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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Examining Nuclear Transfer Between Homokaryotic and Dikaryotic Strains of Rhizophagus irregularis

Turcu, Bianca 04 January 2023 (has links)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an ancient group of obligate symbionts, colonizing the roots of over 72% of land plants, increasing the uptake of nutrients from the soil, and providing many fitness benefits to their host plants. The multinucleate and coenocytic nature of AMF have interested researchers for decades, leading to many theories of the evolution, and genetic organization of these organisms. Recent findings propose that AMF carry two types of strains, identified based on putative MAT-loci, as either homokaryotic, carrying multiple and genetically similar nuclei, or dikaryotic with co-existing nuclei deriving from two parental strains. In other fungi, hyphal fusions, or anastomosis, between compatible strains results in nuclear transfer, creating heterokaryotic spore progeny. It has been hypothesized that dikaryotic AMF strains arose from the anastomosis between compatible homokaryons harbouring different nucleotypes. The goal of this research is to determine whether anastomosis events, known to occur in other fungi, like homokaryon-homokaryon, homokaryon-dikaryon (Buller phenomenon), and/or dikaryon-dikaryon nuclear exchanges also occur in AMF. To achieve this, the anastomosis frequencies between 15 crosses of homokaryotic and dikaryotic strains of the model AMF species Rhizophagus irregularis were examined using microscopy and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to determine if nuclear transfer between strains is possible. Overall, these experiments build on the existing evidence of compatible interactions between strains of R. irregularis.
12

Molecular reprogramming in bovine embryos after serial somatic cell chromatin transfer

Rodriguez-Osorio, Nelida 03 May 2008 (has links)
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), commonly known as cloning, is the transfer of a somatic nucleus into an enucleated oocyte to produce a clone. The chromatin structure of somatic cells permits the expression of certain genes, while silencing the rest of the genome. The cytoplasm of oocytes can reprogram a somatic nucleus by reactivating the genes necessary for embryonic development and silencing the somatic genes. However, the low efficiency of SCNT indicates that successful nuclear reprogramming is a rare event. The objectives of this study were determine the extent of transcriptional reprogramming in bovine blastocysts produced by serial rounds of chromatin transfer (from first and fourth generations), using blastocysts produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) as controls, to identify cumulative errors in the transcriptome profile. Differentially expressed genes were studied further to determine their function in embryonic development. We identified a set of transcripts consistently misregulated in cloned blastocyst, some of which had a more marked misregulation in the embryos produced by 4 successive rounds of cloning. Among the genes significantly upregulated in both CT groups compared to IVF blastocysts were both de novo DNA methylation enzymes DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Expression patterns, structural and functional analyses were performed for DNA methyltransferases. A high structural and functional conservation was observed for DNA methyltransferases among human, mouse, and bovine species. A set of genes that participate in early embryonic development, chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation were differentially regulated in cloned embryos and had not been fully annotated at the time of the analysis. We annotated those genes and submitted them to the Bovine Genome Sequencing Consortium database. These results have important implications for the selection of models for the study of DNA methylation during early development. The present study provides a valuable data set for identifying possible cumulative errors in somatic cell chromatin transfer that could hinder nuclear reprogramming shedding light on the epigenetic role in reprogramming and cell plasticity.
13

"Clonagem em bovinos: uso de fibroblastos fetal e adulto como fonte doadora de núcleo" / Bovine cloning: fetal and adult fibroblasts as nuclei donor source.

