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Atividade de complexos metálicos sobre biomoléculasFischer, Franciele Luane 16 July 2013 (has links)
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Florianópolis, 2010 / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-16T03:59:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
278499.pdf: 3989998 bytes, checksum: 3195e5605172a4c94adc9a9065aa308b (MD5) / Nucleases e proteases são enzimas da classe das hidrolases. As primeiras são capazes de clivar ligações fosfodiéster na molécula de DNA. As proteases, por sua vez, atuam na hidrólise de ligações peptídicas nas proteínas. Em função disso, essas enzimas têm inúmeras aplicações, principalmente, em processos bioquímicos e biotecnológicos. Nesse sentido, nas últimas décadas têm sido desenvolvidos diversos modelos de nucleases artificiais e, mais recentemente, de proteases artificiais. Estes são basicamente complexos mono, di ou multi metálicos que incluem metais como Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, lantanídeos, entre outros. Muitos destes complexos ajudaram a entender não somente os mecanismos envolvidos em reações catalisadas por enzimas, mas também, demonstraram possuir propriedades como agentes antitumorais, antimicrobianos, além de auxiliarem no seqüenciamento e elucidação de estruturas de proteínas.
Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a atividade de novos complexos metálicos na clivagem de DNA plasmidial e de uma proteína, a albumina sérica bovina (BSA). Para tanto, os complexos metálicos testados foram os seguintes: os complexos dinucleares de cobre II - [Cu2(HL1)(OAc)](ClO4)2.(CH3)2CHOH (1), sintetizado a partir do ligante não simétrico, binucleante H2L1 (N,N',N'-[tris-(2-piridilmetil)]-N-[(2-hidróxi-3,5-di-terc-butilbenzil)]-1,3-propano diamina -2-ol) e [Cu2(HL2)(OAc)](ClO4).H2O.(CH3)2CHOH (2), sintetizado a partir do ligante não simétrico, binucleante H3L2 (N,N-[bis-(2-piridilmetil)]-N',N'-[(2-hidróxibenzil)(2-hidróxi-3,5-di-tercbutilbenzil)] 1,3 propano diamina-2-ol) - e o complexo trinuclear de gadolínio III - Gd3(L3)2(NO3)2(H2O)4]NO3.8H2O (3), sintetizado a partir do ligante H3L3 (2- [N-bis-(2-piridilmetil)aminometil]-4-metil-6-[N'-bis(2-hidroxi-2-oxoetil)aminometil]fenol).
Para avaliar a clivagem foram realizados testes em diferentes pHs, tempos de incubação e concentração dos complexos. O mecanismo de ação foi determinado através de experimentos em atmosfera de argônio, testes na presença de inibidores de espécies reativas de oxigênio, de ligantes dos sulcos menor e maior do DNA e do agente quelante de Cu I (batocuproína). A interação foi observada através de titulações espectrofotométricas, espectros de dicroísmo circular e do efeito da força iônica na clivagem.
Os resultados obtidos mostram que todos os complexos são capazes de clivar o DNA plasmidial em baixas concentrações (µM) e pHs próximos ao fisiológico, com uma aceleração na casa de 106-107 vezes em relação à hidrólise espontânea do DNA. O mesmo foi observado para os complexos dinucleares de cobre na degradação de BSA. Ainda, a utilização de diferentes substratos (DNA ou BSA) provocou mudanças significativas no mecanismo de clivagem dos complexos 1 e 2. Assim, quando o substrato é o DNA plasmidial, 1 atua através de um mecanismo oxidativo e 2 age por meio de um mecanismo misto (hidrolítico e oxidativo); nessas circunstâncias, 2 possui maior atividade e afinidade pelo DNA. Por outro lado, com a utilização da proteína como substrato, ambos os complexos procedem através de um mecanismo hidrolítico; nessas condições, 1 é o complexo mais efetivo e de maior interação com a proteína. Com relação ao complexo 3, o mecanismo de clivagem de DNA plasmidial é hidrolítico, como observado para grande parte dos complexos de lantanídeos descritos na literatura. Em suma, todos os complexos podem ser considerados bastante efetivos na mimetização da função de uma nuclease ou de uma protease (apenas para 1 e 2), quando comparados a outros complexos reportados na literatura.
