem fritidslärare med hjälp av en vinjett som utgångpunkt. Vinjetten handlar om ett verklighetstroget dilemma, angående genus, som kan förekomma i fritidshemmet. De intervjuade fritidslärarna förklarar att de försöker bemöta pojkar och flickor på ett likvärdigt sätt, men i resultatet framkommer det att elever blir bemötta olika beroende på kön.   Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur genus konstrueras i lärares tal om pojkar och flickor. För att få de svar som studiens syfte och frågor kräver, utfördes en kvalitativ forskningsintervju. De frågeställningar som studien utgår ifrån lyder: hur konstrueras genus i lärares tal om elever i skola och fritidshem? samt hur talar lärare om sitt bemötande av pojkar och flickor? Av resultatet framkommer det att begreppet genus är något som, utifrån de intervjuade fritidslärarnas perspektiv, inte får någon större uppmärksamhet i deras arbete. De försöker istället utgå ifrån elevers personlighet och agerande, istället för att se varje individ som ett kön. Trots detta framkommer det att fritidslärarna, emot sin vilja, agerar och bemöter elever olika beroende på kön.

In this study, gender construction in narratives published on the website Creepypasta is analysed from a linguistic perspective. Within the linguistic study, verb phrases protruding processes of a materialistic, verbal or mental character are excerpted and analysed. The purpose of the study is to examine what types of gender stereotypes can be identified in the selected research material, as well as what such reproductive practices of stereotypical gender roles can imply, in terms of gender awareness. Results of the study are found to suggests that even though the practice of creating Creepypasta-narratives can be considered fairly modern, and therefore creators might be more aware of gender bias, stereotypical genders, as well as stereotypical depictions of women, are still identified. Therefore, further study is suggested to focus on how reader-response processes within the collective community of Creepypasta work to construct stereotypical genders in texts which can be considered gender-neutral.

This is the first study to identify and analyse postmodern romances as a new development of the romance and to relate this late twentieth-century subgenre to its tradition. Based on a selection of works published between 1969 and 1994, by A. S. Byatt, Lindsay Clarice, Michael Dorris and Louise Erdrich, John Fowles, Iris Murdoch, Susan Sontag and Jeanette Winterson, it seeks to demonstrate how this new orientation of the romance produces meaning in dialogue with generic conventions and traditional works and, in doing so, both criticises and rehabilitates the genre.A 'postmodern romance' is a double-natured or hybrid text influenced both by inherited romance strategies and experimental postmodern techniques, such as those specified in Linda Hutcheon's study of the "poetics* of postmodernism: ambiguity, parody, paradox, contradiction and self-reflexivity. Hutcheon's theories, as well as theories of the romance, of intertextuality, of feminism, of New Historicism and of popular culture provide the theoretical framework for my argument.Intertextuality is an important manifestation of literary postmodernism, and I isolate three kinds of intertextual relationships which 1 see as characteristic of postmodern romances. Taking as its starting point Julia Kristeva's view that intertextuality includes social, political and cultural, as well as literary, contexts, 1 argue that feminist ideologies appear as cultural intertexts in postmodern romances, thereby challenging the association between the romance genre and a patriarchal world-view. The connections between postmodern and chivalric, historical and women's popular romances are instances of generic intertextuality, where particularly postmodern literary strategies are fused with more conventional attributes of the romance. The links between the postmodern works and the various subgenres of romance affect both the former and the latter, making the postmodern texts accessible to a larger audience, but also revealing forgotten or overlooked complexities in earlier examples of the romance. The return to individual texts is an instance of specific intertextuality, where postmodern romances reinterpret and rewrite particular, earlier romances. Since the relationship between the texts involved is dialogic and, hence, unpredictable, the modern works are also reinterpreted by their intertexts.Postmodern romances transcend the boundaries between real and unreal, male and female, "high" and "low" literature, and in the process they show that this might be equally characteristic of traditional romances. As a result of the fusion of postmodern and romantic literary modes, the inherent duality of the romance genre as such is brought to the fore at the same time as the genre is revived. / <p>Swedish Science Press, Uppsala (distribution).</p> / digitalisering@umu