Mello, Marco Roberto Bourg de 18 December 2003 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade in vitro e in vivo de embriões bovinos reconstruídos com oócitos enucleados em Metáfase II e núcleos de células somáticas (fibroblastos) fetais e adultas. Para tanto, oócitos de ovários colhidos em matadouro foram maturados in vitro por 17 horas e enucleados pela remoção do primeiro corpúsculo polar (CP) e da região do oolema contendo a placa metafásica. Como núcleo doador, foram utilizados fibroblastos de orelha de vaca da raça Nelore e de feto colhido em abatedouro. Para a reconstrução dos embriões, cada célula doadora de núcleo, após indução à G0, foi inserida sob a zona pelúcida de cada oócito enucleado e o complexo citoplasma receptor - núcleo doador (CCN) fundido e ativado por eletrofusão (2 pulsos de 4 KV/cm durante 20µs). Após ativação elétrica, cada CCN foi incubado em solução de ciclohexemide (10µg/ml) e citocalasina D (2,5µg/ml) por 1 hora e, em seguida, em solução de ciclohexemide (10µg/ml) por mais 4 horas. Os embriões reconstruídos e ativados, assim como os fecundados in vitro (controle), foram co-cultivados em monocamada de células da granulosa e TCM 199 acrescido de 10% de SFB por 7-9 dias. Após o co-cultivo por 7-9 dias, parte dos embriões (controle e reconstruídos) foi fixada e corada para determinação do número de células e parte transferida para receptoras. Um total de 668 embriões foram reconstruídos com célula fetal e 569 com fibroblasto adulto. Após eletrofusão, 212 embriões reconstruídos com célula fetal e 181 com célula adulta fundiram e 32 (15,1%) e 30 (16,6%) atingiram o estádio de blastocisto, respectivamente. O número médio de células dos blastocistos foi 129,3, 101,3 e 114,3, respectivamente, para célula fetal, adulta e embriões FIV (controle), não havendo diferença estatística significante entre os grupos (P<0,05). Após a transferência de 18 blastocistos de célula fetal e 21 de célula adulta, as taxas de prenhez aos 90 dias foram 16,7% (3) e 19% (4), respectivamente, não havendo diferença estatística significante entre os grupos (P<0,05). A primeira prenhez com célula fetal deu origem a um bezerro saudável, aos 290 dias, pesando 34kg. Uma das receptoras morreu aos 229 dias de gestação em conseqüência de hidroalantóide e outra abortou aos 252 dias. As prenhezes de embriões reconstruídos com célula adulta ainda estão em andamento. Estes resultados indicam que fibroblastos fetal e adulto podem ser usados como doadores de núcleo com semelhantes taxas de desenvolvimento in vitro e in vivo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo viability of bovine nuclear transferred embryos from metaphase II oocytes and fetal and adult fibroblasts. Oocytes from ovaries collected at slaughterhouse were matured in vitro for 17 hours and enucleated after aspiration of first polar body (PB) and small volume of cytoplasm containing metaphase plate. Fibroblasts from Nelore cow and foetus collected at slaughterhouse were used as nuclei donor. In Nuclear Transfer, each nuclei donor cell, after serum starvation, was inserted under the zona pellucida of the each enucleated oocyte and the enucleated oocyte- nuclei donor cell complexes were electrofused and activated (2 pulses of 4KV/cm for 20µs). After electrical activation, the couplets were incubated in TCM199 plus 10% FCS supplemented with cycloheximide (10µg/ml) and cytochalasin D (2.5µgml) for 1 hour and cycloheximide alone for further 4 hours. The activated reconstructed embryos, as well as IVF embryos (control group), were co-cultured with granulosa cells in TCM 199 + 10% FCS for 7–9 days. After co-cultured, part of embryos (control and reconstructed) was fixed and the number of cells counted and part was transferred into recipients. A total of 668 couplets were reconstructed from fetal and 569 from adult fibroblasts. After electrofusion, 212 (fetal cells) and 181 (adult cells) embryos got fused and 32 (15.1%) and 30 (16.6%) reached blastocyst stage, respectively. The blastocyst cell number means were 129.3, 101.3 and 114.3, respectively, for fetal, adult and IVF (control) embryos. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the number of cells of blastocysts among the groups. After transferring 18 (fetal cells) and 21 (adult cells) blastocysts, pregnancy rates at day 90 were 16.7% (3) and 19% (4), respectively. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between pregnancy rates. The first pregnancy from fetal cells delivered a healthy male calf at day 290, weighting 34kg. One of the remaining recipients died with hydrallantois at day 229 and the other aborted at day 252. The pregnancies of adult cells reconstructed embryos are still in course. These results indicated that fetal and adult fibroblasts could be used as nuclei donor, with similar rates of in vitro and in vivo developments.
14

Uso de fibroblastos em processo de morte celular programada como doadores de núcleos na técnica de transferência nuclear em bovinos / Fibroblasts in programmed cell death as nuclear donors for nuclear transfer in bovines