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Clivagem de DNA pelo complexo Cu2 BMXDCouto, Manuel Sebastián Rebollo January 2004 (has links)
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológiocas. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T14:39:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Drogas ou moléculas que interagem com DNA e RNA, especialmente aquelas capazes de clivar ácidos nucléicos, têm sido alvo de grande interesse por servir como ferramentas em biologia molecular, bioquímica e terapêutica. Nucleases químicas são compostos sintéticos que mimetizam a ação de nucleases enzimáticas naturais e podem ser utilizadas como uma alternativa em processos bioquímicos e biotecnológicos com algumas vantagens, tais como menor tamanho, o que lhes permite ação em regiões de macromoléculas inacessíveis a enzimas, e pelo fato de que sua especificidade e eficiência podem ser moduladas. O ligante macrocíclico poliaza 3,6,9,17,10,23-hexaazatriciclo[23.3.1.111,15]triaconta-1(29),11-(30),12.14,2S(26),27-hexaeno (BMXD) foi produzido pela primeira vez em 1990. Consiste de um macrociclo formado por duas porções dietilenotriamina separadas por duas pontes fenol, capaz de coordenar um ou dois centros Cu(II) pelas porções dietilenotriamina. Foi demonstrado previamente que o ligante BMXD apresenta afinidade por ATP e é capaz de promover sua conversão em ADP e ortofosfato através de uma reação oxidativa. Coordenando um ou dois centros de zinco, o ligante BMXD é capaz de se ligar a maleato, pirofosfato e melanina e é capaz de promover a clivagem hidrolítica de BNP. É demonstrado, no presente trabalho, que o complexo Cu2BMXD é capaz de promover a clivagem oxidativa de DNA, convertendo DNA plasmidial superenovelado em DNA plasmidial circular aberto com uma velocidade de 4,67 x 10-2h-1 a 50°C em pH 7,0.
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Estudo da produção e aplicação da enzima extracelular nuclease p1 do fungo Penicillium citrinum Thom 1131 ATCC 14994 / Study of the production and application of extracelular enzyme nuclease p1 from Penicillium citrinum Thom 1131 ATCC 14994Florêncio, Moisés, 1982- 25 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Hélia Harumi Sato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T13:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Florencio_Moises_M.pdf: 812754 bytes, checksum: c44bcd00e211d80d4501ad8f58305353 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014 / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
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Genetic Correction of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy using Engineered NucleasesOusterout, David Gerard January 2014 (has links)
<p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe hereditary disorder caused by a loss of dystrophin, an essential musculoskeletal protein. Decades of promising research have yielded only modest gains in survival and quality of life for these patients and there have been no approved gene therapies for DMD to date. There are two significant hurdles to creating effective gene therapies for DMD; it is difficult to deliver a replacement dystrophin gene due to its large size and current strategies to restore the native dystrophin gene likely require life-long administration of a gene-modifying drug. This thesis presents a novel method to address these challenges through restoring dystrophin expression by genetically correcting the native dystrophin gene using engineered nucleases that target one or more exons in a mutational hotspot in exons 45-55 of the dystrophin gene. Importantly, this hotspot mutational region collectively represents approximately 62% of all DMD mutations. In this work, we utilize various engineered nuclease platforms to create genetic modifications that can correct a variety of DMD patient mutations.</p><p>Initially, we demonstrate that genome editing can efficiently correct the dystrophin reading frame and restore protein expression by introducing micro-frameshifts in exon 51, which is adjacent to a hotspot mutational region in the dystrophin gene. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were engineered to mediate highly efficient gene editing after introducing a single TALEN pair targeted to exon 51 of the dystrophin gene. This led to restoration of dystrophin protein expression in cells from DMD patients, including skeletal myoblasts and dermal fibroblasts that were reprogrammed to the myogenic lineage by MyoD. We show that our engineered TALENs have minimal cytotoxicity and exome sequencing of cells with targeted modifications of the dystrophin locus showed no TALEN-mediated off-target changes to the protein coding regions of the genome, as predicted by in silico target site analysis. </p><p>In an alternative approach, we capitalized on the recent advances in genome editing to generate permanent exclusion of exons by using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) to selectively remove sequences important in specific exon recognition. This strategy has the advantage of creating predictable frame restoration and protein expression, although it relies on simultaneous nuclease activity to generate genomic deletions. ZFNs were designed to remove essential splicing sequences in exon 51 of the dystrophin gene and thereby exclude exon 51 from the resulting dystrophin transcript, a method that can potentially restore the dystrophin reading frame in up to 13% of DMD patients. Nucleases were assembled by extended modular assembly and context-dependent assembly methods and screened for activity in human cells. Selected ZFNs had moderate observable cytotoxicity and one ZFN showed off-target activity at two chromosomal loci. Two active ZFN pairs flanking the exon 51 splice acceptor site were transfected into DMD patient cells and a clonal population was isolated with this region deleted from the genome. Deletion of the genomic sequence containing the splice acceptor resulted in the loss of exon 51 from the dystrophin mRNA transcript and restoration of dystrophin expression in vitro. Furthermore, transplantation of corrected cells into the hind limb of immunodeficient mice resulted in efficient human dystrophin expression localized to the sarcolemma. </p><p>Finally, we exploited the increased versatility, efficiency, and multiplexing capabilities of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to enable a variety of otherwise challenging gene correction strategies for DMD. Single or multiplexed sgRNAs were designed to restore the dystrophin reading frame by targeting the mutational hotspot at exons 45-55 and introducing either intraexonic small insertions and deletions, or large deletions of one or more exons. Significantly, we generated a large deletion of 336 kb across the entire exon 45-55 region that is applicable to correction of approximately 62% of DMD patient mutations. We show that, for selected sgRNAs, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing displays minimal cytotoxicity and limited aberrant mutagenesis at off-target chromosomal loci. Following treatment with Cas9 nuclease and one or more sgRNAs, dystrophin expression was restored in Duchenne patient muscle cells in vitro. Human dystrophin was detected in vivo following transplantation of genetically corrected patient cells into immunodeficient mice. </p><p>In summary, the objective of this work was to develop methods to genetically correct the native dystrophin as a potential therapy for DMD. These studies integrate the rapid advances in gene editing technologies to create targeted frameshifts that restore the dystrophin gene around patient mutations in non-essential coding regions. Collectively, this thesis presents several gene editing methods that can correct patient mutations by modification of specific exons or by deletion of one or more exons that results in restoration of the dystrophin reading frame. Importantly, the gene correction methods described here are compatible with leading cell-based therapies and in vivo gene delivery strategies for DMD, providing an avenue towards a cure for this devastating disease.</p> / Dissertation
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Modulation of restriction enzyme PvuII activity by metal ion cofactorsPrasannan, Charulata Bhaskaran. January 2009 (has links)
Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed March 3, 2010). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-113).
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DNASE2, CR2, TYK2 genes polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosusShek, Ka-wai., 石家偉. January 2007 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine / Master / Master of Research in Medicine
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DNASE2, CR2, TYK2 genes polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus /Shek, Ka-wai. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (M.Res.(Med.))--University of Hong Kong, 2007.
