Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o efeito gerado pelo uso de diferentes normas sociais descritivas e pelo uso do selo de orgânico em produtos alimentícios sobre as preferências do consumidor por produtos orgânicos durante uma simulação de compras online. Tendo como marco teórico as novas ferramentas da economia comportamental, como nudges e arquitetura da escolha, num contexto de Paternalismo Libertário, a análise contou com a realização de um experimento através de um site de compras no qual os participantes foram expostos a diferentes mensagens normativas descritivas durante o processo de tomada de decisão na compra de alimentos. Participaram do experimento 1.965 estudantes de graduação da UFRGS e as análises dos resultados foram realizadas utilizando regressões por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e o Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para cálculo do Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Para ambas estratégias os resultados mostraram um efeito positivo e significativo no uso das normas descritivas para o consumo de orgânicos e no percentual consumido de produtos orgânicos. No entanto, no caso do uso do selo de produto orgânico esses resultados não foram significativos. A análise sugere que o uso de normas descritivas pode promover o consumo de produtos orgânicos por estudantes e estas podem ser incorporadas na formulação de políticas públicas que visem a incentivar o consumo desse tipo de produto. / This work aims to analyze the effect caused by the use of different descriptive social norms and by the use of the organic label in food products about consumer preferences for organic products during an online shopping simulation. Within the theoretical framework of the new tools of behavioral economics, as nudges and architecture of choice in a context of Paternalism Libertarian. The analysis included the realization of an experiment through a shopping site where participants were exposed to different descriptive normative messages during the decision-making process when buying food. Experiment participants were 1.965 graduate students from UFRGS and the analysis of the results were performed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) for calculation of the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). For both strategies the results showed a positive and significant effect on the use of descriptive social norms for the consumption of organics and for the percentage of organic products consumed. However, in the case of the use of the product’s organic label these results were not significant. The analysis suggests that the use of descriptive social norms can promote the consumption of organic products by students and these can be incorporated into the formulation of public policies to encourage consumption of this type of product.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o efeito gerado pelo uso de diferentes normas sociais descritivas e pelo uso do selo de orgânico em produtos alimentícios sobre as preferências do consumidor por produtos orgânicos durante uma simulação de compras online. Tendo como marco teórico as novas ferramentas da economia comportamental, como nudges e arquitetura da escolha, num contexto de Paternalismo Libertário, a análise contou com a realização de um experimento através de um site de compras no qual os participantes foram expostos a diferentes mensagens normativas descritivas durante o processo de tomada de decisão na compra de alimentos. Participaram do experimento 1.965 estudantes de graduação da UFRGS e as análises dos resultados foram realizadas utilizando regressões por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e o Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para cálculo do Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Para ambas estratégias os resultados mostraram um efeito positivo e significativo no uso das normas descritivas para o consumo de orgânicos e no percentual consumido de produtos orgânicos. No entanto, no caso do uso do selo de produto orgânico esses resultados não foram significativos. A análise sugere que o uso de normas descritivas pode promover o consumo de produtos orgânicos por estudantes e estas podem ser incorporadas na formulação de políticas públicas que visem a incentivar o consumo desse tipo de produto. / This work aims to analyze the effect caused by the use of different descriptive social norms and by the use of the organic label in food products about consumer preferences for organic products during an online shopping simulation. Within the theoretical framework of the new tools of behavioral economics, as nudges and architecture of choice in a context of Paternalism Libertarian. The analysis included the realization of an experiment through a shopping site where participants were exposed to different descriptive normative messages during the decision-making process when buying food. Experiment participants were 1.965 graduate students from UFRGS and the analysis of the results were performed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) for calculation of the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). For both strategies the results showed a positive and significant effect on the use of descriptive social norms for the consumption of organics and for the percentage of organic products consumed. However, in the case of the use of the product’s organic label these results were not significant. The analysis suggests that the use of descriptive social norms can promote the consumption of organic products by students and these can be incorporated into the formulation of public policies to encourage consumption of this type of product.