Miranda, Moysés dos Santos 19 March 2009 (has links)
Diversos tipos celulares nas mais variadas condições têm sido usados como doadores de núcleo para a TN. Ainda não está claro se o estado fisiológico destas células afeta o posterior desenvolvimento dos embriões. Neste trabalho, testou-se a hipóese que fibroblastos bovinos em processo de MCP podem ser reprogramados na transferência nuclear. Fibroblastos foram cultivados até atingirem 60% de confluência, sincronizados por restrição de soro durante 24h e em seguida a MCP foi analisada por citometria de fluxo com a ténica da Anexina V/Iodeto de propídeo. Células Anexina positivas (MCP) e Anexinanegativas (Vivas) foram separadas por citometria de fluxo e utilizadas para a TNS. Céulas não coradas e não separadas no citômetro serviram como controle (Controle). Os embriões reconstruídos foram avaliados quanto à fusão, clivagem (2º dia de cultivo), blastocisto (7º dia) e prenhez (D30, D60 e nascimento). O índice de MCP dos blastocistos obtidos foi determinado. Os resultados foram analisados pela ANOVA ou teste de X2 com nível de significância de 5%. Não houve efeito nas taxas de fusão (p>0,05). Embriões reconstruídos com células MCP tiveram menor taxa de clivagem e formação de blastocistos (72,7% e 18,8%, respectivamente) em comparação ao grupo reconstruído com células Vivas (83,4% e 34,7%, respectivamente; p<0,05), não diferindo dos embriões Controle (77,3% e 27,3%, respectivamente; p>0,05). O índice de MCP do grupo de embriões MCP foi similar aos índices dos embriões clonados a partir de células Vivas e Controle (p>0,05). Após a transferência para receptoras, os grupos MCP, Vivas e Controle não diferiram com relação à taxa de prenhez aos 30d (18,1%, 13,3% e 27,5%, respectivamente; p>0,05). Entretanto aos 60d, a perda gestacional no grupo MCP (25%) foi inferior a do grupo Vivas (100%) e Controle (62,5%). Somente um nascimento, do grupo MCP (4,5% dos embriões transferidos), foi obtido no experimento. Conclui-se que células em processo de MCP, podem ser reprogramadas quando utilizadas como doadoras de núcleo na técnica de transferência nuclear, podendo estabelecer gestações e nascimentos, entretanto houve um efeito prejudicial nas taxas de desenvolvimento embrionário até o estádio de blastocisto assim como houve aumento do índice de MCP nos embriões reconstruídos. / It is not clear if the physiological status of the cells can affect further embryonic development in NT. We hypothesized that adult bovine fibroblasts in PCD can be reprogrammed when used as nuclear donors for cloning. Fibroblasts were cultivated until 60% confluency, synchronized by serum starvation for 24 h and stained with Annexin V and Propidium iodide (PI) by flow citometry. Annexin positive cells (PCD cells) and Annexin negative cells (Live cells) were sorted and used for NT. Unsorted, unstained cells were used as control (Control cells). After reconstruction, fusion, cleavage (day 2 of culture), blastocyst (day 7) and pregnancy rates (day 30, 60 and birth) were recorded. Apoptotic index of the embryos was determined by TUNEL. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Chi-square test with 5% of significance level. There was no effect on fusion rates (p>0.05). Embryos reconstructed with PCD cells had lower cleavage and blastocyst rates (72.7 and 18.8%, respectively) compared with embryos reconstructed with Live cells (83.4 and 34.7%, respectively; p<0.05). Apoptotic index in embryos produced from cells in PCD was similar compared to embryos produced from Live and Control cells (p>0.05). Pregnancy rates were similar between cloned groups on day 30 after embryo transfer (p>0.05). However it was observed a reduced pregnancy loss in PCD group on day 60 (25%) compared with Control (62.5%) and Live (100%) groups. Only one calf, from PCD cells (4.5% of the transferred embryos), has been obtained in this experiment. In conclusion, it was showed that cells in PCD process can be reprogrammed when used as nuclear donors after NT producing even live animals. However, a negative effect on embryonic development and an increase in the apoptotic index of these embryos was observed.
15

Apoptose em placenta proveniente de bovinos clonados / Apoptosis in bovine cloned placenta

