My dissertation addresses and responds to research and practical interventions on gender in the Andean area. In it, I argue for the native Andean gender system's pertinence as an explanatory variable of past and present gender relations. This gender arrangement's name is 'Complementarity and Parallel Lines of Descent' (CPLD) (Silverblatt, 1985; Harris, 1987; Hardman, 2005; Vieira, 2005); it holds equivalent and complementary functions for women and men inside and outside the home. CPLD prevents women's subordination and the over-valuing of men's actions and characteristics on the basis of women's independent access to vital resources and the non-separation and non-primacy of the productive/public over the reproductive/private sphere (Roel Pineda, V., 1981-83; Lajo, J. 1985-6). Three independent studies show the empirical and theoretical importance of CPLD: 1) social identity observations during socio-anthropological field work on rural-to-urban migration in Lima, Peru (Lloyd, 1981; Herencia, 1985); 2) an historical monograph on CPLD's manifestations in the Tupac Amaru II Rebellion of the 1780's (Herencia, 1999); and 3) a political sociology essay on contemporary social movements in the Andes, seen through the prism of ethnicity and gender (Herencia, 2006). The transformation of gender relations through social identity moments (Study 1) serves to propose the theoretical coexistence and evolution, in a dominant/dominated condition, of engendered Native Andean and Western capitalist socio-cultural systems. For this reason, observations of gender at any point in time should consider the relation between the two. Also hypothetically, the Andean socio-cultural system's distinctive quality may result from Andean women's unrestricted social involvement, in contrast to that in the Western patriarchal capitalist system (and others). From a native people's perspective, conserving worldview and culture in past and present times implies preserving native gender relations. CPLD manifestations are ubiquitous in the Andean socio-cultural system’s traditions, beliefs and practices. Indigenous social movements need to fend off ideological barriers that obscure this gender system's existence, consciously ratifying and honoring the gender relations that continue to sustain the social reproduction of communities in not less than half the population of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and surrounding areas. CPLD's intrinsic merits are indispensable for a genuine response to capitalist patriarchy. / text

Den här studien fokuserar på att studera hur organisationskultur kommuniceras externt i en mansdominerad bransch. Studieobjektet Skanska har sedan 2009 genomgått en förändring mot en allt mer jämställd organisation, men än är arbetet trögrörligt. Hur kulturen kommuniceras externt, hur den manliga dominansen och den kvinnliga minoriteten synliggörs samt hur organisationen kommunicerar för att nå en bredare kompetens är frågor som studien vill besvara. Materialet som analyseras kommer från organisationens hemsida.Mer specifikt behandlar materialet Skanskas värderingar, deras syn på mångfald och inkludering samt intervjuer med medarbetare. Syftet med studien är att synliggöra hur organisationskultur som främjar jämställdhet kommuniceras i en mansdominerad bransch. För att göra detta har både en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ analys genomförts. Den kvalitativa analysen omfattar en diskursanalys samt en ideologikritisk analys. Vidare kompletteras analysen av en kvantitativ analys för att kunna jämföra det som kommuniceras i materialet med den faktiska verkligheten i organisationen. Studiens ramverk utgår ifrån organisationskultur och genusperspektiv.Resultatet visar att Skanskas externa kommunikation följer fyra huvudämnen: normbrytning, lagarbete, hierarki och den önskade bilden av organisationen. Organisationskulturen framställs som den önskade bilden av Skanska, snarare än den faktiska verkligheten. Skildringen av den manligt dominerande kulturen och den rådande minoriteten av kvinnor görs på ett problematiskt sätt och maktförhållandet i materialet är till fördel för Skanska. / The purpose of this study is to identify how organizational culture is communicated externally in a male dominated industry. Since 2009, the study object Skanska has undergone a change towards a more equal organization, but the work is still moving at a slow pace. The study poses the question of how the culture is communicated externally, what is known as the male dominance and the female minority and how they target a broader competence. The organizational website constitutes the material basis of the study.More specifically, the material deals with Skanska’s values, their views on diversity and inclusion and interviews with employees. The purpose of the study is to visualize how organizational culture that promotes gender equality is communicated in a male dominated industry. To do this, both qualitative and quantitative analysis have been carried out. The qualitative analysis includes a discourse analyses as well as an ideological critical analysis. In addition, the analysis of a quantitative analysis is used to compare what is communicated in the material with the actual reality of the organization. The study's framework is based on organizational culture and gender perspective.The result of the study shows that Skanska’s external communication follows four main topics: breaking norms, teamwork, hierarchy and the desired image of the organization. The organizational culture is described as Skanska’s desired image of the organization rather than the reality. The description of the male dominance and the female minority is problematic and the power configuration in the material benefits Skanska.