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o efeito gerado pelo uso de diferentes normas sociais descritivas e pelo uso do selo de orgânico em produtos alimentícios sobre as preferências do consumidor por produtos orgânicos durante uma simulação de compras online. Tendo como marco teórico as novas ferramentas da economia comportamental, como nudges e arquitetura da escolha, num contexto de Paternalismo Libertário, a análise contou com a realização de um experimento através de um site de compras no qual os participantes foram expostos a diferentes mensagens normativas descritivas durante o processo de tomada de decisão na compra de alimentos. Participaram do experimento 1.965 estudantes de graduação da UFRGS e as análises dos resultados foram realizadas utilizando regressões por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e o Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para cálculo do Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Para ambas estratégias os resultados mostraram um efeito positivo e significativo no uso das normas descritivas para o consumo de orgânicos e no percentual consumido de produtos orgânicos. No entanto, no caso do uso do selo de produto orgânico esses resultados não foram significativos. A análise sugere que o uso de normas descritivas pode promover o consumo de produtos orgânicos por estudantes e estas podem ser incorporadas na formulação de políticas públicas que visem a incentivar o consumo desse tipo de produto. / This work aims to analyze the effect caused by the use of different descriptive social norms and by the use of the organic label in food products about consumer preferences for organic products during an online shopping simulation. Within the theoretical framework of the new tools of behavioral economics, as nudges and architecture of choice in a context of Paternalism Libertarian. The analysis included the realization of an experiment through a shopping site where participants were exposed to different descriptive normative messages during the decision-making process when buying food. Experiment participants were 1.965 graduate students from UFRGS and the analysis of the results were performed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) for calculation of the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). For both strategies the results showed a positive and significant effect on the use of descriptive social norms for the consumption of organics and for the percentage of organic products consumed. However, in the case of the use of the product’s organic label these results were not significant. The analysis suggests that the use of descriptive social norms can promote the consumption of organic products by students and these can be incorporated into the formulation of public policies to encourage consumption of this type of product.

Ekonomy i psychology po celém světě vždy zajímala otázka procesu lidského rozhodování. Eko- nomové zd·razňují význam teorie úžitku během rozhodování, kdežto psychologové se zaměřují na r·zné vnitřní a vnější stimuly ovlivňující naše rozhodnutí. Oba tyto přístupy m·žeme najít v be- haviorální ekonomií, kde oba koncepty mezi sebou těsně spolupracují. Znalost r·zných ekonomic- kých i psychologických faktor·, které ovlivňují náš výběr m·že být mimo jiné přínosná například ve výzkumu spropitného. Abychom našli r·zné d·vody pro placení spropitného, vytvořili jsme experiment ohledně výše spropitného u českých zákazník·. Procentuální výše spropitného byla zkoumána v závislosti na pohlaví obsluhy, velikosti skupiny, která navštívila restauraci, velikosti účtu na jednu osobu a také byl zkoumán vliv tří na sobě nezávislých intervencí. Tyto intervence byly zaměřeny na altruistické chování, reciprocitu a dobrou náladu zp·sobenou personalizací. Výsledky experimentu jsou překvapující a neshodují se s výsledky z předchozích experiment·. Bylo zjištěno, že intervence spojené s altruismem a reciprocitou mají negativní vliv na výši spro- pitného, avšak intervence spojená s personalizací nemá žádný vliv na spropitné. Ve výsledku se také poukazuje na klíčový vliv země, ve které je experiment proveden. 1

Weight loss programs for women are on the rise, including both face to face and online programs. However, current research is limited on the process measures and content which produce adherence and the largest outcomes. With obesity on the rise in the United States, it is important to understand out health coaches can strengthen their programs to better support the obese population in their weight loss journey. The purpose of this pilot study was to develop and test the acceptability of text message nudges among women participating in an online weight loss program; determine how dose may be associated with weight loss outcomes; and to test how goal setting text messaging nudges improve percent body weight loss among women participating in an online weight loss program. It was found that the implementation of text message nudges did not provide enough to continue to improve and extend the program to be more successful. However, qualitative data was recorded and found to provide helpful insight into what content was preferred by the participants.