Braga, Felipe Camargo 20 December 2006 (has links)
A produção comercial de bovinos produzidos por transferência nuclear de célula somática permitiu o desenvolvimento de novo modelo no estudo da placenta. A necessidade da cesariana para o nascimento do bezerro favorece a coleta das membranas fetais. Alterações como número total de placentônios, tamanho, formato, árvores vilosas, cordão umbilical, assim como alterações no recém nascido já foram mostradas anteriormente. Gestações produzidas por transferência de núcleo freqüentemente apresentam retenção de placenta. Durante a palpação retal após dois dias da cesariana notou-se placentônios sem diminuição no tamanho e sem alteração na consistência. A observação da ausência de regressão levaram à formulação da hipótese de placentônios provenientes de gestações produzidas por transferência de núcleo apresentam menor freqüência de apoptose quando comparados com placentônios provenientes de gestações produzidas por monta natural. Para testar essa hipótese 15 placentônios provenientes de clones e 3 placentônios provenientes de monta natural foram coletados e congelados em nitrogênio líquido. A extração de RNA foi realizada mediante protocolo Trizol (Invitrogen, Brasil) e a reação de trascriptase reversa feita com Kit Impron II (Promega, Brasil), usando 1&micro;g de RNA total. A quantificação relativa foi desenvolvida no &quot;7500 Real Time PCR System&quot; (Applied Biosystems, EUA), em reação de 25&micro;L contendo 1X &quot;Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix&quot; (Applied Biosystems, EUA), 1&micro;g de cDNA e 0,6&micro;M de cada primer (BAX, BCL2, e GAPDH). Para a quantificação dos genes ITM2B e PI3K, também se utilizou o gene GAPDH como gene endógeno e reação contendo 1x &quot;Taqman Universal Master Mix&quot; (Applied Biosystems, EUA), 40ng de cDNA, 0,72&micro;M de cada primers (ITM2B, PI3K e GAPDH) e 0,2&micro;M de cada sonda. O programa &quot;LinRegPCR&quot; (RAMAKERS et al., 2003) foi usado para o cálculo da eficiência individual de cada reação e para o cálculo estatístico usou-se o programa &quot;REST2005&quot; (PFAFFL et al., 2002). Os resultados mostraram que o gene BAX possui redução da expressão relativa no grupo transferência de núcleo (P=0,04), enquanto os genes BCL2, ITM2B e PI3K foram iguais entre grupo transferência de núcleo e monta natural. A relação BAX/BCL2 foi maior que 1 em 12 dos indivíduos analisados 12/15 (80%). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada quando comparadas variáveis como sexo, sobrevivência e peso ao nascimento para todos os genes estudados. A redução da expressão do BAX no grupo transferência de núcleo sugere que a apoptose é menor neste grupo e a relação BAX/BCL2 indica que a redução na taxa de morte celular programada pode ser responsável pela redução na taxa de regressão dos placentônios. / The study of placenta from somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancy originated a new model of study after the commercial production of bovine nuclear transfer clones, this technique requires caesarean section, that allows collection of fetal membranes. Alterations as differences in the placentomes total number, size, villous trees, umbilical cord and new born alterations were already described in NT placenta. These nuclear transfer gestations frequently have placental retention and during rectal palpation two days after caesarean section, we observed placentomes with normal characteristics as before section, suggesting an absence of recending. This information about the receding absence lead us to hypothesize that placentomes produced from nuclear transfer pregnancies show lower frequency of apoptosis thus produced from natural. For testing this hypothesis we collected 15 fragments of placentomes from nuclear transfer fetus and 3 of natural mating. The RNA extraction was performed with Trizol (Invitrogen, Brazil) protocol and the reverse transcriptase by Impon II (Promega, Brazil), using 1µg of total RNA. We performed the real time relative quantification technique in the &quot;7500 SDS System&quot; (Applied Biosystems, USA) to investigate the mRNA expression of BAX, BCL2 as apoptosis genes and GAPDH as endogenous gene, with concentrations of 1X Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, USA), 1&micro;g of cDNA and 0.6&micro;M of each primer (BAX, BCL2, and GAPDH) in 25&micro;L of total reaction. The ITM2b and PI3K as apoptosis genes and GAPDH as endogenous gene with concentrations of 1x Taqman Universal Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, USA), 40ng of cDNA, 0.72&micro;M of primers (ITM2B, PI3K and GAPDH) and 0.2&micro;M of each probe. The &quot;LinRegPCR&quot; software (RAMAKERS et al., 2003) was used for individual efficiency calculation and the &quot;REST2005&quot; (PFAFFL et all, 2002) software for statistical analysis, using the standard efficiency. The results show that BAX gene is down regulated in the nuclear transfer group (P=0.04), while the BCL2, ITM2B and PI3K are equal in nuclear transfer and natural mating groups. The relation BAX/BCL2 was greater than 1 in 12 nuclear transfer samples 12/15 (80%). No significant difference was found when evaluated variables such as survival, calv sex, birth weight for all studied genes. The lower expression of BAX gene in nuclear transfer groups suggests that apoptosis is lower in this group and the relation BAX/BCL2 is indicative that a lower rate of apoptosis may be responsible for the lower rate of placentome receding.
16

"Clonagem em bovinos: uso de fibroblastos fetal e adulto como fonte doadora de núcleo" / Bovine cloning: fetal and adult fibroblasts as nuclei donor source.

