Neuropeptide und ihre Rezeptoren regulieren im menschlichen Körper essentielle Funktionen. Fehlfunktionen können zu schwerwiegenden Krankheiten führen, weswegen die Erforschung dieser Peptid-Rezeptor-Systeme von hohem Wert ist. Die Komplexität der Signalisierung erschwert die Forschung in Säugetiermodellen, weswegen auch Modelle von Invertebraten herangezogen werden können, wo viele homologe Neuropeptide zu finden sind. In dieser Arbeit wurde das ein Homolog zum Neuropeptid Y (NPY) im Rundwurm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) identifiziert und charakterisiert. Das NPY-System besteht aus 3 Peptiden und 4 Rezeptoren, welche in Säugetieren vor allem den Energiehaushalt regulieren, aber auch bei Stress, Depression und Angstzuständen eine Rolle spielen. In C. elegans wurden 41 dem NPY ähnliche Rezeptoren (NPR) und über 30 Neuropeptide identifiziert, welche auch Funktionen in der Nahrungssuche zeigen. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass das humane und C. elegans System pharmakologische und funktionale Gemeinsamkeiten aufweisen. Hier wurden der NPR-1 und NPR-11 als NPY-ähnlichste Rezeptoren identifiziert und erstmals ein NPY-ähnliches Peptid beschrieben, das FLP-34-1. Des Weiteren wurde eine bekannte Methode für Zellkulturexperimente in C. elegans etabliert, der Biolumineszenz-Energietransfer (BRET), welcher die Bindung von FLP-34-1 an NPR-11 in vivo zeigte. Zudem konnte mit dieser Methode eine Peptid-induzierte Internalisierung von NPR-11 Richtung Endosomen in vivo in Echtzeit gezeigt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit helfen die molekularen Mechanismen der Peptid-Rezeptor-Interaktionen besser zu verstehen und unterstützen damit auch die Forschung an höheren Tieren.

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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / L'accouchement, l'aboutissement ultime de la grossesse, est un processus bien orchestré mettant en œuvre une pléiade de peptides produits par le placenta. Récemment, la mise en évidence d'une relation entre la durée de la grossesse et la concentration plasmatique du facteur de relâche de la corticostimuline (CRF) a permis de proposer un lien entre ce peptide et l'horloge placentaire déterminant la durée de la grossesse. Or, le neuropeptide Y (NPY), un peptide produit abondamment par le placenta tout au long de la grossesse, stimule in vitro la relâche du CRF par le syncytiotrophoblaste. Puisque ce syncytiotrophoblaste est connu pour être, du moins durant le troisième trimestre de la grossesse, la principale origine du CRF circulant, le but de cette thèse est d'étudier les modalités de cet effet du NPY. Les hypothèses principales ayant balisé cette étude ont été: 1) le syncytiotrophoblaste arbore des récepteurs pour le NPY; 2) un mode de relâche du CRF dépendant du calcium est présent dans le syncytiotrophoblaste et 3) la stimulation de la relâche du CRF par le NPY dans les cellules trophoblastiques implique des voies de signalisation en amont et en aval d'une hausse de la concentration du calcium intracellulaire. En premier lieu, étant donné la nature polaire du syncytiotrophoblaste, les études de liaison ont été effectuées en parallèle sur des membranes d'origine apicale (BBM) et basale (BPM) afin de déterminer s'il y a une ségrégation des sites de liaisons pour le NPY. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent l'existence d'une population mixte de sites de liaison du NPY (Y1 et Y3) se retrouvant exclusivement sur les BBM. Par la suite, les voies de signalisation associées aux récepteurs du NPY ont été explorées sur des préparations de BBM ou sur des cellules trophoblastiques en culture primaire. Les résultats obtenus montrent que dans les BBM, l'interaction du NPY avec le récepteur de sous-type Y1 est couplée à l'activation des phospholipases C-P (PLC-P), ces dernières étant responsables, en partie, d'une activation des protéines kinases C (PKCs). L'autre portion de l'activation de ces PKCs étant attribuable à l'activation des kinases de la position D3 des phosphoinositides (PI3-K). Les résultats obtenus à l'aide des cellules trophoblastiques montrent que le NPY entraîne l'activation de la kinase dépendante du calcium et de la calmoduline de type II (CaMK.11) et des MAP kinases de type ERKv2 (ERKv2). En troisième lieu, afin de vérifier lesquelles de ces voies de signalisation sont impliquées dans le contrôle de la relâche du CRF par le NPY, nous avons, dans un premier temps, caractérisé l'habileté des cellules trophoblastiques à sécréter le CRF. Cette étape importante montre que les cytotrophoblastes issus de placentas à terme, acquièrent, en parallèle avec leur différenciation vers le phénotype apparenté au syncytiotrophoblaste, l'habileté de sécréter le CRF. En dernier lieu, nous avons démontré que le NPY, en interagissant avec des récepteurs de type Y1, induit la synthèse et la relâche du CRF par les cellules trophoblastiques. L'augmentation de la synthèse est, en grande partie, attribuable à l'activation des PLC-P, la relâche subséquente du calcium des réserves intracellulaires et à l'activation de la CaMKII. L'augmentation de la relâche est subséquente à l'activation de PKCs indépendantes du calcium, à l'activation de l'axe initié par les PLC-P et à un influx calcique ne passant pas par les L-VOCC. Intéressement, l'activation directe des L­VOCC avec le Bay K8644, bien qu'entraînant l'activation des CaMKII, favorise la relâche du CRF sans influencer la synthèse du peptide. Pris dans leur globalité, ces résultats illustrent bien la pluralité de la signalisation des récepteurs de sous-type Y 1 et la complexité du contrôle de la relâche du CRF par le NPY. De plus, ces résultats sont une étape importante dans la compréhension des mécanismes qui permettent aux peptides interagissant avec un récepteur couplé aux protéines liant les nucléotides guanyliques (protéines G), sensibles à la toxine pertussique (PTX), de réguler la relâche du CRF.