The prevalence of obesity is rising in the United States and one factor that contributes to it is the lack of cooking at home and planning out meals. Since text messaging is now a main avenue of communication, it could be used to motivate people to plan out their meals and cook at home instead of consuming fast food. Current research on how weekly nudges might relate to peoples’ goals about meal preparation and dietary intake is very limited. The purpose of this study was to examine if sending weekly nudges, focusing on specific dietary goals, improves meal planning and dietary intake in an online meal planning group. A Facebook group was used to send weekly nudges to the participants throughout six weeks. It was found that meal planning appears to have a significant effect on meal preparation at home and thus may help improve dietary intake. The results found can also be utilized in other aspects of leading to healthier lifestyles and motivation-need situations such as weight loss.

Bakgrunden till denna uppsats är det ökande intresset av olika designtekniker inom webbdesign. Ämnet som studeras växer och är något som de flesta individer i dagens samhälle kommer i kontakt med. Problemet ligger i att det potentiellt sett finns en baksida med att använda sig av denna typ av designelement. Med tanke på att tidigare forskning inte studerat de potentiella negativa konsekvenserna som finns med detta så väljer vi i vår studie att utforska existensen av dessa potentiella negativa påverkan genom att undersöka hur dark patterns påverkar varumärkeslojaliteten. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att förklara hur dark patterns påverkar konsumenternas varumärkeslojalitet. För att besvara vårt framtagna syfte utformas fyra stycken hypoteser som baseras på tidigare forskning, där dark patterns, oetiskt beteende, attityd och varumärkeslojalitet är våra variabler. Med utgångspunkt i en kvantitativ studie i form av en enkätundersökning testas sedan hypoteserna. Datainsamlingen sker i form av en enkätundersökning där informationen sedan analyseras genom en regressionsanalys. I denna analys undersöks sambandet mellan dark patterns och varumärkeslojalitet genom två medierande variabler; oetiskt beteende samt konsument-attityder. Slutsatsen i denna studie är att de hypoteser som presenteras och är framtagna från den tidigare teorin visar sig vara signifikanta. Data och analysen tillstyrker därav våra hypoteser om att dark patterns resulterar i en minskad varumärkeslojalitet.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka nudges utifrån dess design och psykologiskaeffekter för att skapa en förståelse för hur marknadsföringsmetoden nudging som växeralltmer, påverkar användares känslor, tankar och beteenden i valsituationer. Forskningsfrågorna för studien var 1) Vilken roll har design inom nudging? 2) Vilken psykologisk påverkan har nudging på användarna? 3) Vilken psykologisk påverkan har design på användarna? Studien är baserad på en kombination av en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ ansats som  tillämpats på 161 respondenter respektive 4 informanter. Först delades en surveyundersökning ut via sociala medierna Facebook, Instagram och Snapchat. Därefter tillhandahölls semistrukturerade, personliga intervjuer med två beteendedesigners samt två psykologer. Denna studie har utgått från teorierna; NUDGES, Teman för färgord som härledsav LDA-dual model, PAD - Emotionell tillståndsmodell, ABC-modellen av attityder,Platons tre funktioner av själen och Teorin om planerat beteende. Slutsatserna för studien är följande; 1) Design beaktas i dag endast som en del av designprocessen vid skapandet av nudgesnär det borde vara en utav grundpelarna för nudging. 2)Nudging påverkar användare psykologiskt genom att påverka de tre faktorernakänslor, tankar och beteenden. 3) Designs estetiska faktorer som färger, former och typsnitt påverkar användarnapsykologiskt genom känslor, tankar och beteenden. 4) I grund och botten är det inte nudgen som avgör beteendeförändringen när detkommer till att hålla avstånd i samband med Covid-19, utan det är den uppfattadebeteendekontrollen som styr användaren.