Forskning har visat att det förekommer skillnader i bemötandet av kvinnor och män, men att det ofta sker omedvetet. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kommunala inspektörers genusmedvetenhet och könsdifferentiering i bemötandet av sina kunder. Genom intervjuer med fem inspektörer fann vi att deras allmänna kunskap och medvetenhet om genus var begränsad. Vi använde även observationer för att undersöka skillnader i inspektörernas bemötande av sina kunder beroende på kön. Resultatet visade att manliga kunder fick större uppmärksamhet, fler öppna frågor och mer beröm från inspektörerna än kvinnliga kunder. Ytterligare visade resultatet tendenser till underordning i mötet med manliga kunder och könsfördomar i bemötandet av kvinnliga kunder. I förhållande till inspektörernas begränsade kunskap och medvetenhet om genus drogs slutsatsen att ökad kunskap och medvetenhet om genus kan bidra till jämlikt och könsneutralt kundbemötande. / Research has shown that behaviors displaying gender differentiation do occur, yet often unconsciously. The purpose of our research was to study gender awareness, and gender differentiation, in the context of customer treatment. Through interviews with five municipal inspectors we found that the general knowledge of gender was limited. We also used observations in order to see occurrences of gender differentiation in the inspectors’ treatment of their customers. The results showed that male customers received more attention, open questions and compliments from the inspectors than female customers. Further the results showed signs of subordination in relation to male customers and gender bias toward female customers. In relation to the inspectors’ limited awareness the results concluded that increased knowledge and awareness of gender differentiation could result in more equal and gender-neutral behavior in their treatment of customers.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Headline: Young trouble and teenage love (Fjortisgrubbel och tonårskärlek)</p><p>Number of pages: 37</p><p>Author: Annika Ilmoni</p><p>Tutor: Amelie Hössjer</p><p>Course: Media and communication C</p><p>Period: Autumn 2007</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University</p><p>Purpose/aim: The purpose of the work was to produce a comparing study of two Swedish teenage films from different periods of time, 1970 and 2005. An analysis was to be made of how love between teenagers as well as the heterosexual relationship in general was depicted in each of the films and further investigate the gender construction in both films.</p><p>Material/method: With the intention of narrowing down the complexity and make the evaluation more lucid 5 scenes from each film were used for comparison, these were chosen through the Anglo Saxon dramaturgy. To make the scenes more comparable 4 factors were used for analysis in each scene, these were: clothes, recreational activities, behaviour and environment. Beside the above given factors the heterosexual relationship were analysed and compared in each of the scenes through the theory of dominance in dialogue.</p><p>Main results: The gender construction occurs obliviously in the older film from 1970 while taking place in a more conscious way in the film from 2005. Further on the heterosexual relationship is perpetually depicted in the 70’s film with a submissive girl and predominant boy, the same dominance is easily seen in the more recent film but with a higher rate of equality as the girl is portrayed as the dominant character in almost half of all scenes. A general note for the comparison of the two films is that a consciousness of gender construction does not lead to a direct elimination of these.</p><p>Keywords: Teenage movie, post-modern feminism, gender construction, heterosexual relationship</p>

Abstract Headline: Young trouble and teenage love (Fjortisgrubbel och tonårskärlek) Number of pages: 37 Author: Annika Ilmoni Tutor: Amelie Hössjer Course: Media and communication C Period: Autumn 2007 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University Purpose/aim: The purpose of the work was to produce a comparing study of two Swedish teenage films from different periods of time, 1970 and 2005. An analysis was to be made of how love between teenagers as well as the heterosexual relationship in general was depicted in each of the films and further investigate the gender construction in both films. Material/method: With the intention of narrowing down the complexity and make the evaluation more lucid 5 scenes from each film were used for comparison, these were chosen through the Anglo Saxon dramaturgy. To make the scenes more comparable 4 factors were used for analysis in each scene, these were: clothes, recreational activities, behaviour and environment. Beside the above given factors the heterosexual relationship were analysed and compared in each of the scenes through the theory of dominance in dialogue. Main results: The gender construction occurs obliviously in the older film from 1970 while taking place in a more conscious way in the film from 2005. Further on the heterosexual relationship is perpetually depicted in the 70’s film with a submissive girl and predominant boy, the same dominance is easily seen in the more recent film but with a higher rate of equality as the girl is portrayed as the dominant character in almost half of all scenes. A general note for the comparison of the two films is that a consciousness of gender construction does not lead to a direct elimination of these. Keywords: Teenage movie, post-modern feminism, gender construction, heterosexual relationship

Jude the Obscure is not only Thomas Hardy´s last but probably also his bleakest novel. Even the epigram on the frontispiece - 'The letter killeth [but the spirit giveth life]' - can be read as having negative forebodings; it can, however, also be interpreted as a commentary on the 'nature' of language and on the absolute necessity of understanding its founding mechanisms such as absence, difference and deferral if one is to lead a happy and meaningful life and if one endeavors to claim the freedom and the responsibility to construct one´s gender identity. This essay thus centers on the extent to which Hardy´s protagonist Jude Fawley, a man who desperately clings to the illusion of a transcendental signified, is able to understand and put into practice Hardy´s epigram when constructing his masculinity. Therefore, the focus of inquiry will be the hitherto largely neglected discursive construction of an ill-fated male gender identity in a discursive universe where 'nobody did come, because nobody does' and where taking words literally has lethal consequences.