Endocardial endothelial cells (EECs) can exert a significant influence on cardiac function by releasing various factors such as nitric oxide (NO), prostanoids, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II). Recently, results obtained in our laboratory demonstrated the presence of NPY and its receptors, Y[subscript 1] and Y[subscript 2], as well as ET-1 and its receptors, ET[subscript A] and ET[subscript B], at the level of endocardial endothelial cells (EECs). We have also shown that NPY induces a sustained rise in the intracellular calcium level of these cells, and that only right ventricular EECs have the capacity of secreting NPY. Moreover, the evidence in the literature has become plentiful about complex interactions existing between ET-1 and other cardioactive mediators, such as NO and Ang II. Based on the above-mentioned data, the objective of this study was to investigate if a dialogue equally exists between the systems of NPY and ET-1 at the level of human right (hREECs) and left (hLEECs) ventricular EECs. Using the technique of indirect immunofluorescence coupled to 3-D confocal microscopy, as well as ELISA, our results show that increasing concentrations of NPY (10[superscript -15], 10[superscript -10] and 10[superscript -5]M) induce the release of ET-1 from REECs and LEECs in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. However, right ventricular EECs seem to have a higher ET-1 secretory capacity as compared to their left counterparts. Upon the use of selective antagonists for the NPY receptors, Y[subscript 1], Y[subscript 2] and Y[subscript 5], and the ET-1 receptors, ET[subscript A] and ET[subscript B], our results demonstrated that in REECs the NPY-induced release of ET-1 seems to be primarily due to Y[subscript 2] receptor activation, with the subsequent activation of the ET[subscript A] and ET[subscript B] receptors by the released ET-1. On the other hand, in LEECs, the NPY-evoked secretion of ET-1 seems to be mainly the result of Y[subscript 5] receptor activation by NPY. Unlike REECs, the ET-1 released by NPY in this type of cells does not seem to be contributing further to its own release by activation of its ET[subscript A] and ET[subscript B] receptors. Therefore, our results suggest that NPY is a regulator of ET-I secretion at the level of human EECs, and that this secretory process of ET-1 is different between the right and left ventricular cells. Moreover, these results serve to highlight and endorse the important sensory and tuning roles that right and left ventricular EECs possess, respectively. The ability of EECs to contribute to the local as well as systemic release of factors, such as NPY and ET-1, can affect not only the excitation-secretion coupling of EECs and the excitation-contraction coupling of cardiomyocytes, but also the physiological and pathophysiological state of the underlying, heart muscle.

The effects of MF exposure on the chemically induced production of NPY mRNA in the rat pheochromocytoma, PC-12 cell line.