Vattenbrist, dvs. låga vattenflöden och låga grundvattennivåer, kan på många vis ge negativa effekter i samhället, exempelvis inom vattenförsörjning, samhällsekonomi och ekosystem. Enligt tidigare forskning kan man bidra till att undvika vattenbrist i många områden genom att hushålla med jordens vattenresurser. Således kan man hjälpa till att lösa problemet med vattenbrist, vilket i sin tur även får positiv effekt på både natur, energi och privatekonomi.Sveriges genomsnittliga vattenförbrukning för hushållen är ca 150 liter per person och dygn. Motsvarande för Danmark är det ca 104 liter per person och dygn. Det innebär att vattenförbrukningen i Danmark är ca 30% lägre än i Sverige och insinuerar att det, i Sverige, också finns potential att minska vattenförbrukningen. En realtidsmätare av vattenförbrukningen skulle kunna vara ett sätt att minska hushållens vattenförbrukning. Möjligheten undersöktes med hjälp av en enkätundersökning och med en fokusgrupp.Resultatet visade att det finns möjlighet att minska vattenförbrukningen, individuellt i hushållen, till 71 liter per person och dygn, vilket ungefär motsvarar hälften av dagens genomsnittliga vattenförbrukning per person och dygn i Sverige. De flesta av studiens deltagare uppvisade en gynnsam och positiv inställning till vattenbesparande och visade intresse för information om vattenkonsumtion och eventuella följdproblem av oansvarig vattenförbrukning. Därmed visade deltagarna en positiv inställning till realtidsmätare av vattenförbrukning. Slutsatsen drogs att installerade realtidsflödesmätare i varje hushåll kan bidra till vattenbesparing och därmed påverka naturen och samhället på ett positivt sätt. / Water shortage, meaning low water flows and low groundwater levels, can in many ways have negative effects in society, for example on the water supply, social economy and ecosystems. According to previous research, water shortages in many areas can be avoided by managing the water resources of the earth. Saving water resources solves the problem of water scarcity in many areas as well as, benefits the nature, energy and the private economy.Sweden's average water consumption in households is about 150 liters per day per person and the equivalent for Denmark is about 104 liters. This means that in Denmark, water consumption per capita is about 30% lower than in Sweden and indicates that we, in Sweden, also can lower water consumption.A real-time meter of water consumption could be a way to reduce the household water consumption. The possibility was investigated by means of a survey and a focus group.The results showed that it is possible to reduce water consumption, individually in households, to 71 liters per day, which means about half of today's average water consumption per person and day in Sweden.Most of the study participants showed a favourable and positive attitude towards water conservation and showed an interest in information on water consumption and possible problem areas related to irresponsible water consumption. Thus, the participants showed a positive perception of real-time water consumption meters.The conclusion is that installed real-time flow meters in each household can contribute to saving water and thus have a positive impact on nature and society.

In the context of climate change and heightened concerns about our energy future, academics and policy makers have taken an interest in the different motivational factors influencing individuals’ energy-use behavior. One area of particular interest is the role of information and other non-financial motivators: When traditional financial incentives are not appropriate or inadequate, are there alternative means we can use to encourage energy conservation? Our research looks at the effect of two different types of information programs used to promote household energy conservation: feedback and social nudges. To do this we conducted a field experiment at a family housing complex where the cost of electricity is included in the rent. Residents were presented with weekly Home Electricity Reports [HERs] with feedback on their electricity use. A portion of the residents additionally received HERs with information about how their electricity consumption compared to their neighbors (a social nudge). We then monitored households’ electricity-use to see if we could detect any changes. Overall we estimated a 1.4 percent reduction in energy-use as a result of the feedback treatment. This figure increased to a 3.9 percent reduction when the sample was restricted to households that received low-user status during the pre-treatment period. Low-users also appeared to react to the social nudge, however, the reaction depended on whether the household had received an HER indicating that it consumed above- or below- average the week before. Time-of-day analysis suggested that the majority of the changes in electricity-use behavior occurred during evening and night hours.