Marco Roberto Bourg de Mello 18 December 2003 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade in vitro e in vivo de embriões bovinos reconstruídos com oócitos enucleados em Metáfase II e núcleos de células somáticas (fibroblastos) fetais e adultas. Para tanto, oócitos de ovários colhidos em matadouro foram maturados in vitro por 17 horas e enucleados pela remoção do primeiro corpúsculo polar (CP) e da região do oolema contendo a placa metafásica. Como núcleo doador, foram utilizados fibroblastos de orelha de vaca da raça Nelore e de feto colhido em abatedouro. Para a reconstrução dos embriões, cada célula doadora de núcleo, após indução à G0, foi inserida sob a zona pelúcida de cada oócito enucleado e o complexo citoplasma receptor - núcleo doador (CCN) fundido e ativado por eletrofusão (2 pulsos de 4 KV/cm durante 20µs). Após ativação elétrica, cada CCN foi incubado em solução de ciclohexemide (10µg/ml) e citocalasina D (2,5µg/ml) por 1 hora e, em seguida, em solução de ciclohexemide (10µg/ml) por mais 4 horas. Os embriões reconstruídos e ativados, assim como os fecundados in vitro (controle), foram co-cultivados em monocamada de células da granulosa e TCM 199 acrescido de 10% de SFB por 7-9 dias. Após o co-cultivo por 7-9 dias, parte dos embriões (controle e reconstruídos) foi fixada e corada para determinação do número de células e parte transferida para receptoras. Um total de 668 embriões foram reconstruídos com célula fetal e 569 com fibroblasto adulto. Após eletrofusão, 212 embriões reconstruídos com célula fetal e 181 com célula adulta fundiram e 32 (15,1%) e 30 (16,6%) atingiram o estádio de blastocisto, respectivamente. O número médio de células dos blastocistos foi 129,3, 101,3 e 114,3, respectivamente, para célula fetal, adulta e embriões FIV (controle), não havendo diferença estatística significante entre os grupos (P<0,05). Após a transferência de 18 blastocistos de célula fetal e 21 de célula adulta, as taxas de prenhez aos 90 dias foram 16,7% (3) e 19% (4), respectivamente, não havendo diferença estatística significante entre os grupos (P<0,05). A primeira prenhez com célula fetal deu origem a um bezerro saudável, aos 290 dias, pesando 34kg. Uma das receptoras morreu aos 229 dias de gestação em conseqüência de hidroalantóide e outra abortou aos 252 dias. As prenhezes de embriões reconstruídos com célula adulta ainda estão em andamento. Estes resultados indicam que fibroblastos fetal e adulto podem ser usados como doadores de núcleo com semelhantes taxas de desenvolvimento in vitro e in vivo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo viability of bovine nuclear transferred embryos from metaphase II oocytes and fetal and adult fibroblasts. Oocytes from ovaries collected at slaughterhouse were matured in vitro for 17 hours and enucleated after aspiration of first polar body (PB) and small volume of cytoplasm containing metaphase plate. Fibroblasts from Nelore cow and foetus collected at slaughterhouse were used as nuclei donor. In Nuclear Transfer, each nuclei donor cell, after serum starvation, was inserted under the zona pellucida of the each enucleated oocyte and the enucleated oocyte- nuclei donor cell complexes were electrofused and activated (2 pulses of 4KV/cm for 20µs). After electrical activation, the couplets were incubated in TCM199 plus 10% FCS supplemented with cycloheximide (10µg/ml) and cytochalasin D (2.5µgml) for 1 hour and cycloheximide alone for further 4 hours. The activated reconstructed embryos, as well as IVF embryos (control group), were co-cultured with granulosa cells in TCM 199 + 10% FCS for 7–9 days. After co-cultured, part of embryos (control and reconstructed) was fixed and the number of cells counted and part was transferred into recipients. A total of 668 couplets were reconstructed from fetal and 569 from adult fibroblasts. After electrofusion, 212 (fetal cells) and 181 (adult cells) embryos got fused and 32 (15.1%) and 30 (16.6%) reached blastocyst stage, respectively. The blastocyst cell number means were 129.3, 101.3 and 114.3, respectively, for fetal, adult and IVF (control) embryos. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the number of cells of blastocysts among the groups. After transferring 18 (fetal cells) and 21 (adult cells) blastocysts, pregnancy rates at day 90 were 16.7% (3) and 19% (4), respectively. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between pregnancy rates. The first pregnancy from fetal cells delivered a healthy male calf at day 290, weighting 34kg. One of the remaining recipients died with hydrallantois at day 229 and the other aborted at day 252. The pregnancies of adult cells reconstructed embryos are still in course. These results indicated that fetal and adult fibroblasts could be used as nuclei donor, with similar rates of in vitro and in vivo developments.
17