This dissertation is an analysis of observations among, and interviews with, Romanian and Swedish employees at a Swedish development aid project in Romania. The aim has been to study the categories of ‘humanity’: how the notions of the ‘human(e)’ and the ‘inhuman(e)’ were created in the context of the project. Further, the aim of the thesis has been to connect the relations in everyday life as it develops in an aid project to the social and societal processes of change in today’s Europe. Chapter 1 introduces the theoretical and methodological frameworks of the study. Chapter 2 analyses media representations of institutionalized children in Romania, and describes the development aid in Romania. Chapter 3 describes and analyses the practical work with the children in the everyday life of the project. Chapter 4 focuses on the locally employed project staff, and their adoption of a ‘more human(e)’ identity through working with the Swedish NGO. Chapter 5 analyses how the construction of difference took place in the everyday life of the development aid project. Chapter 6 analyses the development aid as exchange of gifts and applies models of analysis of social work with the so-called deserving and undeserving clients. Chapter 7 is a concluding chapter. The construction of the ‘human(e)’ and its opposite, the ‘inhuman(e)’, could be found on three levels. These categories were used in reference to: (1) the children, the sick elderly and the poor families that were the clients of the aid project and were expected to be ‘humanized’ in the course of project implementation; (2) the Romanians who were employed by the Swedish organization and who were to be humanized through their work and through learning Western views on what the human being is; and (3) by implication, the whole Romanian society and all the Romanians who were also to be ‘humanized’ through the intervention of the Western NGOs.

Denna uppsats har behandlat aktiva policydokument under införandet av skattelättnader för hushållstjänster. Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att studera den genuskonstruktion som kan tolkas genom en diskursiv framställning av proposition 2006/07:94 om skattelättnader för hushållstjänster - där fortsättningen av detta syfte har varit att undersöka hur denna genuskonstruktion samt hur andra sociala relationer ur ett intersektionellt perspektiv, kan tolkas ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv. Studien har haft sin utgångpunkt från Carol Bacchis analysmetod – What’t the problem represented to be? Denna metod utgår från hur problemet framställs genom att studera vilken lösning som presenteras. Samt vilka effekter och subjektspositioner som skapas igenom hur problemrepresentationen läggs fram. Bacchis forskningsfrågor har varit den ledande mallen för konstruktionen av analysen. Analysen har skett inom en nyliberal diskurs sammankopplad till en könsdiskurs. Detta för att kunna kartlägga den genuskonstruktion som skapas igenom de subjektspositioner som artikuleras i propositionen. Malin Rönnbloms teori menar att artikulerade av en policy skapar ett ”görande” av politik. Analysprocessen har därmed undersökt hur propositionen ”gör” jämställdhetsbegreppet och vilken sätt ”görandet” påverkar subjekten inom diskurserna. Genom att noggrant koda av och analysera empirin har jag funnit att den genuskonstruktion som skapas: är den hushållsnära kvinnan kopplad till det traditionella kvinnoarbetet. Samt att de traditionella könsrollerna stärks då propositionen reproducerar kvinnan igenom att artikulera ”kvinnligt” inom traditionella hushållssysslor. Analysen visar även att jämställdhetsbegreppet som beskrivs i propositionen inte öppnar upp för någon form av maktanalys. Varken ur ett intersektionellt perspektiv och inte heller ur ett genusperspektiv. Utifrån dessa förutsättningar påverkar regeringen inte heller det rådande genussystemet som skapar genuskonstruktioner. / This essay has examined the current policy document for the implementation of tax reliefs for household services. The purpose was to study the gender construction that could be interpreted by a discourse exposition of proposal 2006/07:94 on tax relief for household. Thus, this thesis studies how the gender construction – and other social relations form an intersectional perspective – can be discussed from a gender perspective. Therefore, the study is based on Carol Bacchi’s analysis “What’s the problem represented to be? The method is based on how the problem is portrayed by studying the presented solution and also what effect and subject positions that are created through how the problem representation is presented. Bacchi’s research statement has been the model for the structure of the analysis – made within a neoliberal discourse linked to a gender discourse – in order to chart the gender construction that is created through the subject position that are presented in the proposal. Malin Rönnblom’s theory claims that articulating a policy creates a “doing” of politics. The analysis process therefore examined how the proposal “makes” the concept of equality and the way the “doing” affects subjects within the discourse. My conclusion is that the gender construction that has been created is the household women linked to the typical women’s work. The traditional gender roles are strengthened when one reproduces the women through the articulation of “feminine” within traditional household chores. The analysis also shows that the concept of equality, described the proposal, does not open up for any form of power analysis, not from an intersectional perspective and neither form a gender perspective. The final conclusion is that there is no possibility to affect the prevailing gender system that creates gender constructions.

