<p dir="ltr">Protecting workers, the public, and the environment from the potential hazards associated with radiation exposure relies on two disciplines: safety and security. Historically, these two disciplines operate in isolation, but new emerging threats have exploited weaknesses in the disciplines’ isolated practices. A method for overcoming weakness in isolation and strengthening protection is the integration of nuclear safety and security. Integration can provide increased protection for nuclear facilities and operations. This research identifies and fills gaps within integration research that promotes the active practice of integration. </p><p dir="ltr">Eight integration points were identified across the overlap of nuclear safety and security. Definitions for the points of overlap were determined using qualitative research methodologies. These definitions provided measurable aspects of practiced integration among the eight points. The eight integration points were also analyzed for importance using a quantitative methodology known as an analytical hierarchy process with an assisted Monte Carlo simulation. This study found that reactor staff placed access control and transportation of materials as the highest points of importance. However, a 10-year review of United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission violations and citations revealed culture as the most common issue for research reactors. This supports the need for a shift in perspective regarding nuclear safety and security practices.</p><p dir="ltr">An integration assessment tool was designed to measure the active practice of integrative techniques among research reactor staff. When applied to a research reactor, specific integration points were assessed, and an overall integration score for the facility was provided. The results of the integration assessment tool were applied to a newly developed integrated risk model that determined the facility’s vulnerability, consequences, and integrated risk score. </p><p dir="ltr">Through the efforts of this research, the eight points of integration have clearly and concisely identified how integration can be exercised at a facility level—this is something that has not yet been done. This research identified trends in safety and security practices that indicated strengths and weaknesses and how integration can improve those strengths and address the weaknesses. This research also provided a novel risk analysis model focused on actively applied integrative techniques instead of simulated hypothetical probabilities. Through this adjusted focus on integration, this research has found a new method for increasing the safety and security of nuclear operations.</p><p><br></p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第17918号 / エネ博第290号 / 新制||エネ||60(附属図書館) / 30738 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー応用科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大垣 英明, 教授 白井 康之, 教授 松田 一成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIO DA SILVEIRA MOREIRA.pdf: 1490206 bytes, checksum: bfa5664056eb59da266a99ef24afb54c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / This Master s thesis aims the criticism of legal equality in International Law, since the reference of Marxist criticism in Law Philosophy. Works with the historical and dialectical materialist method, and qualitative research with bibliographic and documentary sources. The starting point are the legal principles of equality, liberty and property, that support the assertion of capitalist society. The criticism of political economy, addressing the characteristics of commodity exchange under capitalism, observe the separation between direct producer and means of production, resulting in the contradictions of the legal principles: legal equality is material inequality, formal liberty is necessity and submission, abstract property is the condition of the dispossessed. Understanding the law from the legal relationships between abstract legal subjects, it criticizes the fetishism of legal rule and the legal ideology. Points to the role of the State as public power for repression and guarantor of legal relations, and especially the State in external relations with other States. The criticism of International Law begins with the study of the works of its founders, Victoria, Grotius and Kant. Then make use of Theory of Imperialism to examine the mechanisms of internationalization of the legal form in the midst of sharing and partition of the world between the capitalist powers. To understand that the internationalization of capitalism is the very negation of its development in the periphery of the system, makes use of the concepts of uneven development, bureaucratic capitalism and break of legality. Reveals the colonial conflict and the civilizational paradigm as inherent to International Law, lasting until the present time, as shown, in theory, the works of Anghie and Miéville, and in factual and concrete plan, the United Nations structure from the binomial peace and collective security and the contradictions in its policy of nuclear security. Finally, the permanence of colonial conflict and civilizational paradigm is evident in State policy called War on Terror, which proposes the revision of concepts of International Law and renew the enemy speech in the stereotype of terrorist, to legitimize imperialist aggressions. / Esta dissertação de Mestrado tem por objeto a crítica da igualdade jurídica no Direito Internacional, desde o referencial da crítica marxista na Filosofia do Direito. Trabalha com o método materialista histórico e dialético e pesquisa qualitativa com fontes bibliográficas e documentais. O ponto de partida são os princípios jurídicos de igualdade, liberdade e propriedade, que embasaram a afirmação da sociedade capitalista. A crítica da economia política, ao tratar das características da troca de mercadorias no capitalismo, permite observar a separação entre produtor direto e meios de produção, resultando nas contradições dos princípios jurídicos: igualdade jurídica é desigualdade material, liberdade formal é necessidade e submissão, propriedade abstrata é a condição do expropriado. Compreendendo o direito a partir das relações jurídicas entre sujeitos de direito abstratos, critica o fetichismo da norma jurídica e a ideologia jurídica. Aponta o papel do Estado como força pública para a repressão e garantidor das relações jurídicas, e especialmente o Estado nas relações externas com outros Estados. A crítica do Direito Internacional se inicia com o estudo das obras de seus fundadores, Vitória, Grotius e Kant. Depois, serve-se da Teoria do Imperialismo para analisar os mecanismos de internacionalização da forma jurídica no bojo da partilha e repartilha do mundo entre as potências capitalistas. Para compreender que a internacionalização do capitalismo é a própria negação do seu desenvolvimento na periferia do sistema, serve-se dos conceitos de desenvolvimento desigual, capitalismo burocrático e ruptura da legalidade. Revela o conflito colonial e o paradigma civilizatório como inerentes ao Direito Internacional, prolongando-se até a época atual, como demonstram, no plano teórico, as obras de Anghie e Miéville, e no plano fático concreto, a estrutura das Nações Unidas a partir do binômio paz e segurança coletiva e das contradições em sua política de segurança nuclear. Por fim, a permanência do conflito colonial e do paradigma civilizatório fica evidente na política de Estado chamada Guerra ao Terror, que propõe a revisão de conceitos do Direito Internacional e renova o discurso do inimigo no estereótipo do terrorista, para legitimar agressões imperialistas.