The purpose of this study is to qualitatively determine whether gender constructions influence gender relations in residences and the role these views have in the perpetuation of rape culture on campus, with a particular interest in how residence traditions contribute to these views. The social constructionist paradigm was used to co-construct the gender perceptions of residence students through a qualitative research approach. The study was aimed at participants who were familiar with the university’s residences and their traditions (residence students and leaders). This study was conducted among students at the University of Pretoria, who were familiar with the University’s residences, their traditions and the student protests which have taken place in the University in response to practices that fostered rape culture in the university and its residences, primarily focusing on students staying in campus residences. The study targeted two sets of groups: residence students and key informants. Current undergraduate resident students were the primary target population, regardless of the residence they reside in, their course or year of study. A focus group discussion was held with a group of male and a group of female students. Key informants for this study included residence house committee members, student activist group members and student representative council members. The researcher was aware of potential conflicts and made efforts to show good judgment and sensitivity to allow students to express their opinions and respect each other’s opinions. The study adhered to the University of Pretoria’s Code of Ethics for Research. The researcher applied the principles of respect for personal autonomy, benevolence, and justice, which do not work in isolation from one another. The quality, trustworthiness and rigor of the findings were ensured by triangulation of data sources (key informants and students) and data collection methods (focus groups and semi-structured interviews). By using a co-researcher to interpret the data independently, the credibility of the interpretation was enhanced. These findings show that there is evidence that some residences hold attitudes or beliefs which may perpetuate traditional views of gender, which are made apparent through their traditions and activities. As a result of this, residences can become a breeding ground for the perpetuation of rape culture and the enforcement of harmful gender stereotypes. It is also worth noting that it is not solely the formal traditions which play a role in the perpetuation of rape culture, but informal ones as well. Another key concern is how management of residences manages reported incidences of sexual assault or harassment. It is worth noting however, that residence students feel that there have been changes which resulted in a noticeable difference, particularly in incidences of rape culture. In spite of the highlighted challenges, students feel that there are positives to living in on campus residences. / Mini Dissertation (MA (Research Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Psychology / MA (Research Psychology) / Unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to investigate how male and female educators treat boys and girls in care situations to gain knowledge about whether different demands are asked of children depending on gender. This also relates to the question of how girls and boys are constructed in the treatment and what consequences this may have for their room for maneuver in care situations. Furthermore, the study also intends to investigate how female and male educators relate to both the concept of care, the actual care and how they view the role of care in preschool. By using methods such as interviews and observations of educators in different care-related situations, we have investigated how they view their own care for girls and boys, and what it looks like in practice. In addition, we have tried to get a grip on the importance of care in preschool today, in relation to learning. We have our theoretical starting point in feminist poststructuralism, which together with previous research on female and male educators in preschool and the concept of care has helped us understand our results. The results of our study show that there are many similarities in the reasoning about the role of care in preschool, how you want to meet each child according to its individuality, but despite this, the children provide different types of care based on their gender. We have been able to see that educators think that care is often the most important thing for the children in preschool, but that they rarely talk about care as a prerequisite for children’s wellbeing, development and learning towards society.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur flick- respektive pojkspelare och deras idrottsutövande inom ungdomsfotbollen konstrueras i förhållande till varandra och till den stereotypa bild av kvinnligt och manligt idrottande som media upprättar. Vidare ämnar den besvara om fotbollsklubbarnas framställning av fotbollslagen genomsyras av Riksidrottsförbundets jämställdhetsmål om jämställt idrottande.   Tolv texter från sex fotbollsklubbar i Stockholms län har genomgått en textuell innehållsanalys med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Analyserna har utförts med Hirdmans genussystem, Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys och Halls synsätt på stereotypisering som teoretisk utgångspunkt.   Resultatet visar på ett upprätthållande av det manliga könet som norm inom fotbollen och en reproduktion av de idrottsstereotypa bilder av manligt och kvinnligt idrottande som media tenderar att visa upp. Flickorna får inte bara mindre textuellt utrymme utan frånkopplas ofta en seriös fotbollssatsning i jämförelse med pojkarna. En del arbete tycks således finnas kvar innan jämställdhetsmålet är uppnått inom ungdomsfotbollens verksamheter.