Forskning har visat att det förekommer skillnader i bemötandet av kvinnor och män, men att det ofta sker omedvetet. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kommunala inspektörers genusmedvetenhet och könsdifferentiering i bemötandet av sina kunder. Genom intervjuer med fem inspektörer fann vi att deras allmänna kunskap och medvetenhet om genus var begränsad. Vi använde även observationer för att undersöka skillnader i inspektörernas bemötande av sina kunder beroende på kön. Resultatet visade att manliga kunder fick större uppmärksamhet, fler öppna frågor och mer beröm från inspektörerna än kvinnliga kunder. Ytterligare visade resultatet tendenser till underordning i mötet med manliga kunder och könsfördomar i bemötandet av kvinnliga kunder. I förhållande till inspektörernas begränsade kunskap och medvetenhet om genus drogs slutsatsen att ökad kunskap och medvetenhet om genus kan bidra till jämlikt och könsneutralt kundbemötande. / Research has shown that behaviors displaying gender differentiation do occur, yet often unconsciously. The purpose of our research was to study gender awareness, and gender differentiation, in the context of customer treatment. Through interviews with five municipal inspectors we found that the general knowledge of gender was limited. We also used observations in order to see occurrences of gender differentiation in the inspectors’ treatment of their customers. The results showed that male customers received more attention, open questions and compliments from the inspectors than female customers. Further the results showed signs of subordination in relation to male customers and gender bias toward female customers. In relation to the inspectors’ limited awareness the results concluded that increased knowledge and awareness of gender differentiation could result in more equal and gender-neutral behavior in their treatment of customers.

Ce mémoire présente une étude de langue et genre s’intéressant à l’utilisation des atténuateurs et des intensificateurs par les superhéros de l’univers cinématographique de Marvel. En effet, les films de superhéros ont été largement critiqués pour leur représentation des héroïnes qui sont, malgré leur pouvoir, réduites à leur apparence. Toutefois, une montée en conscientisation du traitement de la femme dans le milieu cinématographique a eu lieu au cours des années 2010. La création d’organismes comme l’Institut Geena Davis, qui vise à promouvoir une représentation plus égalitaire des femmes dans les films, témoigne de ce changement. Notre étude s’intéresse donc à la production linguistique des femmes dans les films de superhéros et à l’évolution de ce langage au cours des dix dernières années. Pour ce faire, nous suivrons le développement de l’héroïne Black Widow, qui a fait l’objet de nombreuses polémiques concernant l’hypersexualisation des femmes au cinéma. Nous nous sommes concentrée, plus précisément, sur son utilisation des atténuateurs et des intensificateurs, associés à un langage dit « féminin » ou subordonné par la littérature pionnière de langue et genre, comparativement à celle des autres Avengers et sur les changements dans son utilisation à travers le temps. Nous avons trouvé peu de différences considérables avec les personnages masculins, mais nous avons observé une tendance descendante dans son utilisation de ces éléments du langage dit féminin à travers les films. Nous concluons donc que l’utilisation des atténuateurs et des intensificateurs de Black Widow n’est pas nécessairement associée à son genre, mais plutôt au contexte et au développement du personnage. / This thesis presents a study of language and genre, focusing on the use of hedges and intensifiers by superheroes in the Marvel Cinematographic Universe. Indeed, superhero movies have been widely criticized for their representation of heroines who are often reduced to their appearance despite their strength. However, an increase in awareness of the treatment of women by the film industry occurred in the 2010s. The establishment of institutions such as the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, whose purpose is the promotion of an equal representation of women in movies, reflects this change. Therefore, our study explores the linguistic production of women in superhero movies and the evolution of female language in these movies over the last decade. For this purpose, we will follow the development of the heroine Black Widow, who has been the subject of numerous controversies concerning the hypersexualization of women in cinema. Our primary focus is on her use of hedges and intensifiers, which are typically associated with a language called "feminine" or "subordinated" by the pioneering literature of language and gender, compared to other Avengers and the changes in her use over time. We found little difference between Black Widow and the male characters in their frequency of use of hedges and intensifiers. However, we found a downward tendency in her use of these types of words throughout the movies. Hence, we conclude that Black Widow’s use of hedges and intensifiers is not necessarily associated with her gender, but rather with the context of their use and her character development.

