Shippagan Gully is a tidal inlet located near Shippagan, New Brunswick on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It is a particularly complex tidal inlet due to the fact that its tidal lagoon transects the Acadian peninsula and is open to the Bay des Chaleurs at its opposite end. As such, two open boundaries with phase lagged tidal cycles drive flow through the inlet, alternating direction with each tide and reaching velocities in excess of 2m/s. Hydrodynamic and morphological processes at the site are further complicated by the presence of a highly variable wave climate. Presently, shipping practices through the inlet are limited due to continual sedimentation within and immediately offshore from Shippagan Gully. As such, an extensive field study, desktop analysis and numerical and morphological modeling of Shippagan Gully have been conducted in order to provide guidance for future works. Modeling was conducted using the CMS-Wave and CMS-Flow numerical modeling system.

This doctorate thesis focuses on investigating the parameter space involved in numerically modeling the bandgap engineering of a GaInP/InGaAs/Ge lattice matched multi-junction solar cell (MJSC) using InAs/InGaAs quantum dots (QDs) in the middle sub-cell. The simulation environment – TCAD Sentaurus – solves the semiconductor equations using finite element and finite difference methods throughout well-defined meshes in the device to simulate the optoelectronic behavior first for single junction solar cells and subsequently for MJSCs with and without quantum dots under concentrated illumination of up to 1000 suns’ equivalent intensity. The MJSC device models include appropriate quantum tunneling effects arising in the tunnel junctions which serve as transparent sub-cell interconnects. These tunneling models are calibrated to measurements of AlGaAs/GaAs and AlGaAs/AlGaAs tunnel junctions reaching tunneling peak current densities above 1000 A/cm^2. Self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) are treated as an effective medium through a description of appropriate generation and recombination processes. The former includes analytical expressions for the absorption coefficient that amalgamates the contributions from the quantum dot, the InAs wetting layer (WL) and the bulk states. The latter includes radiative and non-radiative lifetimes with carrier capture and escape considerations from the confinement potentials of the QDs. The simulated external quantum efficiency was calibrated to a commercial device from Cyrium Technologies Inc., and required 130 layers of the QD effective medium to match the contribution from the QD ground state. The current – voltage simulations under standard testing conditions (1 kW/cm^2, T=298 K) demonstrated an efficiency of 29.1%, an absolute drop of 1.5% over a control structure. Although a 5% relative increase in photocurrent was observed, a 5% relative drop in open circuit voltage and an absolute drop of 3.4% in fill factor resulted from integrating lower bandgap nanostructures with shorter minority carrier lifetimes. However, these results are considered a worst case scenario since maximum capture and minimum escape rates are assumed for the effective medium model. Decreasing the band offsets demonstrated an absolute boost in efficiency of 0.5% over a control structure, thus outlining the potential benefits of using nanostructures in bandgap engineering MJSCs.

Les écoulements (ou coulées) pyroclastiques (PFs) sont des mélanges concentrés de gaz et de particules à haute température qui représentent l’aléa volcanique le plus meurtrier qui soit. La protection des populations nécessite la mise au point de cartes des menaces précises, qui requièrent une connaissance fine de ces phénomènes. Cependant, les causes et les conséquences de l’érosion/incorporation associée aux PFs au cours de leur mise en place restent encore largement méconnues. Cette thèse se propose de caractériser la capacité érosive des PFs, de définir des mécanismes d’érosion, et de quantifier leurs impacts sur les budgets éruptifs et sur l’aléa associé. Pour cela, cette étude se concentre sur les PFs de volumes modestes mis en place pendant l’éruption d’août 2006 du volcan Tungurahua (Equateur) et adopte une démarche double, basée sur des investigations sédimentologiques et texturales des dépôts, couplées à la modélisation numérique. Une méthode originale, basée sur l’analyse d’images haute résolution corrigées par stéréologie, sur des études texturales détaillées des dépôts, et sur des bilans massiques de matière, permet de déterminer la granulométrie, la composition lithologique et la morphologie des produits sur l’ensemble de leur gamme de taille. Le calcul des bilans de matière montre que près de 50 wt. % des dépôts de PFs sont composés de matériaux non-juvéniles incorporés lors de la mise en place. Ces derniers proviennent principalement de la partie supérieure du volcan. La