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Obesity is a physiological consequence of dysregulated energy homeostasis. Energy homeostasis depends on energy intake and energy expenditure. Factors controlling the development of different adipose tissue deposits in the body and their distinct metabolic phenotypes are of considerable interest from both an agricultural and biomedical perspective. Following the literature review, the first chapter was devoted to studies designed to bridge the neural-adipose interface in understanding the relationship between appetite regulation and adipose tissue deposition in chickens, using chickens selected for low or high juvenile body weight as a model. Appetite regulation in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, is the main factor governing food intake. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), known as a potent orexigenic factor, also promotes energy storage in fat in mammals and thus has a dual role in promoting energy intake via appetite regulation in the brain and energy storage/expenditure via direct effects on adipose tissue function. There have been no reports of the effects of NPY on adipose tissue function in any avian species. By exposing chicken preadipocytes to different concentration of NPY, we found that NPY enhances both proliferation and differentiation and thus appears to play a major role in chicken adipogenesis, an effect that has not yet been reported, to our knowledge. In the body weight selected chicken lines, we found that NPY and receptor sub-type expression was elevated in the abdominal fat of chickens from the high body weight chicken line and expression of these genes displayed heterosis in the reciprocal crosses of the parental lines as compared to both the high and low body weight selected lines. Intriguingly, expression of those same genes was greater in the low weight than high weight chickens in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic transcriptomic profiling revealed that genes involved in serotonergic and dopaminergic systems may also play an important role in both appetite regulation and insulin-regulated energy homeostasis in the body weight chicken lines. Intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin in broiler chicks was associated with a dose and time dependent reduction in food intake that was coupled with the activation of the ventromedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus, as determined by c-fos immunoreactivity. The remainder of this dissertation project describes the effects of knocking down expression of a recently discovered transcription factor, ZBED6, on mouse preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. The dissertation ends with a study using diet-induced porcine prepubertal obesity as a model to examine differences in adipokine gene expression between different fat depots from pigs that consumed diets that differed in carbohydrate composition. Overall, we conclude that both NPY and monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine are of importance in the regulation of energy balance in chickens. Moreover, we propose that NPY is a factor that mediates hypothalamus and adipose tissue crosstalk in chickens. An understanding of this system may provide a new avenue for the treatment of obesity and associated disease complications by re-orchestrating the neuronal outputs or adiposity inputs. This information may also be of value in developing strategies to improve feed conversion and meat yield in commercial broilers. / Ph. D.

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of RAI1 and characterized by sleep disturbances, behavioral abnormalities, mental retardation, and obesity in teens and adults. Rai1+/- mice are obese after 20 weeks. Dup(17)(p11.2) syndrome is a complex disorder associated with overexpression of RAI1. A transgenic mouse model of dup(17)(p11.2) syndrome overexpresses Rai1 and results in a mouse that is growth delayed. In order to characterize the obese phenotypes of mouse models of SMS and the role of RAI1 in obesity, daily food intake and serum levels of insulin, glucose, PPY, and leptin were measured; adiposity was studied by characterizing fat deposition; and gene expression was studied in the hypothalamus. These studies show that Rai1+/- mice are hyperphagic, consume more during the inactive light phase, and have altered satiety genes in the hypothalamus. Adiposity studies have shown WT females have a higher body fat content and visceral fat proportion than males, but Rai1-Tg and Rai1+/- females have similar fat deposition patterns as WT males. Hypothalamic gene expression studies show that many genes and pathways are affected by Rai1 and Rai1 dosage, including many genes associated with obesity and satiety.

<p>This thesis reports on the effects of stress management on long-term pain patients and on a healthy sample from IT and media companies; two groups that are commonly exposed to high stress levels. Even if there are important differences between these two groups, there are similarities such as the necessity for effective stress management. Stress-related and musculoskeletal disorders are major public health issues in most industrialized countries and are expected to become increasingly common during the coming decades. The pathogenic plastic changes in the CNS and immune system caused by long-term stress pose severe burdens to individuals, organizations as well as society in general. Thus, stress management may be essential to maintain and improve long-term health and wellbeing and to proactively counteract stress-related ill-health.</p><p>This thesis is based on four papers: Paper I assessed the effects of massage as compared to relaxation tapes in long-term pain patients. Paper II validated some of the Visual Analogue Scale questions that were to be used in paper III and IV. Paper III assessed the effects on mental and physical wellbeing and biological stress markers from a web-based stress management and health promotion tool. Paper IV aimed at mapping out predictors for trends (improvement vs. worsening) in self-rated health (SRH) over a period of one year.</p><p>The overall results indicate that individually focused stress management interventions in long-term pain patients as well as on a healthy, working population may have short-term beneficial effects on psychological and physiological stress, health and wellbeing. On a long-term basis the beneficial changes seem to revert. In paper four, it is indicated that the stress management intervention is not a significant predictor of long-term changes in SRH. Rather, other factors such as health perception, sleep quality and sense of coherence predicted improvement in SRH over time.</p>