Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas com o escopo de se comprovar a distância do português falado no Brasil e aquele falado em Portugal, as quais têm apontado para o comportamento diferenciado do português brasileiro em relação ao sujeito nulo. Acredita-se que o motivo desse comportamento seja a redução de formas flexionais no paradigma verbal por que este passou, levando-o a expressar foneticamente o pronome. Desse modo, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento do sujeito pronominal de referência definida no português brasileiro, confrontando-o com o italiano, língua prototípica de sujeitos nulos, a fim de confirmar as estruturas que os distanciam, bem como aquelas que ainda permitem o licenciamento do pronome nulo em posição de sujeito. Para tanto, utilizou-se como base teórica e procedimental a Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky, 1981) associada aos princípios teórico-metodológicos da Sociolingüística Variacionista (Weinreich, Labov & Herzog, 1968), visto que essa associação tem se apresentado como uma escolha satisfatória no que diz respeito à coleta e análise de dados. Foram utilizadas, como fonte dos nossos corpora, as sentenças estruturalmente semelhantes das histórias em quadrinhos da personagem Mafalda em português brasileiro e italiano. O alto índice de nulos apresentado pelo italiano confirma a distância entre este e o PB. Por outro lado, a estrutura do Sintagma Complementizador revelou ser um fator significante não só para o PB, mas também para o italiano / Proof of the sundering of Portuguese as spoken in Brazil and Portugal has been the subject of several investigations, which point out that Brazilian Portuguese displays a particular Null Subject behavior. This behavior is presumably due to a reduction of inflected forms in the inflectional paradigm that has led BP to phonetically express pronouns. Accordingly, this paper means to analyze the behavior of subject pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese by comparing it with Italian - the null subject language by excellence in order to confirm those structures which set them apart as well as those which still allow for licensing null pronouns as subjects. To achieve this we have used the Theory of Principles and Parameters (Chomsky, 1981) as a procedural and theoretical basis in association with theoretical-methodological principles from the Variationist Theory (Weinreich, Labov & Herzog, 1968), since this association has been proven satisfactory for collecting and analyzing data. The sources for our corpora were structurally similar sentences in Brazilian Portuguese and Italian found in the fictional character Mafaldas comics. The high rates of Nulls found in the Italian version confirms the distance between it and BP. On the other hand, the syntactic structures of Complementizer Phrases have proven themselves to be significant factors not only for BP but for Italian as well

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas com o escopo de se comprovar a distância do português falado no Brasil e aquele falado em Portugal, as quais têm apontado para o comportamento diferenciado do português brasileiro em relação ao sujeito nulo. Acredita-se que o motivo desse comportamento seja a redução de formas flexionais no paradigma verbal por que este passou, levando-o a expressar foneticamente o pronome. Desse modo, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento do sujeito pronominal de referência definida no português brasileiro, confrontando-o com o italiano, língua prototípica de sujeitos nulos, a fim de confirmar as estruturas que os distanciam, bem como aquelas que ainda permitem o licenciamento do pronome nulo em posição de sujeito. Para tanto, utilizou-se como base teórica e procedimental a Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky, 1981) associada aos princípios teórico-metodológicos da Sociolingüística Variacionista (Weinreich, Labov & Herzog, 1968), visto que essa associação tem se apresentado como uma escolha satisfatória no que diz respeito à coleta e análise de dados. Foram utilizadas, como fonte dos nossos corpora, as sentenças estruturalmente semelhantes das histórias em quadrinhos da personagem Mafalda em português brasileiro e italiano. O alto índice de nulos apresentado pelo italiano confirma a distância entre este e o PB. Por outro lado, a estrutura do Sintagma Complementizador revelou ser um fator significante não só para o PB, mas também para o italiano / Proof of the sundering of Portuguese as spoken in Brazil and Portugal has been the subject of several investigations, which point out that Brazilian Portuguese displays a particular Null Subject behavior. This behavior is presumably due to a reduction of inflected forms in the inflectional paradigm that has led BP to phonetically express pronouns. Accordingly, this paper means to analyze the behavior of subject pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese by comparing it with Italian - the null subject language by excellence in order to confirm those structures which set them apart as well as those which still allow for licensing null pronouns as subjects. To achieve this we have used the Theory of Principles and Parameters (Chomsky, 1981) as a procedural and theoretical basis in association with theoretical-methodological principles from the Variationist Theory (Weinreich, Labov & Herzog, 1968), since this association has been proven satisfactory for collecting and analyzing data. The sources for our corpora were structurally similar sentences in Brazilian Portuguese and Italian found in the fictional character Mafaldas comics. The high rates of Nulls found in the Italian version confirms the distance between it and BP. On the other hand, the syntactic structures of Complementizer Phrases have proven themselves to be significant factors not only for BP but for Italian as well