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Síntese de potenciais nucleases artificiais derivadas do alcalóide (+/-)-tripargina e síntese total da lingbiabelina M / Synthesis of potential artificial nucleases derived from the alkaloid (+/-)-trypargine and total synthesis of Lyngbyabellin M.Pirovani, Rodrigo Vezula, 1984- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:56:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Pirovani_RodrigoVezula_D.pdf: 8130990 bytes, checksum: 09b4b459a43a3e2d8f59756e8bcc77bc (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: No capitulo um, apresentamos o planejamento e a síntese de nucleases artificiais baseadas na estrutura da (+/-)-tripargina (19), que poderia intercalar no ADN e apresenta um grupo guanidínico que pode se ligar a grupos fosfatos. Esta foi preparada usando uma estratégia desenvolvida no nosso laboratório em escala multigramas. Dois novos análogos contendo um resíduo guanidínico adicional foram preparados, visto que estes podem aumentar a atividade catalítica desses compostos. O derivado 1,2-bisguanilado 20 foi preparado em 8 etapas com 37% de rendimento global. O análogo 1,9-bisguanilado 21 foi sintetizado com 13% de rendimento para 10 etapas. Também foram preparados três análogos 22-24 contendo uma cadeia hidroxílica lateral em bons rendimentos totais (55, 52 e 31%, respectivamente) a partir do ácido 4-aminoburitírico, bem como três intermediários avançados 70d-72d com duas cadeias guanidínicas e uma cadeia hidroxílica. Estes últimos foram preparados em 12 etapas a partir da triptamina em rendimentos globais variando entre 9-14%. Apesar dos esforços, não encontramos uma condição em que observássemos a atividade catalítica para a (+/-)-tripargina (19) e os derivados bisguanilados 20 e 21, mesmo tendo sido observado que se tenha visto por titulação usando-se RMN-31P uma interação supramolecular entre 19 e o p-nitrofenilfosfato de sódio, com predominância do complexo 1:1 em solução. No capítulo dois, descrevemos a síntese convergente da lingbiabelina M (95) com a finalidade de elucidar sua estrutura tridimensional. Pela estratégia inicial, esta foi dividida em três fragmentos principais: dois deles continham anéis tiazólicos 101 e 106 e foram preparados usando-se uma química clássica para a formação desses heterociclos. A parte policetídica foi sintetizada aplicando-se a metodologia de Masamune para se obter o ácido 107 em 19% de rendimento para 6 etapas. Para finalizar a síntese, os fragmentos 101, 106 e 107 foram acoplados em 49% de rendimento para 6 etapas. Pode-se, assim, confirmar que o produto natural 95 apresenta a esterioquímica (2S, 3S, 14R, 20S) proposta por Gerwick e colaboradores quando de seu isolamento / Abstract: In chapter one, the design and synthesis of artificial nucleases based on the structure of (+/-)-trypargine (19) are introduced. These compounds which contain a guanidine group known to be involved in molecular recognition in biological systems could present the propensity to insert into DNA. Two new analogues containing an additional guanidinic group were prepared, since these may enhance the catalytic activity of these compounds. 1,2-Bisguanylated compound 20 was prepared in 8 steps in 37% overall yield. The analogous 1,9-bisguanylated 21 was synthesized in 13% global yield over 10 steps. Three more analogs 22-24 containing a hydroxylic side chain were prepared in good overall yields (55, 52 and 31%, respectively) from 4-aminoburitiric acid. The synthesis of three advanced intermediates 70d-72d with two guanidinic groups and one hydroxylic chain in 13 steps from tryptamine (31) in overall yields ranging from 9-14% is also disclosed. Despite all efforts, we were not able to find a condition to observe the catalytic activity for (+/-)-trypargine (19) and bisguanylated derivatives 20 and 21, although some supramolecular interaction was observed by 31P-NMR titration between 19 and the p-nitrophenylphosphate sodium salt, predominantly a 1:1 complex in solution. In chapter two, we have described the convergent synthesis of lyngbyabellin M (95) in order to elucidate its stereochemical nature. By retrosynthetic analysis, our target was divided into three main portions: two of them contained thiazole rings 101 and 106, which were prepared using traditional hetericyclic chemistry. The polyketide core was synthesized through the Masamune anti-aldol reaction, giving acid 107 in 19% overall yield over 6 steps. To complete the synthesis, the fragments 101, 106 and 107 were coupled in 49% yield over 6 steps. Thus, we confirmed that the natural product 95 has the stereochemistry (2S, 3S, 14R, 20S) proposed by Gerwick et al, as described in their work of isolation / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências
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A toolkit for analysis of gene editing and off-target effects of engineered nucleasesFine, Eli Jacob 27 May 2016 (has links)