近年來，在全球氣候變遷與化石燃料價格高漲的影響之下，節能減碳成了各國政府能源政策的圭臬。正因如此，核能重新被視為一種可行的替代能源，獲得長足的發展。但這股核能復興潮並沒有持續太久，2011年日本福島核事故的發生，使全球核能產業陷入了新一波的低潮。這場核能浩劫，與25年前在前蘇聯發生的車諾比核事故如出一轍，都影響了許多國家在核能政策上的選擇。 本研究針對俄羅斯核能產業之發展進行探討，以了解其核能利用上的立場及發展策略。特別是在2011年日本福島核災後，俄羅斯在核能政策上是否有所轉變。值得注意的是，俄羅斯國家原子能公司(Rosatom)，作為國營之核能企業，展現了其企圖心，矢言成為新一代的全球核能復興先驅。 本研究認為，俄羅斯仍不會放棄核能的利用，而且也將持續進行核能復興的政策路線，尋求擴大在全球核電市場上的影響力。核能對俄羅斯而言，除了經濟方面的利益外，同時也兼具了政治、能源安全上的意涵。除非未來科技進步，足以發展出一種高效率同時兼顧生態發展的發電方式，否則近期內俄羅斯的核能發展現狀將不會有太大的改變。 / In recent years, under the influence of global climate change and high fossil fuel prices, carbon reduction has become a model as energy policy for many governments. Because of that, nuclear energy was re-considered a viable alternative energy source, and developed rapidly. But this trend of "nuclear renaissance" did not last too long, due to Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan in 2011, the global nuclear industry fell into another serious decline. Just like Chernobyl nuclear accident that occurred 25 years ago in former Soviet Union, This nuclear catastrophe have affected many countries in nuclear energy policies. In this study, we discussed the development of Russia's nuclear industry in order to understand its position on nuclear energy and development strategies. Particularly, we would like to see if there is a significant change in Russia's nuclear energy policy after Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. It is noteworthy that the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, as a state-owned nuclear company, demonstrated its ambition, and vowed to be a pioneer of global nuclear renaissance in a whole new era. In this study, we concluded that Russia will not give up nuclear energy, but also continue its nuclear renaissance energy policy routes, seeking to expand influence in the global nuclear power market. In addition to economic benefits, for Russia, nuclear energy also means both the political and energy security implications. Unless the technological progress in the future that is enough to develop a high-efficiency and ecological way of power generation, otherwise, Russia's nuclear energy development situation will not have a significant change in the near term.