Reprogramming DNA Methylation in Bovine Cells by Knocking Down DNA Methyltransferase-1 with RNA Interference

Stroud, Todd 20 January 2010 (has links)
Embryos derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) produce few pregnancies that result in a live, healthy offspring. This has largely been attributed to the aberrant reprogramming of the somatic cell DNA used for cloning. In order to improve the efficiency of cloning there is a great deal of research needed to determine the role of proteins involved in early embryonic reprogramming. In addition, studies are needed to determine effects on somatic and embryonic cell development as a result of altering these proteins. In this study we investigate the use of RNA interference in bovine somatic cells and embryos to knock down the expression of DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1), an enzyme responsible for maintenance methylation in mammalian cells. We designed our experiments to test whether or not knocking down the DNMT1 gene would lead to a decrease in global methylation. It is our hypothesis that using somatic cells with reduced methylation may be advantageous for increasing the efficiency of cloning via somatic cell nuclear transfer. To accomplish this task, we have designed an infectious non-replicating lentiviral vector capable of delivering a gene that produces a short hairpin RNA targeting the mRNA of DNMT1. The construct included a sequence coding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) that will allow us to identify cells expressing the hairpin as well as a region coding for neomycin resistance so we could select for a pure population of transgenic cells to use for analysis. Infecting bovine fetal fibroblast cells with genes encoding shRNAs that target DNMT1 was successful. Quantitative real time PCR analysis of DNMT1 mRNA suggests that our shRNAs are capable of an 80% knockdown. The protein blot of indicates up to 90% knockdown of DNMT1. Cells transduced twice with a high titer virus showed the highest knockdown of both DNMT1 mRNA and the protein. Analysis of immunolabeled cytosine methylaiton showed a global decrease in DNA methylation as a result of the DNMT1 knockdown. However, double transduced cells with a high knockdown percentage of DNMT1 mRNA and protein became hypermethylated. The second experiment was conducted to determine the effect of injecting small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting DNMT1 into oocytes prior to parthenogenic activation. This experiment was designed to give us information on the survivability and epigenetic profile of early embryos with decreased DNMT1. Oocytes injected with siRNA targeting DNMT1 had little development past the 8-cell stage as compared to the sham injected oocytes. This treatment group also had decreased DNA methylation as determined by immunolabeling of methylated cytosine residues.
18

Uso de fibroblastos em processo de morte celular programada como doadores de núcleos na técnica de transferência nuclear em bovinos / Fibroblasts in programmed cell death as nuclear donors for nuclear transfer in bovines