pente est ainsi le paramètre contrôlant au premier ordre l’intensité de l’érosion. Les budgets éruptifs complets indiquent un VEI de 3 (0,09 km 3 ) pour l’éruption, et soulignent l’importance de considérer séparément les matériaux juvéniles et non-juvéniles pour estimer la taille d’une éruption. L’étude détaillée des constituants met en évidence une ségrégation dynamique des clastes par densité au cours du transport, avec un taux de sédimentation de ≈10 cm.s -1 . Les données lithologiques, granulométriques et morphologiques démontrent la présence de phénomènes de fragmentation-abrasion des clastes pendant leur transport. Les clastes massifs (ex : laves anciennes) sont le principal agent de fragmentation des clastes scoriacés (ex : bombes). Des populations granulométriques fines, capables d’être transférées depuis l’écoulement dense principal vers les déferlantes et/ou le panache co-pyroclastique sont produites pendant toute la durée de la mise en place. Les modèles numériques basés sur une nouvelle loi d’érosion développée ici (et intégrée au code VolcFlow), démontrent la capacité de la rhéologie plastique à reproduire des PFs érosifs. L’érosion est associée à des variations dynamiques du rapport des contraintes normales/cisaillantes pendant la mise en place des écoulements, provoquées par des fluctuations d’épaisseur lors de phases de décélération. Le front fin des PFs, fortement frictionnel et érosif, est poussé par une tête et un corps plus épais, tous deux non érosifs. L’incorporation s’accompagne d’une augmentation de distance de parcours de l’ordre de 10-30% en fonction du taux d’incorporation, qui dépend de la quantité de matière affouillable disponible sur le volcan avant l’éruption. Ces résultats montrent que l’érosion peut avoir un rôle majeur sur les zones impactées par les PFs, et soulignent l’importance de prendre en compte cette capacité lors de la définition de l’aléa, ainsi que pour les études futures. / Pyroclastic flows (PFs) are hot mixtures of gas and particles that represent the most deadly volcanic hazard. To protect the populations, it is necessary to work on precise risk maps, which require having a deep knowledge of these phenomena. However, the causes and consequences of erosion and incorporation of non-juvenile material during PFs emplacement remain poorly known. This thesis aims at characterizing the erosive capacity of pyroclastic flows, defining erosion mechanisms and quantifying their impact on eruptive budgets and associated hazards. Here, we focus on small-volume PFs and use an approach based on field and textural investigations coupled with numerical modeling of PFs emplacement. The August 2006 PF-forming eruption of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) is used as a case-study for this work.An original method, based on high-resolution, stereologically-corrected image analyses, detailed textural analyses of PFs deposits and mass budget, enables determining the grain size distribution and the componentry of PFs products along their entire clast size range. Volume calculation and mass budgets show that about 50 wt. % of the whole deposit consists of non-juvenile materials incorporated during PFs emplacement, and mostly coming from the upper part of the volcano. The slope is a prevailing parameter that controls PFs erosive power. Eruptive budgets support a VEI 3 event (0.09 km 3 ) for the 2006 eruption of Tungurahua and highlight the importance of separating juvenile from non-juvenile material. Detailed analyses of deposits’ componentry suggest a strong dynamic density-driven segregation of the clasts during PFs emplacement, associated with sedimentation rates of ≈10 cm.s -1 . Lateral variations of lithological, grain size, and morphological data demonstrate the occurrence of componentry-driven clast fragmentation and abrasion processes. Massive components (e.g. old lavas) are the main grinding agents of scoriaceous components (e.g. bombs). During emplacement, these processes continuously create fine grained populations, which are transferred from the main dense flow to pyroclastic surge or Co-PF cloud. Numerical models of erosive PFs based on a new erosion law integrated into VolcFlow code show the ability of plastic rheology to reproduce natural erosion patterns of PFs. The erosion is produced by dynamic variations of normal stress / shear stress ratio during emplacement, due to thickness unsteadiness during flow deceleration. The thin, highly frictional and erosive front of PFs pulses is pushed by the thicker and non-erosive head and flow body. Incorporation implies longer PFs runouts of about 10-30%, depending on the amount of incorporated material, which is related to the quantity of erodible material available on the volcano’s flanks before the eruption. These results show that erosion has a significant role on PFs runouts, and thus in hazard assessment, which should be closely taken into account in future works.