Several tools were developed to help researchers facilitate clinical translation of the use of engineered nucleases towards their disease gene of interest. Two major issues addressed were the inability to accurately predict nuclease off-target sites by user-friendly \textit{in silico} methods and the lack of a high-throughput, sensitive measurement of gene editing activity at endogenous loci. These objectives were accomplished by the completion of the following specific aims. An online search interface to allow exhaustive searching of a genome for potential nuclease off-target sites was implemented. Previously discovered off-target sites were collated and ranking algorithms developed that preferentially score validated off-target sites higher than other predictions. HEK-293T cells transfected with newly developed TALENs and ZFNs targeting the beta-globin gene were analyzed at the off-target sites predicted by the tool. Many samples of genomic DNA from cells treated with different ZFNs and TALENs were analyzed for off-target effects to generate a greatly expanded training set of bona fide off-target sites. Modifications to the off-target prediction algorithm parameters were evaluated for improvement through Precision-Recall analysis and several other metrics. An analysis pipeline was developed to process SMRT reads to simultaneously measure the rates of different DNA repair mechanisms by directly examining the DNA sequences. K562 cells were transfected with different types of nucleases and donor repair templates in order to optimize conditions for repairing the beta-globin gene. This work will have significant impact on future studies as the methods developed herein allow other laboratories to optimize nuclease-based therapies for single gene disorders.
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Développement de nouvelles approches d’édition du génome à l’aide de nucléases artificielles (TALENs et CRISPR/Cas9) / New genome editing approaches development using artificial nucleases (TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9)Charpentier, Marine 19 December 2016 (has links)
L’édition du génome repose sur la création de cassures double brin à un endroit précis du génome à l’aide de nucléases artificielles (ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR/Cas9) et sur les différents systèmes de réparation que la cellule va mettre en place pour réparer ces dommages. Les deux systèmes de réparation principaux sont le NHEJ (Non Homologous End Joining) et la RH (Recombinaison Homologue). Le NHEJ consiste en une ligation directe des extrémités de la coupure pouvant induire de petites insertions ou délétions avant la ligation. Ces mutations, si elles sont introduites dans un exon, vont modifier le cadre de lecture et pouvoir inactiver le gène cible (Knock Out). La RH permet la réparation de la cassure en recopiant les informations présentes sur la chromatide soeur. Si un ADN exogène comportant des homologies avec la séquence à réparer est inséré avec les nucléases artificielles, la cellule peut le prendre comme matrice de réparation, il est ainsi possible d’insérer n’importe quelle mutation ou transgène de manière précise (Knock In). Ici, différentes stratégies ont été développées pour optimiser ces approches d’édition du génome. Le couplage du domaine Nter de la protéine CtIP à la nucléase Cas9 permet d’augmenter le taux d’insertion par homologie d’un transgène au site de coupure. Le couplage de l’exonucléase Trex2 à la nucléase Cas9 nickase permet quant à lui d’augmenter le taux de mutation après coupure. Ces nouvelles approches peuvent être largement utilisées et permettent de faciliter l’édition du génome. / Genome editing relies on the ability of artificial nucleases (TALEN or CRISPR/Cas9 system) to induce double strand break into a precise and unique sequence in a whole genome and on the different DNA repair system. The two major DNA repair systems are NHEJ (Non Homologous End Joining) and HR (Homologous Recombination). NHEJ consists on DNA end direct ligation. This system can lead to deletion or insertion at the cut site. These mutations, when induced in an exon, can induce reading frame change and gene inactivation (Knock out). HR consists on the use of sister chromatid to copy lost information in order to complete the double strand break. If an exogenous DNA with homologies with the targeted DNA is inserted with artificial nucleases, it can be used as a template and can permit to introduce any transgene at the cut site (Knock In). In this work, different strategies were used to optimize genome editing. By fusing Nter part of CtIP to Cas9, the KI rate of an exogenous DNA is increased and by fusing Trex2 exonuclease to Cas9, the mutation rate induced is also increased. These two approaches can be widely used to improve genome editing strategies.
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