Moysés dos Santos Miranda 19 March 2009 (has links)
Diversos tipos celulares nas mais variadas condições têm sido usados como doadores de núcleo para a TN. Ainda não está claro se o estado fisiológico destas células afeta o posterior desenvolvimento dos embriões. Neste trabalho, testou-se a hipóese que fibroblastos bovinos em processo de MCP podem ser reprogramados na transferência nuclear. Fibroblastos foram cultivados até atingirem 60% de confluência, sincronizados por restrição de soro durante 24h e em seguida a MCP foi analisada por citometria de fluxo com a ténica da Anexina V/Iodeto de propídeo. Células Anexina positivas (MCP) e Anexinanegativas (Vivas) foram separadas por citometria de fluxo e utilizadas para a TNS. Céulas não coradas e não separadas no citômetro serviram como controle (Controle). Os embriões reconstruídos foram avaliados quanto à fusão, clivagem (2º dia de cultivo), blastocisto (7º dia) e prenhez (D30, D60 e nascimento). O índice de MCP dos blastocistos obtidos foi determinado. Os resultados foram analisados pela ANOVA ou teste de X2 com nível de significância de 5%. Não houve efeito nas taxas de fusão (p>0,05). Embriões reconstruídos com células MCP tiveram menor taxa de clivagem e formação de blastocistos (72,7% e 18,8%, respectivamente) em comparação ao grupo reconstruído com células Vivas (83,4% e 34,7%, respectivamente; p<0,05), não diferindo dos embriões Controle (77,3% e 27,3%, respectivamente; p>0,05). O índice de MCP do grupo de embriões MCP foi similar aos índices dos embriões clonados a partir de células Vivas e Controle (p>0,05). Após a transferência para receptoras, os grupos MCP, Vivas e Controle não diferiram com relação à taxa de prenhez aos 30d (18,1%, 13,3% e 27,5%, respectivamente; p>0,05). Entretanto aos 60d, a perda gestacional no grupo MCP (25%) foi inferior a do grupo Vivas (100%) e Controle (62,5%). Somente um nascimento, do grupo MCP (4,5% dos embriões transferidos), foi obtido no experimento. Conclui-se que células em processo de MCP, podem ser reprogramadas quando utilizadas como doadoras de núcleo na técnica de transferência nuclear, podendo estabelecer gestações e nascimentos, entretanto houve um efeito prejudicial nas taxas de desenvolvimento embrionário até o estádio de blastocisto assim como houve aumento do índice de MCP nos embriões reconstruídos. / It is not clear if the physiological status of the cells can affect further embryonic development in NT. We hypothesized that adult bovine fibroblasts in PCD can be reprogrammed when used as nuclear donors for cloning. Fibroblasts were cultivated until 60% confluency, synchronized by serum starvation for 24 h and stained with Annexin V and Propidium iodide (PI) by flow citometry. Annexin positive cells (PCD cells) and Annexin negative cells (Live cells) were sorted and used for NT. Unsorted, unstained cells were used as control (Control cells). After reconstruction, fusion, cleavage (day 2 of culture), blastocyst (day 7) and pregnancy rates (day 30, 60 and birth) were recorded. Apoptotic index of the embryos was determined by TUNEL. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Chi-square test with 5% of significance level. There was no effect on fusion rates (p>0.05). Embryos reconstructed with PCD cells had lower cleavage and blastocyst rates (72.7 and 18.8%, respectively) compared with embryos reconstructed with Live cells (83.4 and 34.7%, respectively; p<0.05). Apoptotic index in embryos produced from cells in PCD was similar compared to embryos produced from Live and Control cells (p>0.05). Pregnancy rates were similar between cloned groups on day 30 after embryo transfer (p>0.05). However it was observed a reduced pregnancy loss in PCD group on day 60 (25%) compared with Control (62.5%) and Live (100%) groups. Only one calf, from PCD cells (4.5% of the transferred embryos), has been obtained in this experiment. In conclusion, it was showed that cells in PCD process can be reprogrammed when used as nuclear donors after NT producing even live animals. However, a negative effect on embryonic development and an increase in the apoptotic index of these embryos was observed.
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Apoptose em placenta proveniente de bovinos clonados / Apoptosis in bovine cloned placenta