Dans la partie ouest du golfe du Lion, Millot (1979, 1982) avait postulé l'existence de tourbillons anticycloniques de mésoéchelle. Comme déjà bien étudié dans l'océan ouvert, ce type de structure pourrait aussi jouer, en zone côtière, un rôle important sur la circulation et sur la biogéochimie, ainsi que dans les échanges de matière et d'énergie entre les zones côtières et hauturières. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de caractériser les tourbillons anticycloniques à l'ouest du Golfe du Lion et de comprendre leur processus de génération, en utilisant à la fois la modélisation numérique et les données in situ. Le modèle numérique SYMPHONIE est utilisé pour reproduire de manière réaliste la circulation du golfe du Lion afin de nous aider à comprendre la dynamique de ces structures. Une étude de sensibilité sur la résolution spatiale du modèle et sur la diffusion horizontale a été effectuée pour obtenir la configuration optimisée du modèle. L'application de la technique d'analyse en ondelettes sur les résultats du modèle a permis d'identifier les tourbillons et d'estimer leurs caractéristiques (durée de vie, taille,...). Les résultats de la modélisation numérique ont été utilisés pour établir la stratégie des campagnes en mer LATEX et pour nous aider à mieux comprendre les données des mesures in situ. L'analyse des données collectées pendant la campagne Latex08 (1-6 septembre 2008) a confirmé l'existence de tourbillons sur la partie ouest du plateau continental du golfe du Lion et a montré que les caractéristiques des tourbillons observés in situ sont bien comparables avec celles issues des résultats du modèle. Combiné avec les résultats numériques, les mesures in situ ont permis d'améliorer notre connaissance des tourbillons. Grâce à une simulation pluri-annuelle (2001-2008) avec la configuration optimisée choisie, nous avons pu étudier la reproductibilité et la variabilité des tourbillons, et appréhender leur processus de génération. Les résultats de simulation ont montré que, pour chaque année de 2001 à 2008, des tourbillons anticycloniques se produisent régulièrement, de mai à octobre, à l'ouest du Golfe du Lion avec une durée de vie allant de quelques jours jusqu'à plus que deux mois en maximum. Il a été montré que pour qu'un tourbillon de « longue durée de vie » (plus de 15 jours) se développe, deux conditions sont nécessaires: un vent du nord-ouest fort et persistant et une forte stratification de la masse d'eau. L'analyse des effets combinés de ces deux facteurs en fonction de leurs différents degrés d'intensité ont permis d'expliquer la variabilité annuelle et interannuelle des tourbillons générés au cours des 8 ans de simulation numérique. / In the western part of the Gulf of Lion, Millot (1979, 1982) had postulated the presence of mesoscale anticyclonic eddies. As already well studied in the open ocean, such structures could also play, in the coastal zone, an important role on the circulation and biogeochemistry, as well as on the coastal-offshore exchanges of energy and mass. The objectives of this PhD thesis is to characterize the anticyclonic eddies present in the western part of the Gulf of Lion and to understand their generation processes, using in a combined way numerical modelling and in situ measurements. The numerical model SYMPHONIE is used to simulate realistically the circulation of the Gulf of Lion, in order to help us understand the dynamics of such structures. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out, varying the model spatial resolution and the horizontal viscosity, to choose the best model configuration. A wavelet technique is applied on model outputs to identify eddies and estimate their characteristics (duration, size...). The numerical results have been used to set up the sampling strategy of the LATEX cruises and help us interpret in situ data. The analysis of the measurements collected during Latex08 (September 1-6 , 2008) confirmed the presence of an anticyclonic eddy in the western part of the Gulf of Lion and showed that its features agree with the ones of the simulated eddy. These in situ data, combined with the modeling results, allow us to better understand the eddies' dynamics. Thanks to a long period simulation (2001-2008) with the appropriate model configuration, we studied the repetitiveness and variability of the eddies, as well as their generation processes. Modeling results showed that during the 8 years of simulation, coastal anticyclonic eddies are present regularly, from May to October, in the western part of the Gulf of Lion with a life duration varying from several days to more than two months. The eddies with a life duration longer than 15 days need two conditions to be generated: a persistent and strong northwest wind and a strong stratification. Annual and interannual differences between the eddies present in the 8 years of simulation can be explained by varying the intensity of each of the two conditions.