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Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T18:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_TelmaMoreiraVianna_D.pdf: 741061 bytes, checksum: 2524a4bd921ffc0c55050519b5f1c73b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esta tese insere-se no quadro da Teoria Gerativa, mais especificamente nos modelos de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky, 1981 e seguintes). O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar como se desenvolve o sistema pronominal sujeito e objeto na aquisição do Português Europeu (PE) e do Português Brasileiro (PB). Para tanto, utilizou-se um corpus composto por 4 crianças (2 brasileiras e 2 portuguesas) com idade compreendida entre 1;9.0 e 3;0.0 anos. Apresenta-se uma descrição de como se desenvolve o sistema pronominal sujeito e objeto no período de aquisição dessas duas variedades do português, na tentativa de verificar as diferenças apontadas por várias pesquisas (Tarallo, 1993; Galves, 1986; 1987; 1998; Duarte, 1995), no que concerne ao aspecto sintático do uso de pronomes. Busca-se, também, verificar qual a relação entre o desenvolvimento do sistema pronominal e as opções paramétricas de cada língua.Os resultados dos dados de aquisição deste trabalho trazem evidências suplementares para as análises que propõem que as diferenças observadas entre as duas variedades derivam do fato de o PB ser uma língua orientada para tópico / Abstract: This dissertation assumes the generative framework, notably, the Principles & Parameters model (Chomsky, 1981 and subsequent work). The main concern is on verifying the development of the subject and object pronominal systems in the acquisition of European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP), based on a corpus composed of data from 4 children (2 Brazilian ones and 2 Portuguese ones), age 1;9.0 to 3;0.0. The development of the subject and object pronominal system during the acquisitional period investigated is described for both variants aiming at verifying whether the main differences pointed out by various researchers (Tarallo, 1993; Galves, 1986; 1987; 1998; Duarte, 1995) in so far as syntactic aspects are considered in the use of pronouns are already detectable. The relationship between the development of the pronominal system and the parametric options of both languages are also considered. The results obtained support the view that the differences observed between both variants are derived from the fact that BP is a topic-oriented language / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

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Master of Science / Department of Statistics / Leigh W. Murray / The term retrospective power describes methods for estimating the true power of a test after data have been collected. These methods have been recommended by some authors when null hypothesis of a test cannot be rejected. This report uses simulations to study power as a construct of an observed effect, variance, sample size, and set level of significance under the balanced one-way analysis of variance model for normally distributed populations with constant variance. Retrospective power, as a construct of sample data, is not recommended when the null hypothesis of a test cannot be rejected. When the p-value of the test is large, estimates for true power tend to fall below the 0.80 level and width-minimized confidence limits for true power tend to be wide.