This quantitative study investigated a range of leadership behaviors by teachers (teacher characteristics) and students (student characteristics) inside their higher education classrooms and various aspects of those environments (classroom characteristics). The behaviors and environmental aspects examined are those determined by research findings to foster and enhance participant growth and development. Cluster sampling was used for this study of 25 classes representing 5 divisions of the curriculum at 3 institutions. The instruments were administered to 277 students and 25 teachers during the spring of 1999. The null hypotheses for main effects of teacher, student, and classroom characteristics were tested on the two instruments' items at the .05 level of significance using a Univariate ANOVA. According to student responses, overall, a main effect of teacher gender was found on teachers' characteristics and approaches to student learning. A main effect of teacher gender was also found on students' characteristics and overall orientations to learning. According to teacher responses, a main effect of teaching style was found for both male students and female students, on teachers' approaches to student learning, and on students' characteristics and overall orientations to learning. A main effect of teacher gender was found for both male students and female students on students' characteristics and overall orientations to learning. A main effect of teacher gender and an interaction of teacher gender and teaching style was found for male students on students' characteristics and overall orientations to learning.

This study aims at analyzing how women and men in five different professions are portrayed and represented through reporting verbs in Czech media over a period of 25 years (end of 1989 to the beginning of 2015). The empirical data consist of entire newspapers and magazines in the source material, a subcorpus from the Czech National Corpus. The theoretical basis is Critical discourse analysis and the methodical is a corpus-based statistical analysis. Binary categories from the Harvard Psychosociological Dictionary are used to classify the reporting verbs. After a quantitative study, the results are clear for some professions and less clear for others, and these results are analyzed. This study could not (at least not without severe adjustments) have been performed in languages like English, where the distinction between the female and male professional concepts is less clear. In the chapter on previous research, special attention is given to the Czech context, and the chapter also explains this study’s contribution to previous research in language, power and corpus studies.

The study is based on the lexical choices in the social context of EkeGusii circumcision and the meaning of the various lexical items used in the social context of circumcision and gender differentiation in the choice of the lexicon of EkeGusii circumcision. This special variety is also used within EkeGusii standard variety but when used in the context of circumcision, the meaning of the lexical items is understood based on context. It is believed that language embodies traditional values and that these values are socially conditioned. This study considers the social conditioning of the circumcision social varieties. Linguistic traditional values of EkeGusii language are reflected in, among others, gender differentiation in the choice of the lexicon in the social context of circumcision. The study was based on two theories; the social theory and contrastive lexico-semantic theory. Social theory was useful in analyzing language in society and what language means to its users while contrastive lexico-semantic theory was useful in analyzing EkeGusii culture-specific meaning which does not translate readily to English. Participatory observation, interview schedules, informers, questionnaires and introspection were used to collect data. Data was analyzed qualitatively in view of the choice of the lexicon within language variation. Findings showed that the sound plays an important role in postulating meaning of EkeGusii Circumcision Social Varieties (ECSV) through vowel lengthening. The lexicon of ECSV comprises nouns and verbs and that this lexicon is a style as well as register of EkeGusii. Gender differentiation in the language is a case of socialization rather than biological. Finally, meaning relations established by the lexicon of ECSV include synonymy, hyponymy, polysemy as well as antonymy. It is recommended in this study that teachers should be trained on Sociolinguistics, carry out classroom research to identify the learners’ sociolinguistic culture and integrate an individual learner with others in the same level especially since the school has taken the role of socialization of an individual. / African Languages / M.A. (African languages)