La réfrigération magnétique est une technologie innovante de production de froid, qui peut remplacer la technique classique de compression-détente de fluides frigorigènes. Son principe est basé sur l'effet magnétocalorique qui se traduit par le refroidissement ou l'échauffement de certains matériaux sous l'action d'un champ magnétique. Ce travail de thèse s'est déroulé dans le cadre d'un projet « CARNOT Energies du futur » et s'oriente vers l'étude magnétothermique et fluidique de systèmes de réfrigération. Pour cela, un outil numérique a été développé à l'aide du logiciel FLUENT afin de décrire le comportement thermique de différents régénérateurs, cœur même des systèmes de RM. En parallèle, deux systèmes de réfrigération magnétique ont été développés et améliorés, chacun d'eux présentant des performances intéressantes. Ces résultats ont permis de comprendre et définir les facteurs les plus influents sur leurs performances, et en déduire ainsi leurs conditions de fonctionnement optimales / The magnetic refrigeration is an innovative technology of production of cold, which can replace the refrigerants classic compression-relaxation technique. Its principle is based on the magnetocaloric effect which leads to the cooling or the heating of certain materials under the effect of a magnetic field. This thesis work took place within the framework of a project named " CARNOT Energies of future", and turns to the magnetothermal and fluidic study of refrigeration systems. For that purpose, a digital tool was developed using the FLUENT software to describe the thermal behavior of various regenerators, heart of the MR systems. In parallel, two magnetic refrigeration systems were developed and improved, each of them bringing interesting performances. These results allowed to understand and to define the most influential factors on their performances, so as to deduct their optimal operating conditions.

A região de estudo está localizada no litoral centro do Estado de São Paulo, engloba a área de proteção ambiental do Parque Estadual Marinho da Laje de Santos, e sofre a influência de três emissários submarinos e de lançamentos de esgotos pelo Rio Itanhaém. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de analisar as condições ambientais e a dispersão das plumas de efluentes emitidas pelos emissários submarinos de Praia Grande e do Rio Itanhaém, quanto à concentração de potenciais poluentes, por meio de modelagem numérica. Objetivos secundários compreendem o interesse no conhecimento das variabilidades espaço-temporais da hidrodinâmica costeira e dos processos de dispersão das plumas de efluentes, através de simulações numéricas, incluindo a avaliação dos resultados de concentrações de indicadores de qualidade da água diante dos níveis máximos estabelecidos pelas Resoluções N.º 274/2000 e N.º 357/2005 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Para tanto, foram utilizados os módulos hidrodinâmico e de qualidade da água do modelo Delft3D, bem como o modelo Visual Plumes. Os resultados das simulações hidrodinâmicas foram concordantes com as feições hidrodinâmicas estabelecidas na literatura e foram validados com alto grau de confiabilidade. A modelagem de campo próximo mostrou a influência das correntes de maré e das correntes geradas pelo vento no transporte e na diluição inicial das plumas de efluentes dos emissários submarinos, onde o transporte por correntes geradas pelo vento permitiu uma diluição mais eficiente. Os resultados da modelagem de campo distante das plumas dos emissários submarinos e do Rio Itanhaém indicaram que estas plumas não afetam a qualidade da água do Parque Estadual Marinho da Laje de Santos; e que a concentração dos indicadores de qualidade da água selecionados (Escherichia coli, amônio, nitrato e fosfato) não ultrapassa os limites máximos estabelecidos pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente ao atingir o litoral. Uma vez que a literatura aponta que as praias locais são frequentemente classificadas com balneabilidade imprópria e com má qualidade da água, os córregos que despejam esgoto bruto e não tratado diretamente nas praias podem ser apontados como os responsáveis pela contaminação ambiental do litoral da região de estudo. O modelo de qualidade da água foi validado, apesar de algumas diferenças nas comparações entre seus resultados e amostragens in situ. Foi observado que a região de estudo necessita de mais investimentos em saneamento básico e maior conscientização da população para combater a poluição ambiental local, especialmente o despejo de esgotos em córregos e praias. / The study region is located in the central coast of São Paulo, encompasses the area of environmental protection of Laje de Santos Marine State Park, and is influenced by three outfalls and sewage releases by Itanhaém River. The objective of this study was to analyze the environmental conditions and the dispersion of effluent plumes emitted by Praia Grandes submarine outfalls and Itanhaém River, concerning the concentration of potential pollutants, through numerical modeling. Secondary objectives are related to interest in the knowledge of the spatial-temporal variability of coastal hydrodynamics and processes of effluent plumes dispersion, through numerical simulations, including the evaluation of water quality indicators concentrations results as compared to the maximum levels established by the National Environmental Council Resolutions N.