The purpose of this study is to examine the presentation of masculinity in selected popular works. The novels under discussion include: Henry ole Kulet’s To Become a Man (1972), Yusuf Dawood’s One Life Too Many (1991), Peter Kimani’s Before the Rooster Crows (2002) and David Maillu’s Man from Machakos (2010). The writers are representative of a diversity of Kenyan ethnicities: Dawood (Asian-African), while the rest comprise Kenyan men of black descent though different ethnicities. The study attempts to interrogate the various strands of masculinity in Kenyan society as presented in the selected works. The study also seeks to investigate how different men negotiate/manifest their masculinity in different settings. It also interrogates factors and trends that shape and influence masculine behaviour in the selected texts. The study also explores the ramifications of various manifestations of masculinity on the family. The study adopts masculinities theory as the theoretical framework. The theory is applied in the interpretation of issues that relate to this study. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt et Phil. (Theory of literature)

Syftet med studien är att genom en granskning av Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dag­bladet under perioden 2013-11-20 till 2013-12-20 med hjälp av en kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod utläsa genuskonstruktioner i våldsbrottsrelaterade nyhetsartiklar. I cent­rum står språkvetenskap, genusteori och gestaltningsteori vid tolkning av resultatet. Re­sul­ta­tet visar att det finns lexikala skillnader i det granskade materialet och genus­kon­struktioner. Män får mer utrymme i medium än kvinnor och de båda könen omnämns olika eftersom kvinnor relateras ofta i relationsposition än män, och mäns ålder är mer framträdande än kvinnors. Dessutom upprepas mäns ålder till skillnad från kvinnor. De egennamn som framträder i medierna är till stor del mäns och det finns få men tydliga utslag i att män i förövarposition beskrivs med starka och till viss del värderande adjektiv, vilket inte sker för kvinnor. Studien visar på en tendens till att den könsneutrala ändelsen -a ökar på bekostnad av den maskulina adjektiv­ändel­sen –e.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la construcción de género en la narrativa cinematográfica a través de las cuatro adaptaciones fílmicas de la obra escrita por Louisa May Alcott, Mujercitas. De esta manera, se ha diseñado un instrumento de investigación que responde a la técnica de análisis de contenido, donde los personajes femeninos de las películas en cuestión son analizados desde la narrativa cinematográfica a través de componentes presentes en el guión y en la construcción de personajes. Para ello, se seleccionan escenas de dichos largometrajes que aborden un mismo fragmento de la obra literaria. A su vez, tomar como objeto de estudio a films realizados en distintas décadas permite identificar la permanencia y/o modificaciones de elementos narrativos en el tratamiento de un mismo texto; así como también, reconocer los postulados de la teoría fílmica feminista en la construcción de género desarrollada en las versiones de Mujercitas. / The current investigation aims at exploring gender construction in the cinematographic narrative through the four film adaptations of the work written by Louisa May Alcott, Little Women. Thus, a research instrument has been designed, which responds to the content analysis technique, where the female characters of the films in question are analyzed from the film narrative through components present in the script and in the characters construction. For this reason, scenes that address the same fragment of the literary work from these feature films are selected. Furthermore, taking films made in different decades as an object of study allows us to identify the permanence and / or modifications of narrative elements in the treatment of the same text; as well as, to recognize the postulates of the feminist film theory in the gender construction developed in the versions of Little Women. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación es un esfuerzo reflexivo para entender, la forma en cómo los medios de comunicación, en este caso, el cine, construyen el concepto de feminidad a través de ciertos estereotipos y desde distintas perspectivas. Se tratará de una investigación que tiene como punto de partida el análisis desde la construcción de la feminidad a través de la revisión audiovisual de la película animada Mulán. Para ello, se trabaja bajo una metodología de corte cualitativo, pues a través de esta se pueden obtener un acercamiento reflexivo sobre la construcción de la feminidad. En el caso que nos ocupa, se eligió la técnica de análisis de contenido, que estará basada en la observación de diversas escenas de la película Mulán, mismas que se seleccionaron en función de aspectos que construyen la idea de feminidad en la protagonista del filme. / This research work is a reflective effort to understand how the media, in this case, the cinema, construct the concept of femininity through certain stereotypes and from different perspectives. It will be an investigation that has as its starting point the analysis from the construction of femininity through the audiovisual review of the animated film Mulán. To do this, we work under a qualitative methodology, since through this we can obtain a reflective approach on the construction of femininity. In the case at hand, the content analysis technique was chosen, which will be based on the observation of various scenes from the film Mulán, which were selected based on aspects that build the idea of ​​femininity in the film's protagonist. / Trabajo de investigación

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