Felipe Camargo Braga 20 December 2006 (has links)
A produção comercial de bovinos produzidos por transferência nuclear de célula somática permitiu o desenvolvimento de novo modelo no estudo da placenta. A necessidade da cesariana para o nascimento do bezerro favorece a coleta das membranas fetais. Alterações como número total de placentônios, tamanho, formato, árvores vilosas, cordão umbilical, assim como alterações no recém nascido já foram mostradas anteriormente. Gestações produzidas por transferência de núcleo freqüentemente apresentam retenção de placenta. Durante a palpação retal após dois dias da cesariana notou-se placentônios sem diminuição no tamanho e sem alteração na consistência. A observação da ausência de regressão levaram à formulação da hipótese de placentônios provenientes de gestações produzidas por transferência de núcleo apresentam menor freqüência de apoptose quando comparados com placentônios provenientes de gestações produzidas por monta natural. Para testar essa hipótese 15 placentônios provenientes de clones e 3 placentônios provenientes de monta natural foram coletados e congelados em nitrogênio líquido. A extração de RNA foi realizada mediante protocolo Trizol (Invitrogen, Brasil) e a reação de trascriptase reversa feita com Kit Impron II (Promega, Brasil), usando 1&micro;g de RNA total. A quantificação relativa foi desenvolvida no &quot;7500 Real Time PCR System&quot; (Applied Biosystems, EUA), em reação de 25&micro;L contendo 1X &quot;Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix&quot; (Applied Biosystems, EUA), 1&micro;g de cDNA e 0,6&micro;M de cada primer (BAX, BCL2, e GAPDH). Para a quantificação dos genes ITM2B e PI3K, também se utilizou o gene GAPDH como gene endógeno e reação contendo 1x &quot;Taqman Universal Master Mix&quot; (Applied Biosystems, EUA), 40ng de cDNA, 0,72&micro;M de cada primers (ITM2B, PI3K e GAPDH) e 0,2&micro;M de cada sonda. O programa &quot;LinRegPCR&quot; (RAMAKERS et al., 2003) foi usado para o cálculo da eficiência individual de cada reação e para o cálculo estatístico usou-se o programa &quot;REST2005&quot; (PFAFFL et al., 2002). Os resultados mostraram que o gene BAX possui redução da expressão relativa no grupo transferência de núcleo (P=0,04), enquanto os genes BCL2, ITM2B e PI3K foram iguais entre grupo transferência de núcleo e monta natural. A relação BAX/BCL2 foi maior que 1 em 12 dos indivíduos analisados 12/15 (80%). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada quando comparadas variáveis como sexo, sobrevivência e peso ao nascimento para todos os genes estudados. A redução da expressão do BAX no grupo transferência de núcleo sugere que a apoptose é menor neste grupo e a relação BAX/BCL2 indica que a redução na taxa de morte celular programada pode ser responsável pela redução na taxa de regressão dos placentônios. / The study of placenta from somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancy originated a new model of study after the commercial production of bovine nuclear transfer clones, this technique requires caesarean section, that allows collection of fetal membranes. Alterations as differences in the placentomes total number, size, villous trees, umbilical cord and new born alterations were already described in NT placenta. These nuclear transfer gestations frequently have placental retention and during rectal palpation two days after caesarean section, we observed placentomes with normal characteristics as before section, suggesting an absence of recending. This information about the receding absence lead us to hypothesize that placentomes produced from nuclear transfer pregnancies show lower frequency of apoptosis thus produced from natural. For testing this hypothesis we collected 15 fragments of placentomes from nuclear transfer fetus and 3 of natural mating. The RNA extraction was performed with Trizol (Invitrogen, Brazil) protocol and the reverse transcriptase by Impon II (Promega, Brazil), using 1µg of total RNA. We performed the real time relative quantification technique in the &quot;7500 SDS System&quot; (Applied Biosystems, USA) to investigate the mRNA expression of BAX, BCL2 as apoptosis genes and GAPDH as endogenous gene, with concentrations of 1X Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, USA), 1&micro;g of cDNA and 0.6&micro;M of each primer (BAX, BCL2, and GAPDH) in 25&micro;L of total reaction. The ITM2b and PI3K as apoptosis genes and GAPDH as endogenous gene with concentrations of 1x Taqman Universal Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, USA), 40ng of cDNA, 0.72&micro;M of primers (ITM2B, PI3K and GAPDH) and 0.2&micro;M of each probe. The &quot;LinRegPCR&quot; software (RAMAKERS et al., 2003) was used for individual efficiency calculation and the &quot;REST2005&quot; (PFAFFL et all, 2002) software for statistical analysis, using the standard efficiency. The results show that BAX gene is down regulated in the nuclear transfer group (P=0.04), while the BCL2, ITM2B and PI3K are equal in nuclear transfer and natural mating groups. The relation BAX/BCL2 was greater than 1 in 12 nuclear transfer samples 12/15 (80%). No significant difference was found when evaluated variables such as survival, calv sex, birth weight for all studied genes. The lower expression of BAX gene in nuclear transfer groups suggests that apoptosis is lower in this group and the relation BAX/BCL2 is indicative that a lower rate of apoptosis may be responsible for the lower rate of placentome receding.
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Regulation and Expression of Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 in the Bovine Blastocyst following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Hall, Justin Scott 01 May 2013 (has links)
A live birth from a somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo represents a small percentage of donor cells that survived the reprogramming gauntlet. The inability to reprogram histone modifications in the donor cell line could add to the reprogramming deficiencies associated with SCNT. The effects of two histone modifications associated with transcriptional activation (H3K4m3 and H4K16ac) and two histone modifications associated with repressing transcription (H3K9m2 and H3K27me3) were evaluated in the context of their association to three genes known to contribute to maintaining totipotency: Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2. A µChIP assay was utilized using antibodies specific for each histone modification followed by real time PCR (qPCR) analysis to quantify the percentage of each gene associated with each particular histone modification. Gene expression analysis was followed by immunofluorescence and protein analysis. Results of these analyses suggest that gene association to certain histone modifications did not accurately predict gene expression in bovine blastocyst embryos. Of the three genes studied, only Oct4 expression differed significantly between in vitro fertilized (IVF; control) and SCNT blastocysts. Protein levels detected through immunofluorescence correlated directly with the gene expression analysis. Nanog and Sox2 expression profiles of IVF and SCNT bovine blastocysts are similar, yet the histone modification profiles associated with all three genes differ significantly. Altered expression levels in developmentally important genes will likely result in abnormal activity of the associated cellular pathway. Aberrant histone modifications, along with abnormal Oct4 expression, may contribute to the low percentage of SCNT embryos that result in live offspring.

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