º 274/2000 and N.º 357/2005. For that, Delft3D models hydrodynamic and water quality modules were used, as well as the Visual Plumes model. Results of hydrodynamic simulations were consistent with the hydrodynamics features established in the literature and have been validated with a high degree of reliability. The near-field modeling showed the influence of tidal currents and wind-driven currents in the transport and initial dilution of effluent plumes from the submarine outfalls, where transport by wind-driven currents allowed a more efficient dilution. The far-field modeling results of the plumes from the submarine outfalls and Itanhaém River showed that those plumes dont affect the water quality of Laje de Santos Marine State Park; and the selected water quality indicators concentrations (Escherichia coli, ammonium, nitrate and phosphate) do not exceed the maximum levels established by the National Environmental Council when reaching the shore. Once the literature indicates that the local beaches are often classified as inappropriate for bathing and with bad water quality, streams that dump raw and untreated sewage directly on the beaches can be identified as the responsible for the environmental contamination of the study areas shore. The water quality model was validated, despite some differences in the comparisons between its results and in situ sampling. It was observed that the study area needs more investments in basic sanitation and greater awareness of the population to tackle local environmental pollution, especially the dumping of sewage into streams and beaches.

L'internet des objets (Internet of Thing, IoT) suscite de plus en plus d'attention dans l'industrie électronique. L'IoT est un concept selon lequel les objets de tous les jours pourront communiquer ensemble via Internet. La plupart des objets connectés utilisent des batteries qu’il faut changer régulièrement ou recharger. Face à la forte croissance annoncée, la recherche de sources d’alimentation autonomes et alternatives s’appuyant sur des systèmes qui capturent l’énergie ambiante et la convertissent en électricité devient primordiale. Parmi les technologies de récupération d’énergie, la thermoélectricité présente des avantages certains liés à sa simplicité, sa fiabilité et son absence de pièces mobiles et de pollution par émission de gaz à effet de serre. L’ensemble de ces caractéristiques favorables place les convertisseurs thermoélectriques comme des candidats possibles pour fournir aux objets connectés de demain les faibles quantités d’énergie nécessaire à leur fonctionnement ou pour recharger les batteries. Mes travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans ce contexte et se sont déroulés en partie dans le cadre du projet Européen EnSO (Energy for Smart Objects). Des études numériques menées avec le logiciel commercial Comsol Multiphysics ont été réalisées sur des micro-générateurs planaires innovants développés par la société Mahle, partenaire du projet. L’objectif de ces travaux était de comprendre l’influence de nombreux paramètres (géométrie, conditions aux limites en terme de température ou de flux, propriétés électrique et thermique des matériaux actifs) sur leurs performances thermoélectriques (puissance électrique et rendement). Nous avons montré, en particulier, le rôle critique des résistances de contact électriques et thermiques sur la puissance électrique de sortie. Un second volet, plus expérimental, a été consacré au développement de générateurs thermoélectriques miniatures à forte densité de puissance intégrant des matériaux avancés à base de skutterudites. Plusieurs brasures ont été testées lors de l’assemblage des modules thermoélectriques. La caractérisation des performances des modules (25-500°C) couplée aux calculs numériques ont permis de guider les recherches et d’optimiser les procédés de fabrication. Ce travail a abouti à l’obtention d’une densité de puissance record (3,3 W/cm2 pour une différence de température de 450 K) par rapport à l’état de l’art. / The Internet of Thing (IoT) is currently being intensively explored in the electronic industry. IoT is an