<p> Nuclear waste management and nonproliferation are among the critical tasks to be addressed for the advancement of nuclear energy in the United States. In this regard, monitoring spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and special nuclear materials (SNM) is important to continue reliable stewardship of SNF management and prevent SNM proliferation. Cosmic ray muons have been used for imaging large and dense objects, e.g., SNF dry casks, the Fukushima Daiichi unit-1 reactor, and the great pyramid of Giza. Despite their potential and success, the wide application of cosmic ray muons is limited by the naturally low intensity at sea level, approximately 10⁴ m^-2min^-1. For example, when imaging large objects, time consuming measurements typically in the order of several days or even weeks, are frequently needed to collect a statistically significant amount of muon samples to reconstruct images using muon tomography. However, when scanning time is of essence, e.g., treaty verification, low resolution imaging can result in potentially undetected diversion of nuclear materials.</p> <p>To maximize the utilizability of cosmic ray muons in engineering and physics applications, two important quantities–scattering angle and momentum–must be measured. Although many studies have demonstrated that there are significant benefits when measuring momentum in muon applications, measuring both the muon scattering angle and muon momentum in the field remains a challenge. To fill this critical gap, a novel concept using multi-layer pressurized gas Cherenkov radiators that is fieldable to allow muon momentum measurement in the field is presented in this dissertation. The proposed Cherenkov muon spectrometer is: (i) accurate (~90%) in classifying muon momentum, (ii) lightweight (< 10 kg) for easy transport and deployment in the field, (iii) compact (< 1 m³), and (iv) easily coupled with existing muon tomographic systems. Although muon momentum measurement resolution of spectrometers used in high energy physics laboratories, such as CMS or ATLAS of LHC at CERN, is less than 5% for low energy muons, these spectrometers typically (i) use bulky and large solenoidal or toroidal magnets and (ii) interfere with muon trajectories to measure momentum. These characteristics make them unsuitable for field deployment.</p> <p>In this work, the feasibility of using the proposed Cherenkov muon spectrometer coupled with current muon tomographic systems is explored and evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and reconstruction algorithms. It is shown the use of the proposed Cherenkov muon spectrometer has the potential to improve muon tomographic imaging resolution or reduce measurement time by a factor of 10 or more when used to identify a missing fuel assembly from a SNF dry cask. In addition, a new imaging algorithm is developed that integrates muon momentum and muon scattering without significantly increasing computational cost. Advances in momentum-integrated muon tomography have the potential to improve monitoring and imaging efficiency in various nuclear engineering applications. For example, it can expand current capabilities to continue reliable stewardship in nuclear material management, i.e., Continuity of Knowledge, and prevent SNM proliferation to unauthorized states and parties. The benefit of such an approach is a compact, lightweight, and portable spectrometer that can be deployed in the field to improve existing or explore new engineering applications: muon tomography, geological studies, and cosmic radiation measurement in space.</p>

Cette thèse traite de la relation entre le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé. Le droit de la santé y est entendu dans son acception large, en tant que discipline juridique régissant la santé environnementale, soit la santé de l'homme dans son environnement naturel et de travail. Le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé partageant le même objectif de protection de la santé de l'homme dans son environnement, le premier est nécessairement influencé par le second. La démonstration s'attache en particulier à caractériser cette relation évidente du droit nucléaire et du droit de la santé en matière de protection comme de responsabilité sanitaires liées aux risques nucléaires. De ce point de vue, elle oppose à la symbiose de ces deux droits en matière de protection sanitaire contre les risques nucléaires leur scission en matière de responsabilité sanitaire. La relation entre le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé est en effet caractérisée par une symbiose parfaite en matière de protection sanitaire contre le risque nucléaire, quelle qu'en soit l'origine ; les différentes composantes du droit nucléaire, cristallisées autour du noyau dur de la radioprotection, se complétant afin de protéger la santé environnementale. Or, cette symbiose cède le pas à une véritable scission en matière de responsabilité sanitaire consécutive aux risques nucléaires ; cette dernière étant marquée par des régimes pluriels tributaires de l'origine médicale, professionnelle, civile ou bien encore militaire du risque nucléaire. Le dommage sanitaire radiologique est en effet appréhendé tantôt communément par le droit de la santé, tantôt spécialement par le droit nucléaire. / This PhD thesis deals with the relationship between nuclear law and health law. Health law is understood in its wide sense, as a legal discipline governing environmental health, i.e. the health of man in his natural and work environment. Nuclear law and health law sharing the same objective of protecting the health of man in his environment, the former is necessarily influenced by the latter. My demonstration focuses in particular on how to characterize this obvious relationship between nuclear law and health law regarding health protection as well as liability for nuclear risks. From this point of view, it opposes the symbiosis of these two fields of the law with regard to health protection against nuclear risks and their split with regard to health liability. The relationship between nuclear law and health law is indeed characterized by a perfect symbiosis regarding health protection against nuclear risk, whichever its origin; the various components of nuclear law, crystallized around the core of radiation protection, complementing one another in order to protect environmental health. However, this symbiosis gives way to a real split regarding health liability for nuclear risks; this one being marked by plural regimes which depend on the professional, medical, civil or military origin of the nuclear risk. The radiological health damage is indeed apprehended sometimes commonly by health law, sometimes specially by nuclear law.

Text in English / Energy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LL.D.

Energy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LL. D.