Although introductory courses in special relativity give an introduction to the causal structure of Minkowski space, it is common for causal structure in general space- times to be regarded as an advanced topic, and omitted from introductory courses in general relativity, although the related topic of gravitational lensing is often included. Here a numerical approach to visualizing the light cones in exterior Schwarzschild space taking advantage of the symmetries of Schwarzschild space and the conformal invariance of null geodesics is formulated, and used to make some of these ideas more accessible. By means of the Matlab software developed, a user is able to produce figures showing how light cones develop in Schwarzschild space, starting from an arbitrary point and developing for any length of time. The user can then interact with the figure, changing their point of view, or zooming in or out, to investigate them. This approach is then generalised, using the symbolic manipulation facility of Matlab, to allow the user to specify a metric as well as an initial point and time of development. Finally, the software is demonstrated with a selection of metrics.

A method for measuring the thickness and surface profiles of soft contact lenses while submerged in a saline solution has been implemented utilizing a low coherence Twyman-Green Interferometer. Although the original measurements demonstrated that features on the contact lens surfaces could be accurately determined, it was believed that the layout of the system also induced surface profile distortions. A new opto-mechanical layout has been implemented which eliminates many of these low frequency distortions. Improvements to the original phase unwrapping algorithms have also been developed to overcome the low visibility output inherent to the measurement allowing for a more complete analysis of the two surfaces of a contact lens.

This thesis focuses on the cross-linguistic differences between Italian and Spanish regarding the pragmatic restrictions on the resolution of null and overt subject pronouns (NS and OSP). It also tries to identify possible links between such cross-linguistic differences and morpho-syntactic differences at the level of the verbal morphology of the two languages. Spanish and Italian are typologically related and morpho-syntactically similar and have been assumed to instantiate the same setting of the NS parameter with respect to not only its syntactic licensing conditions, but also the pragmatic constraints determining the distribution of null and overt subject pronouns, and this assumption has had important implications for cross-linguistic research. The first aim of this study was to test directly for the first time the assumption about the equivalence of Italian and Spanish; in order to do so, I run a series of self-paced reading experiments using the same materials translated in each language, so that the results were directly comparable. The experiments were based on Carminati’s (2002) study on antecedent preferences for Italian NSs and OSPs in intra-sentential anaphora, testing the Position of Antecedent Strategy. The results suggest that while in Italian there is a strict division of labour between NS and OSP (confirming Carminati’s findings), this division is not as clear-cut in Spanish. More precisely, while Italian personal pronouns unambiguously signal a switch in subject reference, the association between OSPs and switch reference seems to be much weaker in Spanish. These results, which are interpreted in terms of Cardinaletti and Starke’s (1999) cross-linguistic typology of deficient pronouns, highlight an asymmetry between the strength of NS and OSP biases in Spanish that could not have emerged through the traditional methodology used by the numerous variationist studies on the subject, based on corpus analysis. A subsequent pair of experiments tested the hypothesis that the cross-linguistic differences attested might be related to the relative syncretism of the Spanish verbal morphology compared to the Italian one with regard to the unambiguous expression of person features on the verbal head. The results only provided weak support for the hypothesis, although they did confirm the presence of the cross- linguistic differences in the processing and resolution of anaphoric NS and OSP dependencies revealed by the previous experiments.

Contact lens performance depends on a number of lens properties. Many metrology systems have been developed to measure different aspects of a contact lens, but none test the surface figure in reflection to subwavelength accuracy. Interferometric surface metrology of immersed contact lenses is complicated by the close proximity of the surfaces, low surface reflectivity, and instability of the lens. An interferometer to address these issues was developed and is described here. The accuracy of the system is verified by comparison of glass reference sample measurements against a calibrated commercial interferometer. The described interferometer can accurately reconstruct large surface departures from spherical with reverse raytracing. The system is shown to have residual errors better than 0.05% of the measured surface departure for high slope regions. Measurements made near null are accurate to lambda/20. Spherical, toric, and bifocal soft contact lenses have been measured by this system and show characteristics of contact lenses not seen in transmission testing. The measurements were used to simulate a transmission map that matches an actual transmission test of the contact lens to lambda/18. (C) 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)