This study is an analysis of the conditions of access and permanence of women in the trade union movement. The issue is framed in the discussions on the political participation of women and the cut is the trade union movement. Considering that the political and trade union fields have traditionally been dominated by men, and considering the increasing participation of women, we aim to investigate the constraints of their insertion in these spaces. To that end, we selected as a reality to be observed the category of Technical-Administrative in Education - TAE, formed by professionals that make up the administrative sphere of Brazilian public higher education institutions. The representation tables, previously composed predominantly by men, gradually changed with the presence of women. Because of these changes, we propose to think the mechanisms that justify them and frame the analysis from two perspectives. In the first, we place the category of TAE in front of the institution that represents it nationally, the Federation of Trade Unions of Technical-Administrative Workers in Public Higher Education Institutions of Brazil - FASUBRA Sindical. In this regard, we analyze the composition of the national leadership and the directorates/coordinations of the affiliated unions, taking into account the percentages and places occupied by men and women. In the second, we selected one of the affiliated unions, the Syndicate of Technical-Administrative Workers in Education of the Federal University of Sergipe - SINTUFS. We seek to understand the conditions of access and permanence of women with the focus on the relational aspects around the engagement of the militants. The study was guided by the sociology of militancy and the gender approach, and the main concepts and notions employed were: trajectories, careers, sexual division of labor, militant engagement and social bonds. We use different methodological strategies, such as document consultation, questionnaire application, participant observation and biographical interview. We have identified the presence of many women in the directorates/coordinations of FASUBRA's basic institutions. However, differences were also observed in the number of places occupied by men and women. The social ties and some experiences found in women's itineraries have emerged as a mechanism to explain their entry and stay in union leadership. Among the types of links, the personalities were more relevant, and educational experiences were the most significant resources for engagement. We find that, in general, the increase of women in the trade union movement is associated with their participation in the labor market and the cultural and social transformations that affect the role of women in society. The unionists justified that the awareness of the need to occupy political spaces by women and, especially, the commitment to the working class were the reasons for their militant engagement. / Este estudo é uma análise das condições de acesso e permanência das mulheres no movimento sindical. A temática está enquadrada nas discussões sobre a participação política das mulheres e o recorte é o movimento sindical. Considerando que os campos político e sindical foram tradicionalmente dominados pelos homens, e considerando a crescente participação de mulheres, objetivamos investigar os condicionantes da inserção delas nesses espaços. Para tanto, selecionamos como realidade a ser observada a categoria dos Técnico-Administrativos em Educação - TAE, formada pelos profissionais que compõem a esfera administrativa das instituições de ensino superior público brasileiro. Os quadros de representação, antes compostos predominantemente por homens, aos poucos sofreram modificações com a presença das mulheres. Em razão dessas mudanças, propomos pensar os mecanismos que as justificam e enquadramos a análise sob duas perspectivas. Na primeira, situamos a categoria dos TAE frente à instituição que a representa nacionalmente, a Federação de Sindicatos de Trabalhadores Técnico-Administrativos em Instituições de Ensino Superior Públicas do Brasil - FASUBRA Sindical. Nesse aspecto, analisamos a composição da direção nacional e das direções/coordenações dos sindicatos filiados, levando em consideração os percentuais e os lugares ocupados por homens e mulheres. Na segunda, selecionamos um dos sindicatos filiados, o Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Técnico-Administrativos em Educação da Universidade Federal de Sergipe – SINTUFS. Buscamos apreender as condições de acesso e permanência das mulheres com o enfoque nos aspectos relacionais em torno do engajamento das militantes. O estudo foi norteado a partir da sociologia da militância e da abordagem de gênero, e os principais conceitos e as noções empregados foram: trajetórias, carreiras, divisão sexual do trabalho, engajamento militante e vínculos sociais. Utilizamos diferentes estratégias metodológicas, tais como, a consulta a documentos, a aplicação de questionário, a observação participante e a entrevista biográfica. Identificamos a presença de muitas mulheres nas direções/coordenações das instituições de base da FASUBRA. Contudo, também foi observado diferenças em relação aos lugares ocupados por homens e por mulheres. Os vínculos sociais e algumas experiências encontradas nos itinerários das mulheres emergiram como mecanismo que servem para explicar a entrada e a permanência delas na liderança sindical. Entre os tipos de vínculos, os pessoais tiveram maior relevância, e as experiências educacionais foram os recursos mais significativos para o engajamento. Constatamos que, de modo geral, o aumento de mulheres no movimento sindical está associado à participação delas no mercado de trabalho e às transformações culturais e sociais que envolvem o papel da mulher na sociedade. As sindicalistas justificaram que, a conscientização da necessidade de ocupação dos espaços políticos pelas mulheres e, principalmente, o compromisso com a classe trabalhadora foram os motivos do seu engajamento militante. / São Cristóvão, SE