extension of Internet connectivity into physical end everyday-life objects which will be able to communicate and interact with each other’s. Most of these connected objects are powered by batteries that need to be regularly switched or recharged. Faced with a strong announced growth of their number in coming years, the search for novel alternative, autonomous power supplies that convert surrounding available energy into electricity becomes essential. Among energy harvesting technologies, thermoelectricity is advantageous due to its simplicity, reliability, the absence of moving parts and greenhouse gas emissions. All these favorable characteristics make thermoelectric converters possible candidates for powering or recharging batteries of connected objects. In this context, my PhD work was done within the frame of the European project EnSO («Energy for Smart Objects»). Numerical studies with the software Comsol Multiphysics were performed on innovative planar micro-generators developed by the Mahle company, one of the partners of this project. The main objective of this work was to achieve a better understanding of the influence of numerous parameters (geometry, boundary conditions in terms of temperature and flux, electrical and thermal properties of the active materials) on their thermoelectric performances (output power and efficiency). In particular, we have underlined the critical role played by the electrical and thermal contact resistances on the output power. A second part of this study has been devoted to the experimental development of miniaturized thermoelectric generators capable of delivering high output power density through the integration of skutterudite materials. Several brazes have been tested during the assembly operations of the thermoelectric modules. The characterization of the module performances (25-500°C) combined with numerical calculations have been used as a guidance for optimizing the fabrication process. This work culminated in the successful fabrication of a thermoelectric module with a record-breaking power density of 3,3 W/cm2 achieved under a temperature difference of 450 K.

[pt] O estudo do comportamento de solos sob carregamento sísmico é de grande importância para o projeto de geoestruturas situadas em regiões de alta atividade sísmica, como nos países andinos ao longo da borda da placa tectônica sul-americana. No Brasil, localizado no interior desta placa, onde eventos sísmicos são menos frequentes e de menor magnitude, um projeto dísmico detalhado é necessário para algumas obras de engenharia de alta importância como centrais nucleares. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é investigar o comportamento sísmico de geoestruturas, descrevendo e discutindo os vários pontos que devem ser cuidadosamente considerados pelos projetistas sob ponto de vista da engenharia geotécnica. Em particular, o comportamento de um cais para submarinos nucleares, projetado para ser construído no litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil, é analisado considerando aspectos relacionados com o potencial de liquefação dinâmica e a resposta sísmica dos solos em termos de histórias de aceleração, espectros de resposta e deslocamentos permanentes. O modelo constitutivo UBCSAND foi usado para representar a resposta de liquefação de areais saturas sob carregamento cíclico e alguns programs computationais (FLAC, SHAKE2000) foram empregados para calcular as respostas esperadas das geoestruturas. / [en] The study of the soil behaviour under seismic loading is of great importance for the design of geostructures situated in regions of high seismic activity such as in the Andean countries along the border of the South American tectonic plate. In Brazil, situated in the interior of this plate, where seismic events are less frequent and of the smaller magnitude, a detailed seismic design is necessary for some engineering works of high importance such as nuclear power plants. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the seismic behaviour of geostructures, describing and discussing the several points that should be carefully considered by the designers under the geotechnical engineering standpoint. In particular, the behavior of a nuclear wharf planned to be built on the seashore of the state of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil, is analyzed considering aspects related to the potential of dynamic soil liquefaction and the seismic response of soils in terms of accelerations histories, response spectra and permanent displacements. The UBCSAND constitutive model was used to represent the liquefaction response of saturated sands under cyclic loading and some computational programs (FLAC, SHAKE2000) were used in order to calculate the expected response of the geostrucures.

An investigation was conducted to determine the response of landfills to the operation of a vertical ground source heat pump (i.e., heat extraction system, HES). Elevated landfill temperatures, reported various researchers, impact the engineering performance of landfill systems. A numerical model was developed to analyze the influence of vertical HES operation on landfills as a function of climate and operational conditions. A 1-D model of the vertical profile of a landfill was developed to approximate fluid temperatures in the HES. A 2-D model was then analyzed over a 40 year time period using the approximate fluid temperatures to determine the heat flux applied by the HES and resulting landfill temperatures. Vertical HES configurations simulations consisted of 15 simulations varying 5 fluid velocities and 3 pipe sizes. Operational simulations consisted of 26 parametric evaluations of waste placement, waste height, waste filling rate, vertical landfill expansions, HES placement time, climate, and waste heating. Vertical HES operation in a landfill environment was determined to have 3 phases: heat extraction phase, transitional phase, and ground source heat pump phase. During the heat extraction phase, the heat extraction rate ranged from 0 to 2550, 310 to 3080, and 0 to 530 W for the first year, peak year, and last year of HES operation, respectively. The maximum total heat energy extracted during the heat extraction phase ranged from 163,000 to 1,400,000 MJ. The maximum difference in baseline landfill temperatures and temperatures 0 m away from the HES ranged from 5.2 to 43.2°C. Climate was determined to be the most significant factor impacting the vertical HES. Trends pertaining to performance of numerous variables (fluid velocity, pipe size, waste placement, waste height, waste filling rate, vertical landfill expansions, HES placement time, climate, and waste heating) were determined during this investigation. Increasing fluid velocity until turbulent flow was reached increased the heat extraction rate by the system. Once turbulent flow was reached, the increase in heat extraction rate with increasing fluid velocity was negligible. An increase in the heat extraction rate was caused by increasing pipe diameter. Wastes placed in warmer months caused an increase in the total heat energy extracted. Increasing waste height caused an increase in the peak heat extraction rate by 43 W/m waste height. Optimum heat extraction per 1 m of HES occurred for a 30 m waste height. Increasing the waste filling rate increased the total heat energy extracted. Heat extraction rates decreased as time between vertical landfill expansions increase. Total heat energy extracted over a 35 year period decreased by approximately 21,500 MJ/year for every year after the final cover was placed until HES operation began. For seasonal HES operation, the total heat energy obtained each year differs and the fourth year of operation yielded the most energy. Wet Climates with higher heat generating capacities yielded increased heat extraction rates. Maximum temperature differences in the landfill due to the HES increased by 16.6°C for every 1 W/m3 increase in peak heat generation rate. When a vertical HES was used for waste heating, up to a 13.7% increase in methane production was predicted. Engineering considerations (spacing, financial impact, and effect on gas production) for implementing a vertical HES in a landfill were investigated. Spacing requirements between the wells were dependent on maximum temperature differences in the landfill. Spacing requirements of 12, 12, 16, and 22 m are recommended for waste heating, winter-only HES operation, maximum temperature differences in the landfill less than 17°C, and maximum temperature differences in the landfill greater than 17°C, respectively. A financial analysis was conducted on the cost of implementing a single vertical HES well. The energy extracted per cost ranged from 0.227 to 0.150 $/MJ for a 50.8 mm pipe with a 1.0 m/s fluid velocity and a 50.8 mm pipe with a 0.3 m/s fluid velocity, respectively. A vertical HES could potentially increase revenue from a typical landfill gas energy project by $577,000 per year.

The diploma thesis deals with the behavior of technical systems of the student dormitory in Brno. The temperature and humidity climate was measured and evaluated in the building. The measurement is then compared with the computer simulation created in DesignBuilder. The geometric model of the building was created in Revit, which supports BIM technology. Based on the evaluation of the experiment, the optimization of the technical systems in the building was proposed.